Module 2 SINGLE PHASE & THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS

Key Points:Sinusoidal Wave

● Peak Value (VPK)

● RMS Value (VRMS)
● Average Value (VAVG)

V = VPK (sin t + )
Where VPK = Peak / Magnitude of the signal
 = Angular frequency = 2 𝜋 f
f = Frequency of the signal
 = Phase Angle

Average Value (VAVG)

The average value (VAVG) of a sine wave with peak amplitude (VPK) is given by:

VAVG = 2 *VPK / 𝜋 = 0.637 ✕ VPK

RMS Value (VRMS)
• The RMS value is calculated using the root mean square formula, which involves
squaring the instantaneous values of the signal, taking the mean (average), and then
taking the square root of the result.
• RMS value (VRMS) of a sine wave with peak amplitude (VPK) is given by:

VRMS = VPK / √2 = 0.707 ✕ VPK

Peak Factor
• Peak factor provides information about the waveform peak amplitude about its RMS
value. A higher peak factor indicates greater deviation from a perfect sine wave and
suggests more pronounced peaks in the waveform.
• Mathematically, the peak factor (Fp) is defined as the ratio of the peak value (VPK) to
the RMS value (VRMS) of the waveform:
Fp = VPK/ V RMS = 1.414

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
Form Factor
• It is used to quantify how closely the waveform resembles a perfect sinusoidal
waveform.
• For a periodic waveform V(t) over one complete cycle, the form factor (Ff ) is defined
as the ratio of the RMS (root mean square) value of the waveform to its average
value. Mathematically, it is expressed as:
Ff = VRMS / VAVG = 1.11

Circuit Characteristics with Different Loads

In an AC system with a pure resistive load:
• Phase Relationship: Voltage and current are in phase.
• Ohm's Law: V = IR applies.
• Power Consumption: P = VI = I²R = V²/R.
• Power Factor: 1, indicating full utilisation of power.
• Impedance: Purely resistive, Z = R.
• Waveforms: Voltage and current are sinusoidal, in phase.
• Phasors: Both are represented along the real axis.
In an AC system with a pure inductive (L) load:
• An inductor resists changes in current flowing through it.
• When the voltage across an inductor changes, the inductor induces an electromotive
force (EMF) that opposes the change in current. This effect is known as inductance.
• In the case of a purely inductive circuit, the voltage phasor is represented vertically
(to show it reaching its peak first), and the current phasor lags by 90 degrees,
represented horizontally.

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
In an AC system with a pure capacitive (C) load:

• A capacitor stores and releases electrical energy in the form of an electric field.
• When the voltage across a capacitor changes, the capacitor responds by either
charging or discharging, leading to a flow of current.
• The current phasor is represented vertically (indicating it reaches its peak first), and
the voltage phasor lags by 90 degrees, represented horizontally.

With RL Load (Lagging Power Factor) With RC Load (Leading Power Factor)

Circuit Characteristics of Series RLC Load

Impedance(Z):
Inductive Reactance (XL) = 2𝜋f L
Capacitive Reactance (XC) = 1 / [2 𝜋f C]
The impedance of the Series RLC circuit is the
vector sum of voltage through R, L & C.
Z = R + j (XL - XC) ⇒ |Z| = √ [R2 + (XL - XC)2]
Where L = Inductance
C = Capacitance
f = Frequency of AC signal
Power Calculations:

Active Power(P) [unit Watts(W)] = I2R = S Cos

Reactive Power(Q) [unit -Var] = I2X = I2(XL - XC) = S Sin
Q =S Sin
Apparent Power(S) [unit - VA] = I2Z = VI ss= S
Sin

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
Power Factor:

Power factor is a measure of how effectively electrical power is being used in an electrical
circuit. Mathematically, it's expressed as:

o Cos ɸ = Real Power / Apparent Power

o Cos ɸ = R / Z
o Cos ɸ = VR / V

Resonance:

It is a state in an AC circuit where the net impedance of the circuit becomes resistive.

• Power Factor = 1 ⇒ ɸ = 0
• Inductive reactance and Capacitive reactance cancel out each other.

XL = XC

Resonant Frequency(fR):

It is the frequency at which the AC circuit acquires resonance i.e. inductive reactance equals
capacitive reactance.

XL = XC

⇒ 2𝜋f L = 1 / [2 𝜋f C]

⇒fR = 1/ 2𝜋√(LC)

The frequency at which resonance will occur can be represented as fR = 1/ 2𝜋√(LC)

Circuit Characteristics of Parallel RLC Load

Admittance(Y):
Conductance(G) = 1/R
Susceptance (B) = 1/X = 1/ (XL - XC)
Admittance of parallel RLC circuit is the vector sum
of conductance and susceptance.
Y = G + j B ⇒ |Y| = √ [G2 + B2]

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
Power Dissipation
Active Power(P)= V2G
Reactive Power(Q) = V2B
Apparent Power(S) = V2Y = VI

Power Factor
Power factor is a measure of how effectively electrical power is being used in an electrical
circuit. Mathematically, it's expressed as:
Cos ɸ = Real Power / Apparent Power
Cos ɸ = G / Y = Z/R
Cos ɸ = IR / I
Resonance:
Power Factor = 1 ⇒ ɸ = 0
Overall susceptance is zero i.e. B = 0

THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

Key Points:Three Phase

Three-phase electrical power was developed in the 1880s by several people.
In three-phase power, the voltage on each wire is 120 degrees phase shifted relative to each of
the other wires.
A three-phase system can be represented as;

V1 = Vm (sin t) = Vm0

V2 = Vm (sin t +120) = Vm120
V3 = Vm (sin t +240) = Vm240
= Vm (sin t -120) = Vm-120

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
To represent a sinusoidal signal Phasor diagram is used. A phasor is a rotating vector which
has a magnitude (representing the amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform) and an angle
(representing the phase angle or the time relationship between the waveforms).

According to the connection, three-phase system is of 2 types;

• Star Connected system
• Delta Connected system

Star Connected system

In Star Connection, 3-line wires and 1 neutral wire are present. Generally, line wires are
coded as R, Y, and B and Neutral wire is coded as N. Mathematically these are represented
as;
 VR = Vm (sin t) = Vm0
 VY = Vm (sin t +120) = Vm120
 VB = Vm (sin t +240) = Vm240
 VN = VR + VY + VB = 0
VR, VY & VB are known as Phase Voltages. VRY, VYB &
VRB are known as Line Voltages. Equations for line
voltages can be derived as follows;
𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝑌
𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 𝑉𝑚 0 − 𝑉𝑚 120

𝑉𝑅𝑌 = √3 𝑉𝑚 30

So, the magnitude of the Line voltage can be

expressed as VL = √3 VPh

• In a star connection, the Line

voltage is √3 times the phase
voltage.
• Line current is equal to Phase

Current. IL = IPh

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha
Delta Connected system

In Delta Connection, 3-line wires are present but there is no Neutral wire. Mathematically
the Phase current signals are represented as;
 IR = Im (sin t) = Im0
 IY = Im (sin t +120) = Im120
 IB = Im (sin t +240) = Im240
IR, IY & IB are known as Line Currents. IRY, IYB & IRB are known as Phase Currents. Equations
for phase currents can be derived as follows;
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼𝐵𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚 0 − 𝐼𝑚 120

𝐼𝑅 = √3 𝐼𝑚 30

So, the magnitude of the Line current can be expressed as IL = √3 IPh

In a star connection, the Line current is √3 times the phase current.

Line voltage is equal to Phase voltage. VL = VPh

Power calculations in three phase system

Apparent Power = √3 VL IL = 3 VPh IPh

Active Power = √3 VL IL Cos ɸ = 3 VPh IPh Cos ɸ

Reactive Power = √3 VL IL Sin ɸ = 3 VPh IPh Sin ɸ

Where, ɸ = Phase angle

Prepared By: Mr. Rakesh Kumar Sahoo,

Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, CGU, Odisha