MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

MODULE 3

Unit 1 Further Differentiation

Unit 2 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions and Exponential Function
Unit 3 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Unit 4 Differentiation Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Hyperbolic Functions

UNIT 1 FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Differentiation of Inverse Functions
3.2 Implicit Differentiation
3.3 Higher Order Differentiation
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignments
7.0 References/Further Reading

1.0 INTRODUCTION

By now you would have known that the subject differential calculus has a lot to offer
to mankind. In order to be able to solve a large number of problems it is important to
study the derivative of certain class of functions. You already know that if a function ƒ
is a one to one function then ƒ has an inverse ƒ-1. The question now is suppose ƒ is a
differentiable and one to one function. Will the inverse function ƒ -1 be differentiable?
And under what conditions will (ƒ -1) exist. This is one question among others that you
will be able to answer in this unit. In addition problems of relating to motion of a body
a along a curve can only be fully described if the derivative known. In this unit higher
derivations of function will be discussed so that you and others may be able to solve
completely the problem of motion rte: a body along a curve. Optimization of scarce
resources can easily be solved with the knowledge of higher derivatives of function
most of the functions that have been treated so far are expressed explicitly in terms of
one independent variable x. There are certain functions that might not be expressed
explicitly, such function fall into the class of functions known as implicit function.
They are so called in the sense that dependant and independent variables are expressed
implicitly. Finding derivatives of such functions will be discussed; it will save you the
time of trying to express the dependent variable in terms of the independent variable
before differentiating y.

126
MTH 112 MODULE 3

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you should be able to

 differentiate the inverse of a function
 evaluate higher derivatives of any given function
 differentiate an implicit function.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.0 Differentiation of Inverse Functions

You could recall that the inverse of the function y = x3 is given as y = x1/3 (see Unit 2)

If y = x1/3

dy - 1 x1/3 -1 x-2/3 and x ≠ 0

dx 3

In the above example the function y = x3 is a one to one function and also a
differentiable function. Also the function y = x1/3 is a one to one and also
differentiable at a specified domain provided x ≠ 0.

You recall that in unit 2 you studied that the composite function of ƒ (x) and its
inverse ƒ -1(x) in any order yields the identity function.

i.e. ƒ (ƒ -1(x)) = ƒ (ƒ -1(X)) =x

Using the function ƒ (x) = x3 you have that ƒ -1 (x) = xl/3

Then ƒ (ƒ -1(x)) = (x1/3)3 = x

And ƒ (ƒ -1(x)) = (x3 )1/3 =x

Using the above illustration, you can now differentiate the composite function given
as

ƒ (ƒ -1 (x)) = x
i.e. d [ƒ (ƒ -1 (x))] = dx
dx dx

Using the chain rule studied in Unit 6.

Let ƒ -1 (x) = g (x)

Then ƒ (g(x)) = x.

127
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

But d [ƒ (g(x)) ] = ƒ '1 (g(x)) = dx = 1

dx dx

ƒ 1 (g(x)). g1(x) = 1.

This gives the derivative of inverse of a function

i.e. (ƒ -1(x)) = 1
1
ƒ (g(x))

Example

Let ƒ (x) = x3 Find (ƒ -1(x))

Solution

(ƒ -1(x))1 = 1 = 1 = 1
ƒ 1(ƒ 1(x)) 3(ƒ -1(x))2 3(x1/3)2

1
3x2/3

by direct differentiation of y = x you get:

dy = x.
dx

Example

Let ƒ (x) = x3 + 1 find the derivation of the inverse

Solution

ƒ (x) = x3 + 1; ƒ 1 (x) = 3x2

inverse ƒ -1 (x) = (x – 1)1/3

(ƒ -1(x))1 = 1 = 1 = 1_____
-1 1 -1 2
(ƒ (x)) 3(ƒ (X)) 3((x - 1)1/3)2

The derivative of inverse of the function ƒ (x) = xn . , x > 0

Given that ƒ (x) = xn and ƒ 1 (x) = x 1/n

128
MTH 112 MODULE 3

ƒ 1(X) = nxn-1

therefore (ƒ -1(x))1 = 1 = 1 _
ƒ 1(ƒ -1(x)) n(ƒ -1(x))n-1

d [x 1/n] = 1 x1/n-1 1 = 1
dx n n(x1/n)n-1 n x1-1/n

1 x1/n-1
n

Thus for x > 0 and ƒ 1(x)=x1/n

d [x 1/n] = 1 x1/n-1 _____________

(A)
dx n

and for x ≠ 0 and n odd

d [x 1/n] = 1 x1/n-1
dx n

Examples

Find the derivative of the following functions.

(I) y = x½
(II) y = xI/7
(III) y = xp/E
(IV) y = x2/5
(V) y = x4/3
(VI) y = x -5/3

Solutions

(I) y = x1/2 = dy = 1 x-1/2

dx 2

(II) y = x1/7 = dy = 1 x-6/7

dx 7

129
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(III) y = xp/E

Let xp/q = (x1/q)p

d [xp/q] d ( [ x1/q])p
dx dx

Let u = x I /q then y = up

dy = dy . du
dx du dx

dy = p u p-1 and du = 1 x 1/q -1

du dx q

dy = p u P-1 1 x 1/q-1 = p(x 1/q )p-1 . 1 x1/q-1

dx q q

(IV) y = x2/5

dy = 2 x2/5-1 = 2 x- 3/5
dx 5 5

(V) y = x4/3

dy = 4 x 4/3- 1 = 4 x 1/3
dx 3 3

(VI) y = x-5/3

dy = -5 x -5/3-1 = -5 x-8/3
dx 3 3

The above equation (B) could be extended to the case f (x) = u where u is to the
case f (x) = u; where u is a differentiable functions of x.

130
MTH 112 MODULE 3

i.e. d (u(x) )p/q = P [u(x)]p/q – 1 d [u(x)]

dx q dx

For the above to make sense, then u (x) ≠ 0 when q is odd and u (x) > 0 when q
is even.

Example

(1) If y = [ (x2 - 1)1/5] then

dy = 1 (x2-1)1/5-1 2x
dx 5

2x (x2 – l )-4/5
5

(1) Evaluate d [ 2x2 -7]1/3] = 1 (2x2 -7)-2/3 . 4x

dx 3

4x
3(2x2 -7)2/3

(3) Evaluate

d x2 + 1 = d x2 + 1 ½
dx x2 – 1 x x2 – 1

= 1 x2 + 1 -½ . d = x2 + 1
2 x2 – 1 x x2 – 1

=1 x2 + 1 -½ 2x(x2 – 1) - 2 (x2 + 1)
2 x2 – 1 (x2 – 1)2

= 1 x2 + 1 -½ -4x
2 x2 – 1 (x2 – 1)2

= -2x

(x2 + 1) (x2 – 1)3/2

131
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

3.2 Implicit Differentiation

So far you have been finding the derivatives of functions of the class of functions
whose right side of the equality sign is an expression of one variable (i.e. x). Such
functions are said to be explicit functions. However, there are functions such as

x2y = 2xy2 + 6

This type of such is expressed implicitly. To obtain an explicit expression of an

implicit expression you resolve in transpose (make subject of formula) the equation in
the dependant variable or one variable

Example

2x2 + 3y = 6 transposing for y

yields y = 2x2 - 6
-3
However there are implicit functions where it will not be possible to solve for y.
Example of such functions are

(1) x2 + xy4 + y3x + x3 =2

(2) x2 + xy2 + 5x3 + y2 = 1

In the above although it is not possible to solve for y, they can be differentiated by the
method of known as implicit differentiation. Appropriate applications of the rules for
differentiations u, u v, u l/n ,U, etc. which you have studied in unit 6. You should be
able to carry out implicit differentiation. The next question that comes to your mind
should be "what is implicit differentiation" this question is best answered by finding
the derivative of the functions.
x2 + xy4 + y3x + x3 = 2

Solution: Differentiating both sides of the equation you get

d (x2) + d (xy4) + d (y3x) + dx3 = d(2)

dx dx dx dx dx

=2x + dx, y4 + x d(y)4 + y3 dx + x d(y)3 +3x2= 0

dx dx dx dx

= 2x + I. y4 = 4xy3 dy + y3 + 3x y2 dy + 3x2 = 0
dx dx

= (2x + y4 + 3x2 + y3) + (4xy3 + 3x y2) dy = 0

dx

132
MTH 112 MODULE 3

dy = - (2x + y4 + 3x2 + y3)

dx 4xy3 + 3xy2

Implicit differentiation is useful in finding the slope of a tangent to curves.

Example: Find dy of the following functions.

dx

3. x2 y2 + y + 2 = 0 (4) x3 – xy + yl = 0

5. 2xy - y2 = x - y 6. (x + y)2 + (x-y)2 = x3 + y3

Solutions

1. d(x2) + d(y2) = d(4)

dx dx dx

=2x2 + 2y dy = 0
dx

 dy = x2 , y ≠ 0
dx y

2. d(x2) = d x2 - 2
dx dx x -1

- 2y dy = 2x(x-1)-(x2 -2) = x2 - 2x + 2
dx (x - 1)2 (x - 1)2

2y dy = x2 - 2x + 2
dx (x - 1)2

dy = x2 - 2x + 2
dx 2y(x - 1)2

3. d (x2y2) + d (y) + dy = 0
dx dx dx

133
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

x2 d(y2) + y2 d(x2) + dy = 0
dx dx dx

x22y dy + y2 2x + dy = 0
dx dx

2xy2 + (2yx + 1) dy = 0
dx
2
dy = - 2yx
dx 2yx-1

4. d (x3) + d (xy) = d(y2) =0

dx dx dx

3x2 - y d(x) -x dy + 2y dy = 0
dx dx dx

3x2 – y - x dy + 2y dy = 0
dx dx

3x2 – y +(2y - x) dy = 0
dx

dy y – 3x2
dx 2y-x

5. d(2xy) - d(y2) = d (x) - dy

dx dx dx dx

2x dy + 2y - 2y dy = 1 - dy.
dx dx dx

2y - 1 = (2y - 2x - 1) dy
dx

dy = 2y – 1 _
dx 2y – 2x - 1

6. d(x + y)2 + d(x - y)2 = x3 + y3

dx dx

d(x + y)2 + d(x - y)2 = d (x3 + y3)

dx dx dx

2x(x +y)( 1 + dy ) + 2(x - y) ( 1 - dy) = 3x2 + 3y2 dy

dx dx dx

134
MTH 112 MODULE 3

==> 2(x + y) = 2(x - y) + [(2(x + y) - (2x - y)] dy = 3x2 + 3y2 dy

dx dx

==> 4x + 4y dy = 3x2 + 3y2 dy

dx dx

==> (4x+3y2) dy = 3x2 + 4x

dx

dy 3x2 - 4x
dx 4y - 3y2

Example

By differentiating the equation

x2 y2 = x2 + y2 implicitly show that

c = k(1 - y2) , where k y = x.

x-1

Solution

Given that x2 y2 = x2 + y2

Then d (x2 y2) , where k y = x.

x2 -1

Solution: Given that x2 y2 = x2 + y2

Then d(x2 y2) , d (x2 + y2)
x2 – 1 d
2 2
2xy + 2yx dy = 2x + 2y dy
dx dx _________ (1)

Collecting like terms you equation (1) becomes

(2x + 2y) dy = 2x - 2xy2 __________ (II)

Dividing equation II by (2yx2 - 2y)

dy = x - xy2 = x( 1 - y2 )
dx yx2 - y y(x2 -1)

since k = x/y then.

Example

135
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

By differentiating the equation

x2 + y – y2 implicitly show that

dy = 2y - x
dx 2x + y

Solution: Differentiating with respect with y you have:

d(x2) d(xy) – d(y2) = 0

dy dy dy

2x dx + x + y d - 2y = 0
dy d

dx (2x + y) = 2y – x
dy

dx = 2y – x
dy 2x + y

3.3 Higher Order Differentiation

You will start this section with the study of second derivative of a function where it
exist and then extend it to higher order.
Let y = ƒ (x) be a differentiable function of x. Then it has a derivative given as

dy = ƒ 1 (x)
dx

ƒ 1 (x) is a function let:

Then g1(x) = d2y which is the second derivative of function y = ƒ (x) .

dx2

Which is written as d2y or ƒ 11 (x)

dx2

Example

Let y = 4x3 Find d2y

dx2

Solution

136
MTH 112 MODULE 3

dx = d (4x3) = 12x2
dy d

d2y = d (12x2) = 24x

dx2 d

Example

y = x3 - 2x2 + x. find d2y

dx2

dy = d (x3 - 2x2 + x )=3x2 – 4x + 1

dx d

d2y = (3x2 - 4x + 1)
dx2

= 6x - 4
Since you now know what a second derivation of higher order. The idea here is that so
long as you have differentiability, you can continue to differentiate y = ƒ (x)
from dy
dx
ƒ 1(x) and dy = ƒ 1(x) to form dy = ƒ 11(x) and dy = ƒ 11(x) to form dy = ƒ111 (x)
dx dx2 dx2 = dx3

And so on until you get to an nth order

i.e. d(y) = dy , d dy = d2y

dx dx d dx dx2
d d2y = d3y , d d3 y = d4 y
2 3
d dx dx d dx3 dx4

d (dn-1 g) = dny
d dxn-1 dxn

Example

Let y = x5 + x4 + x3 + 1

Then dy = 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2

dx

d2y = 20x3 + 12x2 + 6x

dx2

d3y = 60x3 + 24x2 + 6x

dx3

137
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

d4y = 120x + 24
dx4

d5y = 120
dx5

d6 y = 0
dx6

d>1y = d8y = … = d "y = 0

dx1 dx8 dxn

In the above example all derivatives of order higher than 5 are identically zero.
You can see that derivative of a polynomial function is again a polynomial
function. This implies that polynomial functions have derivatives of all order so
also, is all rational functions.

Example

y= 1
x
dy = -1 , d2 y = 2
dx x2 dx2 x3

d3 y = - 6 d4 y = 24
dx3 x4 dx4 x5

Example

Find d4 y If y = 2x
dx4 x-1

Solution

y = 2x
x-1

dy = -2x d2 y = 4x
dx (x - 1)4, dx2 (x _ 1)3

d3y = -12x , d4y = 48x

dx3 (x – 1)4 dx4 (x – 1)5

Example

138
MTH 112 MODULE 3

By differentiating implicitly find d2y if x2 = 1 + y2, leave your answer in

terms of x and y only.

Solution

Given that x2 - 1 = y2

Then 2x = 2y dy
dx

X = y dy
dx
1 = dy . dy + y d2y
dx dx dx2

d2y = 1 - (x/y)2 = y2 – x2
dx2 y y3

Example

By differentiating implicitly find: (1) dy/dx. (2) d2y/dx2 in the following

equations.

(1) x2 - y2 = 4x
(2) x3 - y3 = 27
(3) x2 + y + y2 = 1
(4) x2 y2 = 16

Solutions
(1) x2 - y2 = 4x

d(x2) - d(y2) = d(4x)

dx dx dx
2x - 2y dy = 4
dx

dy = 2x - 4 = x - 3

139
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dx 2y y.

Given that y dy = x - 2
dx

d y dy = 1 .
d dx

dy dy + y d2y = 1
dx dx dx2

d2y = 1 - dy = 1 - x – 2 2 = - (y2 + x2 - 4x + 4)
dx2 dx y _ y3
y y
(2) x3 - y3 = 27

d(x3) - (dyn) = 0
dx dx

3x2 – 3y2 dy = 0
dx

====> dy = x2
dx y2

d y dy = d (x)
dx dx dx

y2 d2y + 2y d . d = 2x
dx2 dx dx

y2 d2y = 2(x – y dy 2
)
dx2 dx

d2y = 2 (x – y x 4
) = 2x 1 - x3
dx2 y y3
y2 y2

= 2x(y3 - x3)
y5

(3) x2 y + y2 = 1

140
MTH 112 MODULE 3

d (x2y) - d(y2) = 0
dx dx

2xy + x2 dy + 2y dy = 0
dx dx

-2xy = (x2 + 2y) dy

dx

dy = -2xy
dx x2 + 2y

Differentiating implicitly the equation

d (2x y) d (x2 dy) + d (2y dy) = 0

dx dx dx dx dx

you get:

2y + 2x dy +2x dy + x2 d2y + 2 dy . dy + 2y d2y = 0

dx dx dx2 dx dx dx2

collecting like terms you get:

2y+ 4x dy +2( dy)2 +( x2 + 2y) d2y = 0

dx dx dx2

(4) x2 y2 = 16

d (x2 y2) = 16
dx

2x y2 + x2 2y dy = 0
dx

dy = -2xy2 =- -y
dx 2yx2 x

d (x dy) = d ( - y) = d (x dy) d (- y)
dx dx dx dx dx dx

141
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dy = - 2 dy
dx dx

d2y = - 2 dy/dx = -2 (-y/x) = 2y

dx2 x x x2

4.0 CONCLUSION

In this unit you have applied rules of differentiation to find derivatives of inverse of a
function which is turn lead to differentiation of function such as y = xn where nEQ.
You have studied implicit differentiation will be useful when finding the normal or
tangent of curve at a given point. Higher order derivatives of functions, which you
studied in this unit, is a very useful tool for studying applications of differentiation.
The various solved examples in this unit is given to enable you acquire the necessary
tools for further differentiation.

5.0 SUMMARY

In this unit, you have studied how to

 Fine the derivatives of inverse of a given function

i.e.
d (ƒ -1(x)) = 1
dx ƒ 1 (ƒ -1 (x))

 Differentiate a given equation implicitly

 Fine higher order derivatives of functions

i.e. dy d (dy) d d2y = d3y

dx dx dx dx dx2 dx2, ….,

d dn-1 y dny
dx dxn-l dxn

 Differentiate functions with fractional powers i.e. d (xp/q) = P/q x(p/q)

dx

6.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

Odili, G. (Ed) (1997): Calculus with Coordinate Geometry and Trigonometry,

Anachuma Educational Books, Nigeria.

Osisiogu U.A (1998) An introduction to Real Analysis with Special Topic on

Functions of Several Variables and Method of Lagranges Multipliers, Bestsoft

142
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Educational Books Nigeria Flanders H, Korfhage R.R, Price J.J (1970)

Calculus academic press New York and London. Osisioga U.A (Ed)(2001)
fundamentals of Mathematical analysis, best soft Educational Books, Nigeria.

Satrmino L.S. & Einar H. (1974) Calculus "2nd Edition”, John Wiley & Sons New
York. London, Sydney. Toronto.

Thomas G.B and Finney R. L (1982) Calculus and Analytic Edition, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Would student series Edition, London, Sydrey, Tokyo,
Manila, Reading.

7.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

For exercise (1) - (2) find the derivatives of the inverse of the following functions:

(1) y = x2 -1

(2) y = 4x5 - 2

(3) y= 2x
x-1

(5) Find the derivatives of the following functions

(I) y=x1/5 (II) y = x1/9

3/5
(III) y=x (1V) y = x-2/3

(6) Find the derivative of the following functions

(1) y = (x-1)1/5 (II) y = (2x2 - x)1/3

(III) y = (x3 - 1)2/3

(7) Evaluate d x2 - 1
dx x+2

2/3
(8) Evaluate d x+1
dx x2 - 2

(9) If y l+x2 = 2 find dy

dx
(10) If y = x - 1 show that
x+2

143
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(x+2)2 dy = 3
dx

(11) If y = 1 find dy and d2y

x2 + 1 dx dx2
(12) Find the value of dx and d2y
dx dx2
at the point p(2, 3) if x2 + xy = y.

(13) Find dx if (x - y) + (x + y)2 = x2 + y2

dy

(14) By differentiating the equation

2x - y2 = x2 - 2y show that

(1- y) d2y = 1 + x – 1 2

dx2 1 - y

(15) What is the value of d2y if y = x6

dx2

(16) Find d4y if y = x + 1

dx4 x2

(17) Find d3y if y = 1 + x

dx3 1-x
4 4
(18) Find d y if y = 3x + 1
dx4 x

(19) show that dx = - x if x2 y2 = 16.

dy y

(20) Find d2 x2 + 1
dx2 x -1

144
MTH 112 MODULE 3

UNIT 2 DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Differentiation of the Logarithm Function
3.2 Logarithmic Differentiation
3.3 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
3.4 Differentiation of the Function au
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignments
7.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION

So far you have studied differentiation of functions such as polynomials and rational
functions. In this unit you will be studying differentiation of two special functions
namely natural log and exponential which have practical applications in real life
problems such as computation of compound interest accruing from money deposited
or borrowed from financial institutions. Another application where the differentiation
of these two special functions could be applied is in the prediction of growth or decay
of a radioactive substance. The two functions natural logarithm and exponential
functions that will be subject of study in this unit, are related to one another because
one is the inverse functions of the others. That is ƒ-1(natural logarithm) = exponential
function and the ƒ-1 (exponential function) is the natural logarithm.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit you should be able to:

 differentiate logarithmic functions

 carry out logarithmic differentiation
 differentiate exponential functions
 find the derivative of the function au
 find the derivative of the function loga u.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

145
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

3.1 Differentiation of the Logarithm Functions

You will review some properties of logarithm functions you are already familiar with.

(1) x = 1oga y if ax = y

(2) the log of a product = the sum of the logs. Keeping the above in mind
you should be able to recall the following:

let ƒ (x) = log x

then ƒ (x, y) = ƒ (x) + ƒ (y) …….. (I)

suppose ƒ (x) = 1

then ƒ (1) = ƒ (1 . 1) = ƒ (1) + ƒ (1) = 2 ƒ (1)

 ƒ (1) = 2 ƒ (1)

 0 = ƒ (1). ......... (II)

if this is true for x>0

Then 0 = ƒ (1) = ƒ (x . 1/x) = ƒ (x) + ƒ (1/x )

 = ƒ (1/x) = ƒ (x) ………….. (III)

Taking x > 0 and y > 0 then

ƒ (y/x) = ƒ (y . 1/x) = ƒ (y) + ƒ (1/x) = ƒ (y) – ƒ (x)

(Using equation II)

ƒ (y/x) ƒ (y) – ƒ (x) ................... (IV)

Still keeping x > 0 and using equation I you get

ƒ (x . x . x.... x) = ƒ (xn) = ƒ (x) + .....+ ƒ (x)

= n ƒ (x)
n
ƒ (x ) = n ƒ (x).

Replacing ƒ (x) by log x you get the 3 basic properties.

(1) log (x y) = log x +log y

146
MTH 112 MODULE 3

(2) log(y/x) = log x – log y

(3) log (xp) = p log x.

You will now attempt to derive a formula for the derivative of a logarithm
function.

Let log x = ƒ (x) and x > 0 where ƒ is assumed to be a non-constant

differentiable function of x which has all the properties of a logarithm stated
above let ∆x be an increment resulting in a corresponding increment in ƒ(x).
Then the difference quotient can be formed as

ƒ (x + ∆x) - ƒ(x)
∆x __________ (A)

Since ƒ (x) is a logarithmic function.

You can re-write the above equations (A) as

ƒ (x +∆) - ƒ (x) = ƒ (x+∆x) = ƒ (1+ ∆x)

x x

Hence ƒ (x +∆) - ƒ(x) = ƒ (x+∆x)

∆x x

Multiplying equation (B) x/x and noting that f (l) = 0 you get

ƒ (x + ∆x) - ƒ (x) = 1 ƒ (1 + ∆x/x) – ƒ (1))

∆x x ∆x/x

Taking limits of equation (C) as ∆x -----> 0 you get

Lim ƒ (x + ∆x) - ƒ (x) lim 1 lim ƒ (1 + ∆x/x) –f(1) = 1

∆x x ∆x/x
∆x0 ∆x0 ∆x0

=1 lim ƒ (1 + ∆x/x) – f(1))

∆x  0 ∆x/x

ƒ 1 (x) = 1/x f 1(1)

 d [ f(x) ] = d [log x] = 1 where ƒ 1 (x) = 1

dx dx x

147
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(Since f is a non-constant function ƒ 1(1) ≠ 0).

If u is a differentiable positive function of x (i.e. u(x) > 0 and ul (x) exist)

Then d (l nu ) = d lnu du = 1 du
dx du dx u dx

Example: Find d log(x2 + 1).

dx

Solution

Let u = x2 + 1 here u > 0   R.

Then d (x2 + 1). = 1 2x = 2x _

dx x2 +1 x2 +1

Example: Find d log 1 _

dx x2 + 1

Solution

Let u= 1 here u > 0 V x  R.

2
x +1

Then d log 1 d (log u) = 1 du

dx (x2 + 1) dx u dx

= x2 +1 - 2x = - 2x _
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)

Example: Show that d (log /x/ ) = 1

dx x

Solution: For x > 0

d (log /x/ ) = d (log x) = 1 /x/ = x for x>0

dx dx x

For x < 0, / x/ =x.

Therefore d (log /x/ ) = d (log -x)

dx dx

Here let u=-x du = - 1 d (u) = 1

dx dx u

148
MTH 112 MODULE 3

d (log /x/ ) = 1 . ( -1) = 1 . ( -1) = 1

dx u x x

Example: Find d log /1 - x2 /

dx

Solution

Let u = 1- x2, then d log /u/

dx

= 1 . - 2x = - 2x = 2x
1-x 1 – x2 x2 -1

Example: Find d log x4 , x ≠ 1.

dx x-1

Solution

Let u = xΔ du = (3x - 4)x3

x+1 dx (x-1)2,

Then d log = 1 . du = x – 1 . (3x - 4)x3

dx u dx x4 (x – 1)2

= (3x - 4)
x(x – 1)

3.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

The Natural Logarithm: In previous section you have differentiated a general

logarithm function. That is the base to which the logarithm is taken was not
mentioned. Every logarithm studied so far are mainly of two types logl0 x or loge x.
The latter is the one you will study in this section.

Remark: The natural logarithm is that function ƒ(x) = loge x that is the logarithm to
base e (the number e is taken after Leonard Euler (1707 -1783)(There are logarithm to
base other than e or 10.) The interesting thing about the study of differentiation of the
natural logarithm is that its definition depends so much on calculus. You will consider
the definition after you have studied the second course on calculus i.e. integral
calculus. You have to make do with the fact that

Ln x = loge x = the natural logarithm.

The above satisfies all the basic properties of a logarithm function reviewed in the
previous section.

149
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

In practice it has been observed that finding the derivatives of certain functions could
be a difficult task.

But with appropriate application of the natural logarithm, derivatives of such functions
could easily be found. The method involves taking the natural logarithm Ln of both
sides of the given equation before differentiation. This method is called logarithmic
differentiation.

Example

Suppose y =ƒ(x) Find dy/dx

Step 1.

Ln y = In ƒ (x) ______ (I)

Step 2. Differentiate both sides with x

d (In y) = d (In ƒ (x) ) ________ (II)

dx dx

dy = y d (In ƒ (x))
dx dx

Let y = un u(x) is a differentiable function of x.

Taking log of both sides you get:

Lny =1n Un

Lny = nln U

d (Iny) = d (nlnu)
dx dx

1 dy = n ( 1 du )
y dx u dx

dy = n y ( 1 ) du
dx u dx

= nun du (since y = un)

u dx

= nun-1 du
dx

150
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Which is the same result derived in unit 7.

Example: Find dy/dx If y = x x+l , x > 0

Solution

Y = x x+1 (taking natural log of both sides)

Ln y = ln (xx+1)

Lny = x + 1 In x (differentiate with x)

1 dy = In x + (x+1)
y dx x

dy = ln x+ (x+1) y = ln x + ( x + 1 ) xx+1
dx x x

= (xlnx + x + 1)xx

Example: Find dy if y = (x2 + 1)3 (2x -1)2

dx (x2 + I)

Solution:

Y = (x2 + 1)3(2x -1)2 (taking In of both sides)

(x2 + 1)

(x2 + 1)3 (2x - 1 )2

Lny = 1n (x2 + 1)

Lny = In (x2 + 1)3 + In (2x -1)2 - In (x2 + 1)

d (lny) = d 31n (x2 + 1) + 2 1n (2x -1) - In (x2 + 1)

dx dx

1 dy = 3 . 2x + 2 _ . 2 - 2x__
2
y dx x +1 2x - 1 x2 + 1.

dy = 6x + 4 - 2x . (x + 1)3 (2x -1)2

2 2
dx x +1 2x – 1 x + 1 (x2 + 1)

= 4(3x2 - x + 1) (x2 + 1) (2x - 1).

151
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Example: Find dy if y3/2 = (x2 - 1)(3x - 4)1/3

dx (2x - 3)5 (x + 1)2
Solution
= (x2 - 1)(3x - 4)1/3
(2x - 3)1/5 (x +1)2

(x2 - 1)(3x - 4)1/3

In y 3/2 = In
2x - 3)1/5 (x +1)2 ( taking in of both sides)

= 1n (x - 1) + In (3x - 4)1/3 - In (2x - 3)1/5 – ln (x + 1)2

d 3In y d In(x2 – 1) + 1 In(3x – 4) – 1 In(2x – 3) – 2In(x +1)

dx 2 dx 3 5

3 dy = 2x + 3 - 2 1 - 2
2y dx x2 – 1 3(3x – 4) 5 2x - 3 x + 1

dy = 2x + 1 - 2 1 - 2 2 (x2 - 1)(3x - 4)1/3

2
dx x2 - 1 3x - 4 5 2x - 3 x + 1 3 (2x - 3)1/5 (x +1)

2 4x3 + 53x2 - 1774x + 127

15 (x = 1)5/3 (2x - 3)17/15 [3x – 4]7/9 (x -1)1/3

Example:

Solution

Ln y1/5 = 1n x6
(x + 1) ½

1 1
5 In y = 6 Inx – 2 ln (x = 1)

1 1 dy 6 - 1
5 y dx x 2(x+l)

dy = 5y 6 - 1
dx x 2(x+l)

5. x6 1/5
6 - 1
1/5
(x + 1) x 2 (x + 1)

152
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Example: y = x (x - 1)(x2 + 1)(x - 2)(x2 - 3) find dy/dx

Solution

y = x (x - 1)(x2 + 1)(x - 2)(x2 - 3)

In y = In (x (x -1)(x2 + 1)(x -2)(x2 - 3) (taking In of both sides.)

= lnx + ln (x-1) + ln(x2 + 1) + In (x - 2) + In (x2 - 3)

d (Iny) = d [ In x + In (x - 1) + In (x2 + 1) + In (x - 2) + In (x2 - 3)]

1 dy = 1 + 1 + 2x + 1 + 2x .y
2
y dx x x-1 x +1 x - 2 x2 - 3

dy = 1 + 1 + 2x + 1 + 2x (x (x - 1)(x2 + 1)(x - 2)(x2 -3)

dx x x-1 x + 1 x – 2 x2 - 3
2

3.3 Differentiation of Exponential Function

You will now be introduced to the function that cannot be changed by any
differentiation.

The function ƒ (x) = ex for all real number x is called the exponential function. At this
stage you will review some properties of the exponential function which you are
already familiar with.

(I) log ex = x for all real number x

(II) ex > 0 for all real number x

(III) elogx = x for all x > 0

(IV) ex+y = ex ey for all real x and y

(V) ex-y = ex/ey for all real x and y

The derivative of the exponential function is the exponential function. This singular
property distinguishes it as the only indestructible function.

i.e. ___________ (I)

153
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

To prove the above you start by noting that

Taking the derivative of both sides of equation(2) you get:

d (log ex) = d (x) d.

dx _______________ (3)

You can write equation (4) above in a general form. By letting y = e° where u is a real
and differentiable function of x.

i.e. dy = d ( eu) by applying

dx dx

the chain rule for differentiation you get that

dy = eu du
dx dx
Example: find dy if
dx

(I) y = ex
(III) y = e (x+1)2 (IV) y = ex +I
(V) y = e(x+1)3

Solutions

(I) y = ex = eu where u = x2

dy = eu du = e x . ½ x -1/2
dx dx

(II) y = ex2 eu , where u = x2

dy = eu du = ex2 . 2x
dx dx
=2x ex2.

(III) y = e(x+1)2 eu, where u = (x+ 1)2

du = 2(x + 1)
dx

dy eu dy = e(x+ 1)2, 2(x + 1)

154
MTH 112 MODULE 3

dx dx

=2(x+ 1) e(x+1)2

(IV) y = ex + 1 eu, wherein u = (x + 1) ½

du 1 (x+12)-1/2
dx 2

dy = eu . du = ex + 1 . ½ (x+12) -1/2

dx dx

= 1ex + 1
2 x + 1
(V) y = e(x+1)3 eu, where u = (x2 - 1)2

du = 2(x2 - 1).2x = 4x(x2 - 1)

dx
dy = eu . du = e(x2 -1)2.. 4x = (x2 - 1)
dx dx

= 4x = (x2 - 1). e(x2 -1)2

Example: Find dy/dx if y = ex - lnx

Solution

Y = ex - lnx  ex = ex
ln x
e x

dy = ex x -1 + ( - 1) (x)-2 ex
dx

ex - x = ex 1 - 1
x x2 x x2

Example: find dy if y = ex In x

Solution: Y = uv, where v = ex u = ln(x)½

dv = ex du = 1
dx 2x , dx 2x

dy = u dv + v du = ex 1 + ex . In(x)1/2

dx dx dx 2x 2

155
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

= ex 1 + Inx
2x 4x

Example: if y = 1 (ex + cx ) fine dy

2 dx

Solution
dy = 1(ex - e-x)
dx 2

If y = x2e-x find d3y

dx2
Solution

Let y = uv, where vv = x2, u = e-x

dy = 2 x e-x - x2 e-x
dx

d2 y = 2 e-x - 4x e -x + x2 e -x
dx2

d2y = - 6e-x + 6x e-x – x2 e-x

dx2

3.4 Differentiation of the Function Au

You will use the method above to differentiate the function y = au where u is a real
differentiable function of x.

if a > 0 and

b = 1n a I

Then eb = elna = a

Given that u is a differentiable function of x and

au = elna = a

then In au = uIna

To find the derivative of y = au.

Given that y = au

156
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Then dy = d au = d (euIna)
dx dx dx

= euIna d e. (uIna)
dx

= euIna. Ina du .
dx

d (au) = aulna du
dx

Example: find dy if
dx

(I) y = 4 lnx

(II) y = 2-(x2+1)

(III) y = 5x

Solutions

(1) y = 4lnx

let a = 4, u = Inx

y=au

dy = auIn a du = 4 Inx . In 4 . 1
dx dx x

4In x In4
x

(II) y = 2-(x2+1)

y= au, a=2, u=-(x2+ 1)

dy = auIn a du = 2 -(x2+1). In 2 (-(x2+1))

dx dx

= 2 -(x2+1). In 2. -2x

157
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

= 2x ln2(2 -(x2+1)).

(III) y=5x

y = au, a = 5, u = x

du = 5x . Ln 5. 1 x -½
dx 2

Further Examples

Find dy if
dx

(I) y = ex In x3

(II) y2 = e-x

(III) y2/3 = x + 1 1/5

x>1
(x - 1)

(IV) y = x1/x

(V) y =1n (1nx2)

(VI) x = In y.

Solution

(I) y = ex In x3

= ex 31nx.

Let u = ex, v = 31nx.

dy = u dv + v du = 3 ex + ex 31nx
du dx dx x

= 3ex ( 1 + lnx).
x

(II) y2 = e-x

158
MTH 112 MODULE 3

21ny =1ne-x = -x

2 dy = 1
y dx

dy = y = e-x
dx 2 2

(III) y2/3 = x+1 1/5

x>1
x-1

In (y)2/3 = In x + 1 1/5
x>1
x-1

2 dy = 1 Inu where u = x+1

3 dx 5 x -l
2 dy = 1 .. (x - 1) - (x + 1)
3y dx 5 (x -1)2

2 dy = 1 x + 1 . - 2
3y dx 5 x – 1 (x - 1)2

dy = 3 -2 .x+l
dx 10 x2 -l x-1

(IV) y = x1/x

In y = Inx1/x = 1 Inx.
x

1 dy = 1 . 1 + -1 Inx
y dx x x x2

dy = y l - 1 In x = x1/x . 1 (1 - Inx)
dx _ x2 x2 x

= x1/x-1 ( 1 - lnx)

X 1-x/x (1 – Inx)

(V) y = In (lnx2)

y =1n u, where u =1nx2

159
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

du 1 . 2x = 2
dx x2 x

= 2
xInx2
(VI) x = In y.

x = In y.

====> y = dy
dx

but y = ex ==> dy
dx ex (ex = elng g = y.)

4.0 CONCLUSION

In this unit you have studied how to differentiate logarithmic and exponential
functions. You have studied additional methods of finding the derivative of functions,
by application of logarithmic differentiation. Differentiations of certain function that
are rigorous have been made easy by the method of logarithmic differentiation. The
differentiation of exponential function which is very useful in solving problems of
growth or decay and computing compound interest on invested money has been
studied by you in this unit. You will use the knowledge gained in this unit to solve
problems involving differentiation of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in the
next unit. Make sure you do all your assignments. Endeavour to go through all the
solved examples.

5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit you have studied how to
(1) differentiate the function ƒ (x) =1nu
i.e. d (lnu) = 1 du
dx u dx

(II) differentiate the function ƒ (x) =10ga u

(III) differentiate the function ƒ (x) = eu

i.e d (eu) = eu du
dx dx

160
MTH 112 MODULE 3

(IV) to final derivative of complicated functions by applying logarithmic

differentiation (i.e taking natural logarithmic of both sides of the equation
before differentiating).
(V) to find the derivative of the function ƒ (x) = au
i.e. d (au) = au lna du
dx dx
6.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Odili, G. (Ed) (1997): Calculus with Coordinate Geometry and Trigonometry,
Anachuma Educational Books, Nigeria.
Osisiogu U.A (1998) An introduction to Real Analysis with Special Topic on
Functions of Several Variables and Method of Lagranges Multipliers, Bestsoft
Educational Books Nigeria Flanders H, Korfhage R.R, Price J.J (1970)
Calculus academic press New York and London. Osisioga U.A (Ed)(2001)
fundamentals of Mathematical analysis, best soft Educational Books, Nigeria.
Satrmino L.S. & Einar H. (1974) Calculus "2nd Edition”, John Wiley & Sons New
York. London, Sydney. Toronto.
Thomas G.B and Finney R. L (1982) Calculus and Analytic Edition, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Would student series Edition, London, Sydrey, Tokyo,
Manila, Reading.
7.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Find d log, x + 1
dx x2
2. Find d log / x4 -1 /
dx
3. Differentiate y = log x2
3
x +1
4. Differentiate y = x2x
5. If y = (x - 1)(x2 - 1)1/5 find dy
x2 + 1 dx

6. find dy if y x2 + x 1/7

dx x2 - 1

7. If y = (x + 1)(x - 2)(x2 + 1)(x2 -1) find dy

x3 dx
8. If 7y = ex find3 dy
dx
9. find dy/dx if y = ex2+1
2
10. Given that y = x ex find d3y/dx3

161
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

UNIT 3 DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Differentiation of Sines
3.2 Differentiation of Other Trigonometric Functions
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignments
7.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION

So far you have studied how to differentiate various types of functions such as
polynomial, rational, fractional, exponential and logarithm functions. You have
applied rules of differentiation to differentiate the sums, products, quotients and roots
of these functions. In this unit you will be differentiating the class of functions which
are periodic. Such periodic function are best studied using trigonometric ratios such as
sine and cosines. You are already familiar with trigonometric ratios of cosines and
sines in your SSCE/GCE mathematics. Their properties are briefly studied here as (see
Fig 9.1)

(i) sin  = y (ii) cos  = x/r (iii) tan  = (iv) cosec  = r/y

(v) sec  = r/x and (vi) cot = x/y

Y

P(x, y)

r


X
0 x N

162
MTH 112 MODULE 3

The trigonometric ratios given above are structured by placing an angle of measure 
in standard position at the center of a circle of radius r and finding the ratios of the
sides of the triangle O PN.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit you should be able to correctly:

i) derive the derivation of the function y = sin x from first principle.

ii) derive the derivatives of trigonometric function such as cos x, tan x, cosec x
and sec x.
iii) differentiate combination of various types of trigonometric functions.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Differentiation of Sines

A good starting point for the differentiation of the trigonometric ratio of sine is
imbedded in the concept of evaluating the limit.

Lim sin  where  is measured




in radian ( a radian measure is uniteless)

Fig 9.2

r s


 (in radian) = s/r

Prove that Lim sin   is 1





From the above a direct calculation will not be possible because division by
zero is not possible. Therefore, you have to go through a formal proof of the
above since you will need to find the derivative of the function ƒ(x) = sin u.

163
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Proof
Let  > O and also measured in radian

Let  be a small angle at the center of the circle (see Fig 9.3) or radian radius r
=1

Fig 9.3.

In fig 9.3 OP and OA are side of the angle 0. OA is the targent to the cicle at
point A and meets side OP at Q.

Note that

Area of AOPA = ½ base x height

= ½ (OA) (h) = ½ (1) (OP sine)
= ½ (1) (1)sin = ½ sin

Area of sector OPA = ½ r2  = ½ (1) 2 .

Area of ∆OQA = ½ (OA) (QA) = ½ (1) (tan )

= ½ tan  .
Fig. 9.3
<<
Area of ∆OPA < Area of sector OPA < Area of ∆OQA

 1 sin  < 1  < 1 tan  ______ 1

2 2 2
Since > 0 and small than sin ) > 0
dividing the inequalities in (12) by ½ sin  you get.
1< < 1 _________ II
taking the reciprocal (II) you get _________ III

1 > sin  > cos 


164
MTH 112 MODULE 3

taking limits in (III) as  -->0

lim 1 > lim sin  > lim cos 

0 0 0

1 > lim sin  > 1


0

the above hold for  < 0. Since cos  is an even function (see unit 2) i.e.

cos (-) - cos  and sin  is add i.e.

sin (-) = -sin   sin(-) = -sin = sin 
-ϑ - 

Using the above fact you can now derive a formula for d (sin u)
dx
Let ∆ u as usual be an increment in u with a corresponding increment

∆y is y. if y = sin U
then y + ∆y = sin (u + ∆u) _________ I

subtracting y from y + ∆y you get

∆y = sin (u + ∆u) - y
= sin (u + ∆u) – sinU __________ II

applying the factor formula i.e. sin A – sin B = 2 sin (A–B) cos (A + B)
2 2
to the right side of equation II you get

∆y = 2 cos ((u + ∆u).- u) sin ((u + ∆u) - u)

2 2

= 2 cos u + ∆u sin ∆u __________ III

2 2
dividing equation III through by ∆u you have
∆y = 2 cos u + ∆u sin ∆u/2
∆u 2 ∆u

= cos u + ∆u sin ∆u/2 ___________ IV

2 ∆u

165
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

setting  = ∆u/2 equation IV becomes

∆y = cos (u +  ) sin ϑ
∆u 

taking limits in equation (V) as ∆u  0

lim ∆y = lim cos (u + ) sin 

∆u  __________ VI

∆u  0

limcos (u + ) sin 

0

(since  = u , so as ∆u  0,   0)
2

Equation VI becomes

dy = cos U. 1 = cos U.
du

since U is a differentiable function of x by the chain rule you get

d (sin u) = cosu du
dx dx

i.e. if y = sin u, -dy = dy . du

dx du dx

dy = cos u,
du

d (sinu) = cosu du
dx dx

The above process is known as differentiation of sin u from first principle or limiting
process.

Example find dy if
dx

166
MTH 112 MODULE 3

(i) y = sin 5x
(ii) y = sin x2
(iii) y = sin x
(iv) y = sin (In x)
Solution:

(i) y = sin 5x

Let sin U where U = 5x

Then dy = cos U dy = cos 5x . 5

dx dx

= 5 cos 5x

(ii) y = cos ex + sin x2

let y = cos u + sin v, where u = ex, v = x2.

 dy = - sin u du + cos v dv
dx dx dx

= - sin ex . ex + cos x2 . 2x
= 2x cos x2 - ex sin ex.

(iii) y = sin x
cos x
let y = u , u = sin x, v = cos x
v
dy = v du - u dv
dx dx dx
2
v

= cos x(cos x) - sin x(-sin x)

cos2 x

= cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 = sec2x

cos2 x cos2 x

(iii) y = cos x
sin x

let y = u , where u = cos x, v = sin x

v

167
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dy = v du - u dv
dx dx dx = sin x(-sin xx) – cos x(cos x)
v2 sin2 x

= -sin2 x – cos2 x
sin2 x

= - 1 = - cosec2x
sin2x

(iv) y = (sin x)-1

let y = u-1 and u = sin x

dy = -1 . du du = cos x.
dx u2 dx, dx

(v) y = (cos x)-1.

Let y = u-1 and u = cos x

dy = -1 . du = -1 - sin x
dx u2 dx cos2 x

sin x
cos2 x.

(vi) y = cos (sin2x)

let y = cos (u)
let u = v2 where v = sinx

AQ
dy = dy . du . dv
dx du dv dx.

dy = -sin u, du = 2v, dv = cos x.

du dv dx

dy = -sin (sin2x). 2sin x . cos x.

dx

= 2sin x cos x sin (sin2 x)

Differentiation of tan u.

Since tan u = sin u

cos u

168
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Let y = tan u = sin u

cos u

Using example (III) above we get:

dy - d (tan u) = cos u(c cos u)-(-sin u)(sin u)

dx du cos2 u

= 1 = sec2u.
cos2 u

d (tan u) = sec2 u du
dx dx ~

Exercise: Derive the formula for the derivative of cot u, where u is a

differentiable function of x. (see example (IV) above).

d (cot u) = cosec2 u du
d dx

Differentiation of sec u

Let y = sec u = 1 = (cos u)-1

cos u,
d (sec u) = -1 (cos u)-2 . (- sin u) du
dx dx

= sin u du
cos2 u dx

sin u . 1 du
cos u cos u dx

= tan u sec u du
dx

d (sec u) = tan u sec u du

dx dx

169
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

SELF ASSESSEMENT EXERCISE 1

Derive the formula for the derivative of cosec u, where u is a differentiable function of
x (see example (IV) above)

d (sec u) = tan u sec u du

dx dx

3.1 Differentiation Of Other Trigonometric Functions

Example: Find dy if
dx

(i) y = cot x (ii) y = x tan(1- x)

(iii) y = sec2 2x (iv) y = tan x sec x.

(v) y = tan (x2 + sec x) (vi) x cos 2y = y sin x

(vii) y = 2x (viii) y = x + cos2 x
cos 3x sin x
(vx) y = cot2x tan x (x) y = ex cos x2 y = sin y.
Solution

(i) y = cotx

y=cot u , u = x½

dy = -cosec2u du , du = 1 x- ½
dx dx dx 2

dy = -cosec2u (x) 1 = - cosec2(x)

dx 2x 2x

(ii) y = x- tan(1 - x)

let y = uv, u = x, v = tan z, z = (I - x)½

dy = du .v + u dv
dx dx dx

tan z. + x . dv . dz
2x dz dx

170
MTH 112 MODULE 3

= tan (1 – x) ½ + x sec2 (I – x) ½ . 1 (1 – x) – ½
2x 2

= tan(1 – x)½ + x sec2 1

2x 4 1 – x
(1 – 4)
(iii) y = sec2 2x

y = sec2 (u) , u = 2x

y = (sec u)2

dy = 2sec u. d (sec u)
dx d

2 sec u. - (tan u sec u) . 2

dy = 4 sec2 (2x) tan 2x.

dx

(iv) y = tan x sec x.

let y = uv u = tan x v = sec x
dy = u dv + v du , du = sec2 x dv tan x sec x
dx dx dx dx dx

dy = tan x(tan x sec x) = sec 2 xtnx.

dx

(v) y = tan (x2 + sce x)

y = tan u, u = x2 + sin x.

dy sec2 u du du = 2x = cos x
dx dx, dx

dy = sec2 (x2 + sin x)(2x + cos x)

dx

(vi) x cos 2y = y sin x

using implicit differentiation you

if u = cos 2y.

171
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

du = 2 dy (- sin 2y),
dx dx

.'. - 2x sin 2y dy + cos y = sin x dy + y cos x.

dx dx

 cos y – y cos x = (sinx + 2xsin 2 y)dy

dx

 dy = cos y - y cos x
dx sin x + 2x sin 2y.

(vii) y = 2x
cos3x

let y = u
v

dy = v du -u dv
dx dx dx
2
v

u = 2x, v = cos 3x, du = 2, dv = - 3 sin 3x.

dx dx

dy = 2cos3x - 2x.(- 3sin 3x)

dx cos2 3x.

= 2 cos3x + 6x sin 3x
cos2 3x.

(viii) y = x + cos2 x
sin x

y = u = x + cos2 x, v = sin x.
v,

du = 1 - 2cosx.sin x dv = cos x.
dx dx

dy = v du - u dv
dx dx dsx
2
v.

172
MTH 112 MODULE 3

= sin x (1 - 2 cos x sin x) - (x + cos2 x) cos x

sin2 x

(ix) y = cot2x tan x

let y = uv, u = cot2x, v = tan x

du = 2 cot x (-cosec2x)
dx

dv = sec2 x.
dx

dy = u dv + v du = cot2 x.sec2 x + tan x.(-2 cot x cosec2 x)

dx dx dx

= cot x(cot xsec2 x - tan x cosec2 x)

= -(1 - cosec2x + cosec2x . cos2 x)

(cos2 x - 1).

(x) y = ex cos x2 y = sin y.

let u = ex, v = cos z, z = x2 y

du = ex , dv = -sin z, dz = 2xy + x2 dy
dx dz dx dx

duv = u dv + du
dx dx dx

cos y dy + ex (=(sin x2 y) = (2xy + x2 dy) + cos x2 y.ex

collecting like terms

cos y dy + ex sin x2 yx2 dy = -ex sin x2 y2xy + cos x2 yex

dx

 dy (cos y + x2ex sin x2 y) = ex (cos x2 y - 2xy sin x2 y)

dx

dy = ex (cos x2 y - 2xy sin x2 y

dx cos y + x2ex sin x2y.

173
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

4.0 CONCLUSION

In this unit you have studied now to derive the derivative of ƒ (x) = sinx from first
principle i.e. using the limiting process. You have extended it to finding basic formula
for the derivative of cos x, tan x, cosec x, and sec x., You have used rules for
differentiation studied unit 8 to find the derivatives of functions involving
trigonometric functions.

5.0 SUMMARY

In this unit you have studied how to;

(i) Derive the formula d (sin u) = cos u du from first principle.
dx dx
(ii) Use d (sin u) = cos u du to derive the formula d (cos u) = -sin u du
dx dx dx dx.
(iii) Differentiate functions involving various combination of trigonometric
functions. Such as cos (sec2 x) x sin2 3x2 etc.

(iv) How to differentiate functions involving inverse hyperbolic functions such as

arc sin h u, arc cos h u and arc tan h u.

174
MTH 112 MODULE 3

6.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

Odili, G. (Ed) (1997): Calculus with Coordinate Geometry and Trigonometry,

Anachuma Educational Books, Nigeria.

Osisiogu U.A (1998) An introduction to Real Analysis with Special Topic on

Functions of Several Variables and Method of Lagranges Multipliers, Bestsoft
Educational Books Nigeria Flanders H, Korfhage R.R, Price J.J (1970)
Calculus academic press New York and London. Osisioga U.A (Ed)(2001)
fundamentals of Mathematical analysis, best soft Educational Books, Nigeria.

Satrmino L.S. & Einar H. (1974) Calculus "2nd Edition”, John Wiley & Sons New
York. London, Sydney. Toronto.

Thomas G.B and Finney R. L (1982) Calculus and Analytic Edition, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Would student series Edition, London, Sydrey, Tokyo,
Manila, Reading.

7.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

(1) find lim (x - 3)

sin(x - 3)
x1

(2) lim sin (x2 – 1)

sin(x2 - 1)
x3

(3) find the dy if

dx

(i) cos y = sin x2

(ii) y = cos (lnx)
(iii) y = tan (x2 - 1)

(4) If 2siny = cos(tanx) find dy

dx

(5) Find dx if y = x cos (x)

(6) Find dy if y2 = tan x cosec x.

dx

(7) Given that y = ex cos (ex)

175
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(8) Derive the formula d (sin u) = cos u du

dx dx

(9) Derive the formula d (cos ecu) = - cosecu cot u du

dx dx

(10) Derive the formula d (cot u) = -cosec2u du

dx dx

176
MTH 112 MODULE 3

UNIT 4 DIFFERENTIATION INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Differentiation of Inverse Sine and Cosine Functions
3.2 Differentiation of Functions
3.3 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
3.4 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignments
7.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION

You have already studied how to differentiate trigonometric functions of sins, cosines,
tangent, secant and cosecant. In this unit you will study how to differentiate their
respective inverses. The derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions are very useful
in evaluating integral, of a certain trigonometric functions. Therefore your
understanding of this unit will help you tremendously in the course on integral
calculus i.e. calculusis.

In this unit you shall also differentiate a special class of function that is derived as a
combination of exponential ex and e-x which you are already familiar with in previous
units. These combination produce functions that are called hyperbolic functions. They
are engineering problems.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

 differentiate the inverse trigonometric functions such as arc(sin u), arc (cos u)
arc (tan u), arc (sec u) and arc (cosec u)
 find the derivative of the inverse hyperbolic function of arc (sin hu) and arc
(cos hu) etc.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Differentiation of Inverse Sine and Cosines Functions

In this unit you will use the knowledge you acquired when you studied unit 2 and unit
9 to study the inverse of a trigonometric function. This section is important because

177
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

the concept you will study here will be useful in the second course of calculus. Recall
that the inverse of a function ƒ(x) is that function. ƒ -1(x) for which its composite with
ƒ(x) yields the identical function:

i.e. ƒ (ƒ -1 (x)) = ƒ 1 (ƒ (x)) = x.

You could begin the study of differentiation of trigonometric functions by examining

the inverse of the sine function. Consider the equation

x = sin y

In this equation you can show that infinitely many values of y corresponds to each x in
the interval [-1,1 ] i.e. only one of these values y lies in the interval

- , 
2 2 .

For example if x = ½ then you might wish to know the values of all angles y such that
sin y = ½ . These two angles y = 30° and y = 150° will come readily to your mind.
Multiples of these two angles will give the sine value to be ½ .

i.e. sin 30° = ½ , sin 150° = ½ . sin k y = ½

for k = 1, 2, ..., and y = /6, note that

1500 = 5(30°).

Consider the graph of y = sin x as shown in fig. 9.3.

1 -

-/
X

- -1 178
MTH 112 MODULE 3

If you interchange the letters(variables) x and y in the original equation y = sin x you
will clearly see the what is being discussed so far in this section .

That is x = sin y, x ε [ -l, 1 ] and

In the interval [- /2, - /2] the function f (x) = sin x is a one to one function (see Fig
9.3 no horizontal line cuts the graphs only once).

Therefore within the interval [- /2, - /2] the inverse exist and it called the inverse
sine function and it is written as y = arc sin x (or sin-' (x)) (see Fig 9.4 and 9.5.)

Remark: You will use the arc sin x frequently to represent the inverse sine
function. The notation sin-1(x) could be used if you are sure you will not confuse it
with the function

1
sin x.

Y = sin x

-1

X
- /2 /2

- -1 179
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Fig: 9.5

In Fig 9.4 the function y = sin x is a continuous so also is y = arc (sin x).

The function dy = d (sin x) = cos x

dx d2

is defined in the interval - ,  and there is no x ε -  , 

2 2 . 2 2 .

such that cos x = 0. So also the derivative of the inverse sine function does not
take any value zero in the open interval ( -1, 1 ) i.e.

d (arc sin x) ≠ 0  x ε ( - 1, 1 )

With the above information you can now proceed to derive a formula for the
derivative of arc sin x.

Let ƒ (x) = sin x

Then ƒ -1(x) = arc sin x

Note that ƒ (ƒ -1(x)) = x.

Therefore d - (ƒ (ƒ -1 (x)) = d (x) = 1
dx dx

 d sin(arcsin x) =1.
dx

 cos(arcsin x) d (a arcsin x) =1.

dx

Hence d (arcsin x) = 1 _
dx cos(a arcsin x)

= 1
1 – sin2 (arcsin x)

note that : cos2 x + sin2 x = 1  cos x = 1- sin2x)

thus d (arc sin x) = 1

dx 1 – x2

180
MTH 112 MODULE 3

note also that;

sin(arc sin x) = x then (sin(arc sin x)2 =x2)

you could also derive the above formula by applying implicit differentiation
Given that:

y = arc sin x

 sin y = x

then  d (sin y) = dx
d dx

cos y dy = 1
dx

dy = 1 = 1 .
dx cos y 1- sin2 y

putting y = arc sin x and sin y = x you get :

d (arc sin x) = 1
dx 1- x2

let y = arc sin u where u is a differentiable function of x.

Then;

d (arc sin u) = 1 du
dx 1 - u2 dx.

Differentiation of Inverse Cosine

Given that y = arc cos u

Let cos y = u

Then d (cos y) = dy
dx dx

-sin y dy = dy
dx dx

181
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dy = -1 dy
dx sin y dx

sin y = 1- cos2 y. where cos y = u

Therefore

d (arc cos u) = 1 du
dx 1 - u2 dx.

Differentiation of Inverse Tangent

Given that y = arc tan u

Let tan y = u

then d (tan y) = du
dx dx

sec2 y dy = du
dx dx

dy = 1 du
dx Sec2 y dx.
(note that if tan2 y = sec2 y and tan y == u)
therefore dy = 1 du = 1 du
7
dx 1 + tan y dx 1 + u2 dx

hence

d (arc tan u) = 1 du
dx 1 + u2 dx.

Differentiation of arc sec u.

Given that y = arc sec u

Let sec y = u

d (sec y) = du
dx dx

sec yt an y dy = du
dx dx

182
MTH 112 MODULE 3

dy = 1 du
dx sec y tan y dx

(note that tan y = ± sec2 y – 1 and sec y = u)

therefore
dx u ± u2 – 1 dx.

hence

d (arc tan u) = 1 du
dx /u/u2 - 1 dx.

DIFFERENTIATION OF y = arc cot u

Give y = arc cot u

Let cot y = u

d (cot y) = du
dx dx

- cossec2 y dy = dx
dx dx

dy = - 1 du
2
dx cosec y dx

(but cosec2 y =1 + cot2 y, cot y = u)

then
d (arc cot u) = 1 du
dx 1 + u2 dx.

DIFFERENTIATION OF y = arc cosec u.

Given that y = arc cosec u.

Then cosec y = u

- cot y cosecy dy = du
dx dx

183
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dy = -1 du
dx cot y cosecy dx.

but cot y = ± cosec2 y – 1 cosec y = u

then dy = -1 du
2
dx uu – 1 dx.

Therefore

d (arc tan u) = 1 du
2
dx /u/u - 1 dx.

Examples

Find dy/dx if;

1. y = arc sin x2 2. y = arc cos 2x3

3. y = arc tan (x + 1)2 4. y = arc cot x+l

x-1
5. y = x2 (arc sec 2x).

Solutions

(1) y = arc sin x2

let y = arc sin u, u = x2

dy = 1 dy = 1 2x
2
dx 1 - u dx 1 - (x)2

= 2x
1 – x4

(2) y = arc cos 2x3

let y = arc cos u, u = 2x3

dy = - 1 du = -1 .6x2
dx 1- u2 dx 1 - (2 x 3)2

=- 6x2
1 – 4x6

184
MTH 112 MODULE 3

(3) y = arc tan (x + 1)2

let y = arc tan u, u = (x +1)2

dy = 1 du = 1 .2(x + 1)
2
dx 1 + u dx 1 + (x + 1)4

= 2(x + 1)
1+(x+1)4

(4) y = arc cot x+1

x -1
let y = arc cot u, u = ~ x + 1
x–1

dy = - 1 du = -1 . -2
2 2
dx 1 + u dx x+1 (x - 1)2
x–1

= 1
x2 + 1

5. y = (x2 arc sec 2x)

let y=uv and u = x2, v = arc sec 2x
let v = arc sec z, z = 2x.

dv = 1 d2 = 1 .2x
dx 2 22 - 1 . dx 2x4x2 - 1

but

==> dy - x2 + 2x(arc sec 2x)

dx 4x2 - 1

3.3 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

You are already familiar with the differentiation of exponential function ex and e-x.
These combinations occur in two basic forms ½ (ex + e-') and ½ (ex - e-x). They occur
so frequently that they have to be given a special attention. The types of function
described above are known as hyperbolic functions (see unit 2 sec 3.2 for more
details).

185
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Definition: The hyperbolic sine and cosine are functions written as

Sin h x = ½ (ex + e-x) and

Cos h x = ½ (ex - e-x)

(Recall that the word hyperbolic is formed from the word hyperbola see unit 2 sec.
3.2).

Given sin h x and cos h x defined above you can easily form other hyperbolic function
of tangent cotangent, secant and cosecant by noting that

Sin h x = ½ (ex + e-x) and

Cos h x = ½ (ex – é-x)

Then

1. tan h x = sin h x = ex – e -x
cos h x ex + e-x

2. cot h x = cos h x = ex – e -x
sin h x ex + e-x
3. cosec h x = 1 = 2
sin h x ex + e-x

4. sec hx = 1 = 2
cos h x ex + e-x

You will briefly review some of the identities associated with hyperbolic functions
they follow the same pattern with those derived for trigonometric functions.

Note that the equation of a unit hyperbola is given as

x2 - y2 = 1

if you put x =cos h  and sin h  = y

then x2 = cosh2  and y2 = sin h2 

 cos h2 - sin h2  = 1 _________ (1)

Then by substituting appropriately you get the following identities

186
MTH 112 MODULE 3

1- tan h2  = cosec h2  __________ (2)

cot h2  - 1 = cosec h2  ___________ (3)

The identities will be useful in finding the derivative of inverse hyperbolic

functions.

DIFFERENTIATION OF Sin h u.

Let y = sin h u., where u is a differentiable function of x.

then:

dy = d (sin h u = d (eu – e-u

dx dx dx 2

d eu - d e-u
dx dx
2

eu d + e-u d e-u
dx dx
2

= cos h du
dx.

d (sin h u) = cos h u du
dx dx

DIFFERENTIATION OF cos h u

Let y = cos h u

Then:

Therefore

d (cos h u) = sin h u du
dx dx

187
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

DIFFERENTIATION OF tan h u.

Let y = tan h u.

Then:

dy = d (tan h) = sin h u
dx dx cos h u

 dy = cos h U d (sin h U) - sin h U d (cos h U)

dx dx dx
cos h2u

= 1 = sec h2u du
cos h2u dx

d (tan h u) = sec h u du
dx dx

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1

Using the method above:

(1) show that d (cot h u) = -cosec h2u du

dx dx.

(2) show that d (sec h u) = - sec h u tan h u du

dx dx

(3) show that d (cosec h u ) = - cosec h u cot h u du

dx dx

Examples

Find dy if
dx

(i) y =tan h 3x (ii) y = cos h2 5 x

(iii) y = sin h 3x2 (iv) y = sec h3 2x2

(v) sin h x =tan y.

188
MTH 112 MODULE 3

Solution

(i) y =tan h 3x

let y= tan h u, u = 3x

dy = sec h2 u du = sec h2 (3x). 3

dx dx
2
= 3 sec h 3x.

(ii) y = cos h2 5 x

let y = cos h2 5x, u = 5x

dy = 2 coshu.sin h u du
dx dx

= 2 cos h 5x sin h 5x. 5.

= 10 cos h 5x sin h 5x.
(iii) y = sin h 3x2

let y = sin h u, u = 3x2

dy = cos h u du = cos h 3x2 . 6x

dx dx

= 6x cos h 3x2.

(iv) y = sec h2 2x2

let y = sec h3 u, u = 2x2.

dy = 3sec h u ( -sec h u tan h ).4x

dx

= - 3 sec h2 2x2 . sec h 2x2 tan h 2x2 . 4x

= 12x sec h3 2x2 tan h 2x2

(v) sin h x = tan y.

cos h x = sec h2y dy

dx

dy = cos h u
dx sec h2 y.

189
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

3.4 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

In this section you will adopt the same pattern used in studying the differentiation of
inverse trigonometric function to finding the derivative of the derivative of the inverse
hyperbolic functions. In this course only the following hyperbolic inverse will be
treated.

(I) Inverse hyperbolic sine i.e. y = arc sin h x

(II) Inverse hyperbolic cosine i.e. y = arc cos h x
(III) Inverse hyperbolic tangent i.e. y = arc tan h x.

DIFFERENTIATION OF arc (sin h u)

Let y = arc sin h x

 sin hy=x
 ½ (ey - e-y) = x.
ey – e-y = 2x / multiplying through by ey we get.

e2y - 1 = 2x ey

 e2y - 2xey = 0

let ey = P

then P2 - 2xp - I = 0

solving for P you get

P= ½ (2x ± 4x2 + 4 )

Now find dy by Logarithmic differentiation

dx

i.e take In of both sides

In ey = In (x + x2 + 1) (note ey . 0 hence you drop the minus sign.)

y = ln (x +x2 + 1) y = In u

dy = 1 du u (x + x2 +l
dx u dx,

190
MTH 112 MODULE 3

du = 1 + x
dx x2 + 1

therefore dy = 1 . 1+ x _
2
dx x+ x + 1 x +1

= 1
x2 + 1

d (arcsin hu) = 1 du
dx x2 + 1 dx

DIFFEREENTIATION OF arc cos h u

Let y = arc cos h x

.'. cos h y = x

½ (ey + e-y) = x

ey + e-y = 2x/ multiplying through by ey

e2y + l - 2x ey = 0

let P = ey you get a quadratic equation of the form.

P2 - 2x P + 1 = 0.

Solving for P you get;

P = ½ (2x ± 4x2 – 4 )

 ey= x ± x2 - 1

for ey > 0 then

ey = x + x2 - 1

To find dy by logarithmic differentiation you take natural logarithm of both

sides dx and get;

Ln ey = In (x+ x2 - 1)

dy = d In u, u = x + x2 - 1
dx d2

191
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=1 du du = 1 + x
2
u dx, dx x - 1

1 1+ x
x + x2 -1 2
x - 1

= 1
x2 - 1

d (arcos hu) = 1 du
dx

DIFFERENTIATION OF arc tan h u.

Let y = arc tan h x

 tan h y = x

sin h y = x.
cos h y

 ey - e-y =x
-y
ey + e
Multiplying through by e-y

e2y – 1 = x
e2y + 1

 e2y - 1= (e2y + 1) x
collecting like terms

e2y - x e2y = x + 1

(1 - x) e2y = x + 1

e2x = x + 1
1-x

Differentiating by taking natural logarithm of both sides you get:

Ln e2y = 1n x+1
1- x

2y = In x+1
1–x

192
MTH 112 MODULE 3

2 dy = d In u = 1 du u = x + 1
dx dx u dx, 1- x

dy = 1 . du du -2
2
dx u . dx, dx (x -1)

2 dy = 1-x . = 1
2
dx x+1 1–x


d (arcos hu) = 1 du
dx 1 – u2 dx

Example: Given that cos h2 y - sin h2y = 1

Show that d (arc h u) = 1 du

dx ±

Solution

Let y= arc cos h u

Then cos h y = u
d (cos h y) = du
dx dx

sin h y dy = du
dx dx

dy = 1 du
dx sin h y dx

but cos h2 y - sin h2 y = 1

 cos h2 y – 1 = sin h2 y

 sin h y = ± cosh2 y - 1

but cos h y = u

then sin h y = u2 - 1

193
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

 dy = 1 du
dx ±u - 1 dx

SELF ASSESSEMENT EXERCISE 2

Use the above exercise to show that

d (arc sin h u) = 1 du
dx 1 + u2 dx

Example

Find dy If
dx

(1) y = arc sin h (4x) (II) y = arc tan h (sin x)

(III) y= arc cos h (In x) (IV) y = arc cos h (cosx)

Solution

(1) let y =arc sin h u, u = 4x

dy = 1 du
dx 1+ u2 dx
= 1 = 4
4
1 + 16x 1 +16x4

(II) let y = arc tan u, u = sin x.

dy = 1 du = 1 . cos x
dx 1 - u2 dx 1 - (sin x)2

dy = cos x = 1
dx 1- sin2 x cosx

(III) let y = arc cos h u, u = (In x)

dy 1 du du = 1
2
dx u - 1 dx, dx x

194
MTH 112 MODULE 3

dy = 1 .1 = 1
dx (In x)2 – 1 x 2
x(In x) - 1

(IV) let y = arc cos h u, u = cos x

dy = 1 du du = -sin x
dx dx

dx - sin x
dx cos2 x - 1

4.0 CONCLUSION

In this unit you have studied three types of functions and their respective derivative
that is inverse trigonometry, hyperbolic and inverse rules for differentiation to
differentiate functions involving inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. You
have been exposed to numerous examples involving the differentiation of these
function discussed. Some of the examples were repeated in another format for
example some of the examples used in unit 8 were used to explain the concept of
differentiation of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. This is a deliberate attempt
so that you will master the technique studied in this unit. The differentiation of inverse
function of trigonometric and hyperbolic will be very useful when studying the next
course on calculus that is integral calculus. Make sure you go through the example
thoroughly because you will need them in the second course in calculus.

5.0 SUMMARY

In this unit you have studied how to:

(1) Derive the formula for inverse trigonometric function such as

d (arc sin u) = 1 du d (arc cos u) = 1 du etc.

dx dx

(II) Derive the formula

(a) d (sin h u) = cos h u du

dx dx etc

(b) d (cos h u) = sin h u du

dx dx

(III) Differentiate functions involving inverse hyperbolic functions such as arc sin h
u, arc cos h u, arc tan h u etc.

195
MTH 112 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

6.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

Odili, G. (Ed) (1997): Calculus with Coordinate Geometry and Trigonometry,
Anachuma Educational Books, Nigeria.

Osisiogu U.A (1998) An introduction to Real Analysis with Special Topic on

Functions of Several Variables and Method of Lagranges Multipliers, Bestsoft
Educational Books Nigeria Flanders H, Korfhage R.R, Price J.J (1970)
Calculus academic press New York and London. Osisioga U.A (Ed)(2001)
fundamentals of Mathematical analysis, best soft Educational Books, Nigeria.

Satrmino L.S. & Einar H. (1974) Calculus "2nd Edition”, John Wiley & Sons New
York. London, Sydney. Toronto.

Thomas G.B and Finney R. L (1982) Calculus and Analytic Edition, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Would student series Edition, London, Sydrey, Tokyo,
Manila, Reading.

7.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

(1) Find dy if y = ex arc sin (In x)
dx

(2) Find dy if y= arc cot(1- x )

dx sin h x2

(3) Find dy if cos h2 2(sin x)

dx

(4) Find dy if sin h2 y = tan h (x)

dx

(5) Derive the formula d (tan h u ) = sec h2 u du

d dx

(6) Derive the formula d (arc sin h u ) = 1 _ du

d 1 + u2 dx

(7) Find dy if y = sinh3 (e2x)

dx ln(sin x)

(8) Derive the formula d (arc tan u) = 1 _ du

dx 1 + u2 dx
(9) Derive the formula d (arc sec u) = du _
dx
(10) Derive the formula d (arc cos u) = - du
1 - u2

196