Induction Motors

Introduction
➢ Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered machines in
industry
- simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
- wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
- run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
- Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
Construction
➢ An induction motor has two main parts
- a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator
winding

Stator of IM
Construction
- a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
➢ Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
- squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both
ends by shorting rings.
- wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as the
stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires are
connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor
circuit is accessible.
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes
 Rotating Magnetic Field
➢ Balanced three phase windings,
i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other in the
stator and is fed by balanced
three phase source.
➢ A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude will be
produced, rotating with a speed
related to the supply electrical
frequency and No. of Poles.
 How is an Induction Motor wired?

➢ On the left is the wiring for a 3-phase induction motor

➢ On the right is the voltage graph showing the phase
relationships between the different coils of the stator
windings.
 What happens when the motor is turned on?

•Two flux fields are created between three points. These fields are
dynamic and rotating because of the varying voltage of the line current.
•The flux changes direction as the fields cycle through the voltage
oscillations positive to negative and back.
•By carefully placing the stators in 3 equal-distance locations 120 apart, the
field will push and pull a metal squirrel cage around in a circle.
 Rotor (for squirrel cage)
➢ The rotor is moving and crossing lines of flux thus generating a voltage
and consequently current in the rotor bars. This current creates a field
around the bars and end ring of the of the squirrel cage. This field is
what the stator flux lines grab ahold of to push and pull the squirrel
cage in one direction.
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
 Rotating Magnetic Field
Bnet (t ) = Ba (t ) + Bb (t ) + Bc (t )

= BM sin(t )0 + BM sin(t − 120)120 + BM sin(t − 240)240

 Rotating Magnetic Field
1 3 1 3
Bnet (t ) = [ BM sin(t ) + BM sin(t ) + BM cos(t ) + BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t )]xˆ
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
+[− BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t ) + BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t )]yˆ
4 4 4 4

= [1.5BM sin(t )]xˆ − [1.5 BM cos(t )]yˆ

Rotating Magnetic Field

➢ In summary, we can say that

when a three phase supply is
applied across the stator
windings of a three phase
induction motor, a rotating
magnetic field is created.

➢ How does the rotating speed

relates with the supply
frequency?
Relation between Electrical Frequency and
the speed of Magnetic field rotation
Here, fsm and ɷsm are the mechanical
frequency and speed of the stator
magnetic fields in revolutions per second
and radians per second, while fse and ɷse
are the electrical frequency of the stator
currents in hertz and radians per second.

•Notice that the windings on the two-

pole stator in Figure occur in the order
(taken counterclockwise)
a-c' -b-a' -c-b'
Relation between Electrical Frequency and
the speed of Magnetic field rotation
 The Development of Induced Torque in an
Induction Motor

➢ The polarity and the magnitude of induced voltage in a given rotor bar is given by
the equation eind = (v x B)• l assuming conductor is moving in a stationary magnetic
field; where v = velocity of the bar relative to the magnetic field. B = magnetic
flux density vector
➢ l = length of conductor in the magnetic field
The Development of Induced Torque in an
Induction Motor
➢ It is the relative motion of the rotor compared to
the stator magnetic field that produces induced
voltage in a rotor bar.
➢ The velocity of the upper rotor bars relative to the
magnetic field is to the right, so the induced
voltage in the upper bars is out of the page, while
the induced voltage in the lower bars is into the
page.
➢ This results in a current flow out of the upper
bars and into the lower bars. However, since the
rotor assembly is inductive, the peak rotor current
lags behind the peak rotor voltage (see Figure b).
The rotor current flow produces a rotor magnetic
field BR
➢ Finally, since the induced torque in the machine
is given by Ʈind = kBR X Bs
➢ The resulting torque is counter clockwise. Since
the rotor induced torque is counterclockwise,
the rotor accelerates in that direction.
The Development of Induced Torque in an
Induction Motor(Alternative Explanation)
➢ To know the direction of rotation of rotor
body, we can apply Fleming left hand rule
and Lorentz Force Law.
➢ Mechanical force acts on the rotor
conductors, the sum of which on all the rotor
conductors produces a resultant torque .
➢ We get toward left movement for the upper
conductors and toward right movement for
the lower conductors, i.e. the rotor will move
in CCW direction i.e. in the same direction of
Stator flux.
➢ The fact that rotor is urged to follow the
stator field (i.e., rotor moves in the direction
of stator field) can also be explained by
Lenz’s law. According to this law, the
direction of rotor currents will be such that
they tend to oppose the cause producing
them.
The Development of Induced Torque in an
Induction Motor(Alternative Explanation)
➢ Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is
the relative speed between the rotating field and
the stationary rotor conductors.
➢ Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor
starts running in the same direction as that of
stator field and tries to catch it but never could
catch it.
➢ The rotor body moves maintaining a relative
speed between it and the stator flux or,
maintains a gap or, slip. i.e. there should be a
difference in speed called slip speed.
➢ The resulting torque is counter clockwise. Since
the rotor induced torque is counter -clockwise,
the rotor accelerates in that direction.
Induction motor speed
➢ At what speed will the IM run?
- Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed.
- When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced.
Induction motor speed
➢ So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
➢ The voltage induced in a rotor bar of an induction motor
depends on the speed of the rotor relative to the magnetic fields.
➢ It is often more logical to discuss this relative speed. Two terms
are commonly used to define the relative motion of the rotor and
the magnetic fields.
One term is slip speed: , Where nslip= slip speed,
nsync= speed of the magnetic field, nm = mechanical shaft speed of the
motor
➢ Another term is the Slip, the relative speed in per-unit (or
sometimes percent):
The Slip
Notice that :
▪ if the rotor runs at synchronous speed, s = 0
▪ if the rotor is stationary, s = 1
▪ the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
➢ Mechanical speed of the rotor shaft can be expressed in terms
of synchronous speed and slip:
Induction Motors and Transformers
➢ Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
- Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
- Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
- The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
- Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 Frequency
➢ The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by
Pn
fr =
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  (ns − nm )
fr =
120
P  sns
= = sf e
120
➢ When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the induced voltage is
equal to the supply frequency
➢ On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s = 0), the
frequency will be zero
 Torque
➢ While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that we
should know some terms and quantities related to
mechanical power
➢ Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor speed

 load =
Pout 2 nm
N .m and m = rad / s
m 60
Horse power
➢ Another unit used to measure mechanical power is
the horse power
➢ It is used to refer to the mechanical output power
of the motor
➢ Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with
watts as a unit to measure electrical power, there is
a relation between horse power and watts
1 hp=746 watts
Example
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
Solution
120 f e 120(60)
1. nsync = = = 1800 rpm
P 4

2. nm = (1 − s)ns
= (1 − 0.05) 1800 = 1710 rpm

3. f r = sf e = 0.05  60 = 3Hz

4.  load = Pout = Pout

m 2
nm
60
10 hp  746 watt / hp
= = 41.7 N .m
1710  2  (1/ 60)
 Equivalent Circuit
➢ The induction motor is similar to the transformer with the exception
that its secondary windings are free to rotate

➢ Like in any transformer, the primary (stator) and secondary (rotor)

include certain resistance (R1 for stator and RR for rotor) and self-
inductance.
➢ As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine these
two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
 Equivalent Circuit
➢ The primary internal stator voltage E1 is coupled to the secondary
voltage ER by an ideal transformer with an effective turn ratio aeff
that can be determined (for the wound-rotor machine) as the ratio
of the conductors per phase on the stator to the conductors per
phase on the rotor, modified by any pitch and distribution factor
differences. The effective turn ratio of a squirrel-cage rotor motor is
more difficult to determine.
➢ The rotor voltage ER produces a current flow in the shorted rotor.
➢ The primary impedances and the magnetization current of the
induction motor are very similar to the corresponding components
in a transformer equivalent circuit.
➢ A noticeable difference between the equivalent circuits of
transformers and induction machines is the effects of varying rotor
frequency on the rotor voltage ER and rotor impedances RR and
jXR.
Equivalent Circuit
➢ When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the
largest voltage and rotor frequency are induced in
the rotor, Why?
➢ On the other side, if the rotor rotates at synchronous
speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced voltage and frequency
in the rotor will be equal to zero, Why?
➢ ER= S ER0
Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage
obtained at s = 1(locked rotor)
Equivalent Circuit
➢ The same is true for the frequency, i.e.
fr = s fe
➢ It is known that
X = L = 2 f L
➢ So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in the
rotor changes, the reactance of the rotor circuit also
changes X =  L = 2 f L
r r r r r
Where Xr0 is the rotor reactance
at the supply frequency
= 2 sf e Lr
(at blocked rotor) = sX r 0
Equivalent Circuit
➢ Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit as
follows

Where ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR is the

rotor resistance
Equivalent Circuit
➢ Now we can calculate the rotor current as
ER
IR =
( RR + jX R )
sER 0
=
( RR + jsX R 0 )
➢ Dividing both the numerator and denominator by s
so nothing changes we get
ER 0
IR =
RR
( + jX R 0 )
s
Where ER0 is the induced voltage and XR0 is the rotor
reactance at blocked rotor condition (s = 1)
Equivalent Circuit
➢ Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit
Equivalent Circuit
➢ Now as we managed to solve the induced voltage
and different frequency problems, we can combine
the stator and rotor circuits in one equivalent
circuit
Where
X 2 = aeff
2
X R0
R2 = aeff
2
RR
IR
I2 =
aeff
E1 = aeff ER 0
NS
aeff =
NR
Power losses in Induction machines
➢ Copper losses
- Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
- Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
➢ Core loss (Pcore)
➢ Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
➢ How this power flow in the motor?
Power flow in induction motor
Power relations

Pin = 3 VL I L cos = 3 Vph I ph cos 

PSCL = 3 I12 R1

PAG = Pin − ( PSCL + Pcore )

PRCL = 3I 22 R2
Pconv = PAG − PRCL
Pconv
Pout = Pconv − ( Pf + w + Pstray )  ind =
m
Equivalent Circuit
➢ We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as follows

Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load
Power relations

Pin = 3 VL I L cos = 3 Vph I ph cos 

PSCL = 3 I12 R1
R2 PRCL
PAG = Pin − ( PSCL + Pcore ) = Pconv + PRCL = 3I 2
2 =
s s
PRCL = 3I 22 R2
Pconv = PAG − PRCL = 3I 22 R2 (1 − s) PRCL (1 − s)
=
s s
Pconv = (1 − s ) PAG
Pconv (1 − s ) PAG
Pout = Pconv − ( Pf + w + Pstray )  ind = =
m (1 − s )s
Power relations
PAG Pconv
1 1-s

PRCL
s
PAG : PRCL : Pconv
1 : s : 1-s
Example 6.2
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600
W, the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses
are negligible. Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.
Solution
1. Pin = 3VL I L cos 
= 3  480  60  0.85 = 42.4 kW
PAG = Pin − PSCL − Pcore
= 42.4 − 2 − 1.8 = 38.6 kW
2. Pconv = PAG − PRCL
700
= 38.6 − = 37.9 kW
1000
3. Pout = Pconv − PF &W
600
= 37.9 − = 37.3 kW
1000
Solution
37.3
Pout = = 50 hp
0.746

Pout
4. = 100%
Pin
37.3
= 100 = 88%
42.4
Example 6.3
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected induction motor
has the following impedances in ohms per phase referred to
the stator circuit:
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be
constant. The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses.
For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the rated voltage and rated
frequency, find the motor’s
1. Speed 4. Pconv and Pout
2. Stator current 5. ind and load
3. Power factor 6. Efficiency
Solution
120 f e 120  60
1. nsync = = = 1800 rpm
P 4
nm = (1 − s)nsync = (1 − 0.022) 1800 = 1760 rpm
R2 0.332
2. Z 2 = + jX 2 = + j 0.464
s 0.022
= 15.09 + j 0.464 = 15.11.76 
1 1
Zf = =
1/ jX M + 1/ Z 2 − j 0.038 + 0.0662 − 1.76
1
= = 12.9431.1 
0.0773 − 31.1
Solution
Z tot = Z stat + Z f
= 0.641 + j1.106 + 12.9431.1 
= 11.72 + j 7.79 = 14.0733.6 
4600
V 3
I1 = = = 18.88 − 33.6 A
Ztot 14.0733.6
3. PF = cos33.6 = 0.833 lagging
4. Pin = 3VL I L cos  = 3  460 18.88  0.833 = 12530 W
PSCL = 3I12 R1 = 3(18.88)2  0.641 = 685 W
PAG = Pin − PSCL = 12530 − 685 = 11845 W
Solution
Pconv = (1 − s) PAG = (1 − 0.022)(11845) = 11585 W

Pout = Pconv − PF &W = 11585 − 1100 = 10485 W

10485
= = 14.1 hp
746
PAG 11845
5.  ind = = = 62.8 N.m
sync 2 1800
60
Pout 10485
 load = = = 56.9 N.m
m 2 1760
60
Pout 10485
6.  = 100% = 100 = 83.7%
Pin 12530
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
➢ Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the
network to the left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into an
equivalent voltage source VTH in series with
equivalent impedance RTH+jXTH
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

jX M XM
VTH = V | VTH |=| V |
R1 + j ( X 1 + X M ) R12 + ( X 1 + X M ) 2
RTH + jX TH = ( R1 + jX 1 ) // jX M
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

• Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

XM
VTH  V
X1 + X M

• Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1

 X 
2

RTH  R 1  M

 X1 + X M 
X TH  X 1
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
VTH VTH
I2 = =
R2  2 2
ZT R + + (X + X2)
 TH s  TH


Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)

R2 (1− s)
Pconv = 3I 22
s
And the internal mechanical torque (Tconv)

Pconv Pconv 3I 22 R2 P
 ind = = =
s = AG
m (1− s)s s s
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

 
2

 
3  VTH   R2 
 ind =    s 
 2
  
s   R2  + ( X + X ) 2
  RTH + s  TH 2 
 

2  R2 
3VTH  
 ind = 1  s 
s  R2 
2

 RTH +  + ( XTH + X 2 ) 2
 s 
Torque-speed characteristics

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

Comments
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full
load. In this range, the rotor resistance is much
greater than the reactance, so the rotor current,
torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be
exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and
is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque.
Comments
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher
than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as
the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed
it will run as a generator, converting mechanical
power to electric power.
Complete Speed-torque c/c
 Maximum torque
• Maximum torque occurs when the power
transferred to R2/s is maximum.
• This condition occurs when R2/s equals the
magnitude of the impedance RTH + j (XTH + X2)
R2
= + ( XTH + X 2)
2 2
R
sT TH
max

R2
sTmax =
RTH + (X TH + X 2 )
2 2

The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to the

rotor resistance R2
Maximum torque
➢ The corresponding maximum torque of an induction
motor equals

The maximum torque is independent of R2

Maximum torque
➢ Rotor resistance can be increased by inserting
external resistance in the rotor of a wound-rotor
induction motor.
The
value of the maximum torque remains unaffected
but
the speed at which it occurs can be controlled.
Maximum torque

Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic

 Example 6.4
➢ A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW to a
load at a speed of 2950 rpm.
1. What is the motor’s slip?
2. What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m under
these conditions?
3. What will be the operating speed of the motor if its
torque is doubled?
4. How much power will be supplied by the motor when
the torque is doubled?
Solution
120 f e 120  50
1. nsync = = = 3000 rpm
P 2
nsync − nm 3000 − 2950
s= = = 0.0167 or 1.67%
nsync 3000

2. no Pf +W given
 assume Pconv = Pload and  ind =  load
Pconv 15 103
 ind = = = 48.6 N.m
m 2
2950 
60
Solution
3. In the low-slip region, the torque-speed curve is linear
and the induced torque is direct proportional to slip. So,
if the torque is doubled the new slip will be 3.33% and
the motor speed will be
nm = (1 − s)nsync = (1 − 0.0333)  3000 = 2900 rpm

4. Pconv =  ind m
2
= (2  48.6)  (2900  ) = 29.5 kW
60
Example 6.5
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected wound-
rotor induction motor has the following impedances in
ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
1. What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what
speed and slip does it occur?
2. What is the starting torque of this motor?
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at
which the maximum torque now occur? What is the
new starting torque of the motor?
4. Calculate and plot the T vs. Speed for both cases.
Solution
XM
VTH = V
R12 + ( X 1 + X M )2
460
 26.3
= 3 = 255.2 V
(0.641) + (1.106 + 26.3)
2 2

2
 XM 
RTH  R1  
 1
X + X M 
2
 26.3 
 (0.641)   = 0.590
 1.106 + 26.3 
X TH  X 1 = 1.106
Solution
R2
1. sTmax = 2
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2
0.332
= = 0.198
(0.590) + (1.106 + 0.464)
2 2

The corresponding speed is

nm = (1 − s)nsync = (1 − 0.198) 1800 = 1444 rpm
Solution
The torque at this speed is

1  3VTH2 
 max =  
2s  R + R 2 + ( X + X )2 
 TH TH TH 2 
3  (255.2) 2
=
2
2  (1800  )[0.590 + (0.590) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464) 2 ]
60
= 229 N.m
Solution
2. The starting torque can be found from the torque eqn.
by substituting s = 1
2  R2 
3VTH  
 start =  ind s =1 =
1  s 
s  R2 
2

 TH
R +  + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2

 s  s =1

3VTH2 R2
=
s [( RTH + R2 ) + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2 ]
2

3  (255.2) 2  (0.332)
=
2
1800   [(0.590 + 0.332) 2 + (1.106 + 0.464)2 ]
60
= 104 N.m
Solution
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip at
maximum torque doubles too
R2
sTmax = = 0.396
2
RTH + ( X TH + X 2 ) 2

The corresponding speed is

nm = (1 − s)nsync = (1 − 0.396) 1800 = 1087 rpm

The maximum torque is still

max = 229 N.m
Solution
The starting torque is now
3  (255.2)2  (0.664)
 start =
2
1800   [(0.590 + 0.664)2 + (1.106 + 0.464)2 ]
60
= 170 N.m
 Concept of Starter
➢ In a three phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in
the rotor circuit depends on the slip of the induction motor. This induced
e.m.f. effectively decides the magnitude of the rotor current. The rotor
current in the running condition is given by,

➢ At start, the speed of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e.
unity. So magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large at start. As rotor
conductors are short circuited, the large induced e.m.f. circulates very
high current through rotor at start.
➢ The condition is exactly similar to a transformer with short circuited
secondary. Such a transformer when excited by a rated voltage, circulates
very high current through short circuited secondary. As secondary current
is large, the primary also draws very high current from the supply.
 Necessity of Starter
➢ Similarly in a three phase induction motor, when rotor current is
high, consequently the stator draws a very high current from the
supply. This current can be of the order of 5 to 8 times the full load
current, at start.
➢ Due to such heavy inrush current at start there is possibility of
damage of the motor winding. Similarly such sudden inrush of
current causes large line voltage drop. Thus other appliances
connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage spikes
which may affect their working. To avoid such effects, it is
necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor at start.
➢ The starter is a device which is basically used to limit high starting
current by supplying reduced voltage to the motor at the time of
starting. Such a reduced voltage is applied only for short period
and once rotor gets accelerated, full normal rated voltage is
applied.
 Method of Starting
➢ From the expression of rotor current it can be seen that the
current at start can be controlled by reducing VTH or, VФ which
is possible by supplying reduced voltage at start or, by
increasing the rotor resistance R2 at start.
➢The second method is possible only on case of slip ring
induction motors. The various types of starters based on the
above two methods of reducing the starting current are,
1. Stator resistance starter
2. Autotransformer starter
3. Star-delta starter
4. Rotor resistance starter
5. Direct on line starter
Autotransformer Starter
• At start, contacts 1 and 3
are closed and reduced
voltage according to set
tap position will be
applied to the motor.
• Afterwards, when motor
develops speed and
current reaches a safe
value, contacts 1 and 3
are opened and contact 2
is closed, full line voltage
will be applied to the
motor.
Wye- Delta Starter
• At start, contacts ‘2’ are closed
and the motor is connected as
‘Wye’ and hence reduced
voltage of an amount Vline/3
will be applied across the
phase windings which keeps
the starting current at a safe
value.
• Afterwards, contact ‘2’ is
opened and contact ‘1’ is
closed and the motor is
connected in Δ with full line
voltage applied across the
phase windings and runs
safely.
Automated Motor Protection Circuit
with series resistor Starter
• When the start button is pressed,
M coil will be energized and all the
M contacts will change their state in
accordance.
• Motor will get power with full
starting resistor. Also, in the control
logic, 1TD coil will get power and it
will activate after a certain time
delay.
• Once, 1TD coil gets energized, it will
change the state of all 1TD contacts.
• Subsequently, some part of the
resistor will be shorted out. Also, in
the control logic, 1TD contact will
be closed which gives power to 2TD
coil.
Automated Motor Protection Circuit
with series resistor Starter(contd.)
• 2TD coil will be activated after certain
time delay and shorted out some more
part of the series resistor closing 2TD
contacts and closing 2TD contact in the
logic diagram, it gives power to 3TD coil.
• After certain time delay, 3TD coil activates
and closes all 3TD contacts i.e. shorted
out the whole resistor and the full voltage
is applied across the motor terminals.
• Overload contact will be opened if
overload heater coil is activated due to
overload condition.
• Subsequently, ‘M’ coil will be deenergized
opening all ‘M’ contacts thereby
disconnecting power to the motor and the
motor will be OFF.
• Motor can be shut OFF by pressing the
‘Stop’ button also.
Speed Control in Induction Motor
1. Changing Synchronous Speed- As the induction
motor runs nearly at synchronous speed and always
tries to catch up it, we can control its speed by
changing synchronous speed i.e
By changing no. of poles and
By changing Frequency

2. By changing Supply voltage

3. By changing Rotor Resistance

Speed Control by changing No. of Poles
(Changing direction of Current )
Two pole motor ➢2-pole machine:
• Current leaves the stator from
the upper windings i.e.
producing North Pole
• Current enters into the stator
from the lower windings i.e.
producing south pole
4-pole machine:
4-pole Motor •Current leaves the stator from
the upper windings i.e. producing
North Pole
•Current also leaves the stator
from the lower windings i.e.
producing north pole also.
•Consequently, south poles will
be created in between.
Having multiple set of windings as well

➢If we have an arrangement for four pole and six

pole, for the four pole, changing direction, we may
have 1800rpm and 900 rpm.
➢When we energize/connect no. of windings for six-
pole, we will have 1200rpm and 600 rpm.
 Speed Control by Changing Frequency
➢Changing frequency, we can change synchronous speed and so also motor’s
speed.
➢However, as the flux of the machine is inversely related to the supply
frequency, flux will be increased when we decrease frequency to decrease
motor’s speed.
➢We know,
➢Hence,

➢ To produce the huge flux, stator supply current must be increased specially if the
motor is working near saturation.
➢To limit this current, supply voltage must also be reduced with (roughly) the same ratio
as that of the frequency in order for the magnetising current to remain the same called
derating. The frequency changing method is called “v/f” or, “volts/hertz” method.
Speed Changing by changing Supply
voltage
➢We know,

i.e. the speed of the motor can be controlled over a

limited range by varying the line voltage.

Speed Changing by changing Rotor Resistance

•Applicable for Wound-Rotor or, Slip-ring motor.
•If we increase rotor resistance, shape of torque-speed
curve will be changed and the speed will be changed.
Tests to determine Equivalent Circuit
Parameters namely, R1,X1,R2, X2, XM
➢Three tests are required to find the circuit parameters.
1. Resistance Measurement Test
2. No-load Test
3. Blocked Rotor Test
Resistance Measurement Test
This is done to determine the stator resistance per phase.By
doing this test at the rated current value, the heating effect on
the resistance of the copper windings is taking into account. A
DC Vdc voltage is applied to the stator terminals and line
current is noted as Idc . Vdc and Idc are utilized to determine
stator resistance per phase.
Resistance Measurement Test
For Wye –connected motor

➢For delta –connected motor

 No-Load Test
➢The motor is running on no-load and rated voltage at rated
frequency is applied.
➢Power, voltage and current will be measured by two watt
meters, voltmeter and ammeter.(as shown in Experimental
Setup).

Pin only supplies a very small stator copper loss, friction and
windage loss and the miscellaneous loss.
i.e. Pin= PSCL(which is 3I12 R1) + Pcore+ Pf+w + Pmisc.
 Analysis of the Test
➢In this situation, the motor is running at almost zero slip (.001
or, less).
➢The rotor resistance representing Pconv. is huge which is
greater than rotor resistance R2 and reactance X2. Also working
in parallel with Rc, it is much much greater than XM(which is
generally very small).
No Load Test(Contd.)
➢Finally, the equivalent circuit at this situation is as
shown in the following Figure.

➢Ignoring, R1(not concerned about p.f), the impedance

of the circuit is,

➢If X1 can be measured somehow, XM can be found.

Blocked Rotor Test
• The motor is operated with the rotor blocked or locked and a
voltage is applied until rated current is flowing through the
line.
• 25% rated frequency or, less is used in the test.
• Power, voltage and current will be measured by two watt
meters(as shown in Experimental Setup), voltmeter, and
ammeter.
 Analysis of Blocked Rotor Test
• In this situation, the motor is running at slip=1 i.e at highest
slip.
• Rotor resistance will be lowest and correspondingly, rotor
circuit impedance will be very low.
• Rotor current will be very high so that we can neglect
magnetizing and core loss branch.
• In the final equivalent circuit, R1, R2, X1 and X2 will appear in
series as shown in Figure.
 Measurement of Parameters
➢Input Power,
➢Power factor,

➢Magnitude of total impedance,

➢As

➢RLR= R1 + R2; using R1‘s value from no load test,

➢R2= RNL-R1
➢XLR’= X1’ + X2’
➢Where, XLR=frated . (XLR’)/f test= X1 + X2
➢Using X1’s value from this test and XNL’s value, we can
determine XM’s value as XM= XNL-X1.
Blocked-rotor test
X1 and X2 as function of XLR

Rotor Design X1 X2

Wound rotor 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

Design C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

Design D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Example
The following test data were taken on a 7.5-hp, four-pole, 208-V, 60-
Hz, design A, Y-connected IM having a rated current of 28 A.

DC Test:
VDC = 13.6 V IDC = 28.0 A
No-load Test:
Vl = 208 V f = 60 Hz
I = 8.17 A Pin = 420 W
Locked-rotor Test:
Vl = 25 V f = 15 Hz
I = 27.9 A Pin = 920 W

(a) Sketch the per-phase equivalent circuit of this motor.

(b) Find the slip at pull-out torque, and find the value of the pull-out torque.