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Theses and dissertations

1-1-2011

AGORA 2012: The Return to Traditional

Marketplace
Winnie Lam Ho-Suen
Ryerson University

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 AGORA 2012:

The Return to Traditional Marketplace

Winnie Lam Ho Suen

Bachelor of Architectural Science, Toronto, Ontario, 2008

A design Thesis Project

presented to Ryerson University

in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Master of Architecture

Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2011

© Winnie Lam Ho Suen, 2011

 AGORA 2012:

The Return to the Traditional Markeplace

Master of Architecture Degree 2011

Winnie Lam Ho Suen

Master of Architecture

Ryerson University

Abstract

Market forms such as shopping malls and department stores have been cloned

endlessly in both rural and urban areas in many countries as a successful retail model. Despite

the fairly homogeneous architectural expression and internalized (isolated) environment of new

market forms (cut off from the city at large), the mass production of generic markets are seen

favourably, since they are cost effective and offer the high dollar-per-square-footage that

developers seek and that favours a global consumer economy.

Therefore, the more traditional public markets that were once an expression the local life

and culture are now being replacing by the “McDonaldized” (Rizter, 2006 page 123)

marketplaces. They all have a similar architectural form, type and style that have little or no

linkage to the locale and, in addition, are private zones. Since the 1970s, the intensity of

construction of such generic market places has been slowly overriding the authentic identity of

market architecture in many regions. In order to distinguish and express the unique architectural

developments and the difference in local lifestyles of different regions, it is important to maintain

local identity of building that houses “historically stable programs” (Leong, 2011, p. 138) such as

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 1
local market. It is also crucial to keep the marketplace public in nature where people can

socialize with greater freedom.

This project intends to re- capture the local identity in a specific urban marketplace as a

test of how contemporary design can maintain, revitalize and reinterpret the essence of the local

architecture. The site is a typical residential- commercial neighbourhood known as Li-Nong in

Shanghai. It is a row house neighbourhood built in 1924 in the heart of the city. The

deterioration of buildings and limited access into the neighbourhood has contributed to the

decline of businesses in the neighbourhood’s commercial strip. This project attempts to

revitalize the historical laneway commercial neighbourhood and make it into a pedestrianized

and inviting neighbourhood where locals can still have a shopping experience that is informed

by the 1924 Shanghai-nese architecture.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 2
Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to say thank you to my supervisor, Dr. June Komisar who is a

very knowledgeable professor and has been incredibly supportive throughout the making of this

thesis project. I am so grateful to work with June as she has always supported my interest in

retail architecture. June has helped me an incredible amount. June’s aspiration and dedication

inspired me to keep pushing myself to develop a strong thesis project. She was very informative

and critical about the ideas that I have brought up to the table during the meeting sessions. But

most importantly, she gave me the freedom to try new ideas and encouraged me think in

different perspectives. I have learnt a lot about the evolution of retail architecture, and the social

and public space as the two inseparable components. Thank you June for all your hard work! It

was a fun experience to work with you. Thanks for sparing you 6:30pm to 7:30pm so that we

can meet after my working hours. Thanks for your time and consideration!

The second person that I would also like to thank is Dr. Daniel Chieh from Shanghai. Dr.

Chieh help me to circulate the surveys “Shopping in Shanghai” in his class. As a pilot research

on this topic, the data collected during the exploration period was very useful. It covered a wide

demographics, income range and detailed comments about how Shanghai-nese thinks about

shopping. It really helps me a lot in understand the shopping trend in Shanghai.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family for their support and understanding.

Thank you MSC Fund for the scholarship. Thank you mom for listening to my thesis findings all

the time that I know you may not be interested in it but you did it anyway!

Thank you everyone!

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 3
Table of Contents

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 1- The Generic Market .................................................................................................. 11
Chapter 2 – What was a Market? ............................................................................................... 16
2.1 – The Market as an Expression of a Region ..................................................................... 17
2.2 – Market as a Spectacle of Life ......................................................................................... 26
2.3 – Western Market Evolution and Variations ...................................................................... 31
2.4 – What is a Market today? ................................................................................................. 34
Chapter 3 – Strategic Design for a Market Facility Today .......................................................... 42
3.1 – The Mechanical Invention .............................................................................................. 43
3.2 – Fake Authenticity & Disneyfication ................................................................................. 44
3.3 – Adjacent Attractions ....................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 4 – Critiques in McDonalization of Shopping Facilities Today ...................................... 53
4.1 – Suburban and Rural Market ........................................................................................... 54
4.2 - Urban Market .................................................................................................................. 57
Chapter 5 – MARKETS, PUBLIC SPACE AND HERITAGE ....................................................... 60
5.1 – The Attempts in Preserving Heritage ............................................................................. 61
5.2 – The History of Shanghai & Laneway Retail Market ........................................................ 66
5.3 – Shikumen & Li-Nong ...................................................................................................... 68
5.4 - Characteristics of Laneway Market ................................................................................. 73
Chapter 6 – The Return to Traditional Marketplace Using a Local School as a Catalyst ........... 74
6.1 - Huaihai Fang: The Hidden Laneway Market and Community ......................................... 75
6.2 – Concept: The Continuity ................................................................................................. 82
6.3 – Design Proposal ............................................................................................................. 83
6.3.1 – The “Good Morning!” Plaza & the Running Track .................................................... 88
6.3.2 – The Open Market & the Covered Art-land ............................................................... 90
6.3.3 – The Gateways (school entrance, car, inner) ............................................................ 92
6.3.4 – The Inner Laneway Market ...................................................................................... 93

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 4
Appendix A.................................................................................................................................. 95
Appendix B.................................................................................................................................. 96
Appendix C ................................................................................................................................. 99
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 100

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 5
List of Figures

Figure 1 a - List of World’s 20 Largest Shopping Mall ............................................................................................ 13

Figure 1 b - Shopping mall in Rio de Janerio ( http://americansforrio2016.wordpress.com/shop-brazil/ ) ....... 13
Figure 1 c - Shopping mall in Manchester, UK ........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 1 d - The Homogeneous Shopping Environment ........................................................................................ 14
Figure 1 e - Shopping mall in Brazil Figure 1 f - Shopping mall in Istanbul ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2 a – Two different market forms in England: Town Centre (left) and Arcade (right)............................. 19
Figure 2 b - Night market and restaurants in Xian, China ...................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.2 c - Night Market in Rio de Janerio........................................................................................................... 29

Figure 2.1 a - Farmers' boats docked at the pier and form the floating market in Thailand ................................ 17
Figure 2.1 b - Mobile market in Shanghai ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 2.1 c - "Upstairs” shops in Hong Kong. The blue box shows the entry point to the “Upstairs” market
above the street shops. .................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 2.1 d - Minimal interior address .................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 2.1 e - Entrance / Stairs that goes up to the “Upstairs” market ................................................................. 22
Figure 2.1 f - Terrace live band in an “upstiars” café in Hong Kong ..................................................................... 22
Figure 2.1 g - Moroccan Bazaar Day View Figure 2.1 h - Moroccan Bazaar Night View ......................... 23
Figure 2.1 i - The "Covered Street" of Moroccan Bazaar, Fez ................................................................................ 24

FIgure 2.2 a – Master Paln of the Greek Agora, Athens, 5 BC ................................................................................ 27

FIgure 2.2 b - Stoa, market building in the agora .................................................................................................... 28
FIgure 2.2 c - Reconstruction of atmosphere in ancient Greek agora, Athens..................................................... 29

Figure 2.3 a County Arcade, Leeds, U.K., 1900 Figure 2.3 b – Market Square, Chicago, U.S., 1916 ............... 32
Figure 2.3 c - Northland Centre (shopping mall), U.S., 1950s ................................................................................ 33
Figure 2.3 d - Battlesteins Department Store, Texas, U.S., 1950............................................................................ 33

Figure 2.4 a - Shopping = Work/Study...................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 2.4 b - Shopping = Live, Market Hall by MVRDV ........................................................................................ 35

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 6
Figure 2.4 c -Shopping = Play, Water Park in West Edmonton Mall, Canada ....................................................... 35
Figure 2.4 d – Shopping = Subway Station ............................................................................................................. 36
Figure 2.4 e – Shopping = Education ...................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 2.4 f – Shopping = Museum .......................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.4 g – Shopping = City .................................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 2.4 h – City = Mall ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 2.4 i – Growth of Online Retail from 2001 – 2009 ......................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.4 j – Increase in Vacancy of Shopping Centres in US .............................................................................. 39
Figure 2.4 k – Increase in online shopping users in China .................................................................................... 40
Figure 2.4 l – Elderly Group Dance in Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield, UK ............................................................. 41

Figure 3.1 a Figure 3.1 b .................................................................................................................................. 43

Figure 3.2 a – Venetian casino, hotel, shopping mall complex, Las Vegas, U.S. ................................................. 44
Figure 3.2 b - Shopping environment in Venetian complex, Las Vegas, U.S. ....................................................... 44
Figure 3.2 c - Venetian casino, hotel, shopping mall complex, Macau, China...................................................... 45
Figure 3.2 d - Shopping environment in Venetian complex, Macau, China .......................................................... 45
Figure 3.2 e – Venice, evening view ......................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 3.2 f – West Edmonton Mall, Canada ............................................................................................................ 46
Figure 3.2 g – Boxy Exterior of West Edmonton Mall ............................................................................................. 47

Figure 3.3 a – Seating area in the atrium of the first shopping mall in America, the Southdale Centre,
Minnesota,.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 3.3 b – Placing adjacent attractions within the market gives people the flexibility to from other
activities to shopping easily. ............................................................................................................................ 49
Figure 3.3 c - a full size ice rink with a figure skating school is placed in a shopping mall in Cityplaza, Hong
Kong ................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 3.3 d- Atrium of a shopping mall is used as a runway for a local Beauty Pageant in Istanbul ............... 50

Figure 4.1 a - (Left) First Shopping Mall in America - Southdale Centre, Edina, Minnesota............................... 54
Figure 4.1 b – (Right) Shopping Mall built in 2000 – Flatiron Crossing, Broomsfield, Colorado ....................... 54
Figure 4.1 c - Big Box Shopping Centre .................................................................................................................. 55
Figure 4.1 d – (Left) Flatiron Crossing Shopping and Ski Lodge.......................................................................... 56
Figure 4.1 e- (Right) Landscaping in Flatiron Crossing ......................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.1 f - Flatiron Crossing Interior ................................................................................................................... 56

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 7
Figure 4.2 a – (Left) Osaka City and the Namba Park ............................................................................................. 58
Figure 4.2 b - the 'canyon' (Right) ............................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 4.2 c – The Park Mall, Namba Park, by John Jerde, 2003 ........................................................................... 59

Figure 4.3 a - Xintiandi today .................................................................................................................................... 61

Figure 4.3 b - Xintiandi site in 1930s ........................................................................................................................ 61
Figure 4.3 c - Laneway in Li-nong, Xintiandi............................................................................................................ 62
Figure 4.3 d – Simple Representation of Shikumen ................................................................................................ 64
Figure 4.3 e - The Waterhouse in South Bund, Shanghai ....................................................................................... 64
Figure 4.3 f - The stripped facade of Shikumen....................................................................................................... 65

Figure 5.1 a - Xintiandi today .................................................................................................................................... 61

Figure 5.1 b - Xintiandi site in 1930s ........................................................................................................................ 61
Figure 5.1 c - Laneway in Li-nong, Xintiandi............................................................................................................ 62
Figure 5.1 d – Simple Representation of Shikumen ................................................................................................ 64
Figure 5.1 e - The Waterhouse in South Bund, Shanghai ....................................................................................... 64
Figure 5.1 f - The stripped facade of Shikumen....................................................................................................... 65

Figure 5.2 a – The Flag for the Shanghai International Settlement ....................................................................... 67
Figure 5.2 b – (Left) The Bund, Shanghai, 1930...................................................................................................... 67
Figure 5.2 c – (Right) The Bund, Shanghai, 2006 ................................................................................................... 67

Figure 5.3 a – the “Stone Gate” ................................................................................................................................ 68

Figure 5.3 b – Typical Shikumen layouts within a Li-Nong – Shikumen facing Public Streets .......................... 69
Figure 5.3 c - Typical Shikumen within a Li-Nong - Shikumen inside a Li-Nong. ................................................ 69
Figure 5.3 d - Typical Shikumen within a Li-Nong - Garden Shikumen. ............................................................... 70
Figure 5.3 e – Stepped Wall in Shikumen & Hui Style Architecture ...................................................................... 70
Figure 5.3 f - Typical Shikumen interior. ................................................................................................................. 71
Figure 5.3 g – Colonial Li-Nong ................................................................................................................................ 71
Figure 5.3 h- (Left) Organized Circulation in a Colonial Li-Nong Development. ................................................... 72
Figure 5.3 i – (Right) Organic circulation in a Local Li-Nong Development. ......................................................... 72

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 8
Figure 5.4 a – (Left) Shikumen Market facing the public street.............................................................................. 73
Figure 5.4 b – – (Right) Shikumen laneway market at Tian-Zi-Fang ...................................................................... 73

Figure 6.1 a – Location of Huaihai Fang, Shanghai ................................................................................................ 75

Figure 6.1 b – The unpreserved heritage and local market verses the newly developed area in the same
neighbourhood. ................................................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 6.1 c – Vacant stores on Nan Chang Road with very little traffic during daytime. ................................... 77
Figure 6.1 d - Six out of nineteen stores in the outer laneway market is currently vacant. ............................... 77
Figure 6.1 e – Two Entrance of Huaihai Fang, one locates at the northwest corner and one locates at the
southeast corner of the neighbourhood. ........................................................................................................ 78
Figure 6.1 f – (Top left) Families sit out the sidewalk for dinner, and after dinner to socialize with their
neighbours. ........................................................................................................................................................ 80
Figure 6.1 g – (Top right) Mobile market appeared in laneway and small intersections during daytime. ......... 80
Figure 6.1 h – (Bottom left) group games and activities can be seen in Shikumen laneway ............................. 80
Figure 6.1 i – (Bottom right) Elderly from Li-Nong do morning exercise or Tai Chi together. ............................ 80

Figure 6.2 a – The Flow of Continuity ....................................................................................................................... 82

Figure 6.3 a – The layout of the current elementary school ................................................................................... 83

Figure 6.3 b: Move 1 - Removing the administration and staff offices as well as the fences.............................. 84
Figure 6.3 c : Move 2 - Moving the classrooms up and spare the space on G/F for event space that is shared
among the neighbourhood and the school ..................................................................................................... 84
Figure 6.3 d: Move 3 - Create direct pedestrian and vehicular circulation through the school. Extend the floor
plate of the main building to accommodate those demolished classrooms, administration and staff
offices. ................................................................................................................................................................ 85
Figure 6.3 e: Move 4 - Incline the new roof to the same angle as the old shikumen. Create skylight to
introduce daylight into the classrooms........................................................................................................... 85
Figure 6.3 f– Schematic programming ..................................................................................................................... 86

Figure 6.3.1 a – The “Good Morning” Plaza ............................................................................................................. 88

Figure 6.3.1 b – The Running Track plan ................................................................................................................. 89

Figure 6.3.2 a – Flea market on Saturday and Sunday in the open market (basketball court) & covered art-land
(covered playground) ........................................................................................................................................ 90
Figure 6.3.2 b – Night market on Friday night in the open market (basketball court) & covered art-land
(covered playground) ........................................................................................................................................ 91

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 9
Figure 6.3.3 a – People socializing in the main-lane of Huaihai Fang during the Mid-Autumn Festival with food
and lanterns. ...................................................................................................................................................... 92

Figure 6.3.4 a – Children living in the neighbourhood walking to school in snowy day. Hawkers are selling hot
beverage and snacks along the way to school. .............................................................................................. 93

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 10
Chapter 1- The Generic Market

Markets today are expressed in different forms. From the Oxford English Dictionary, Market

is defined as:

1- a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and

other commodities

2- an open space or covered building where vendors convene to sell their goods.

3- an area or arena in which commercial dealings are conducted.

In this sense, a market can be as basic as a street market selling produce, as simple as a

corner store where shoppers walk to pick up one or two items. It can also be as tangible as

shopping mall that houses hundreds of stores, or as intangible as online shopping which does

not require any physical store. All kinds of markets have emerged in our societies at different

times for different reasons. They come in all sizes and express various architectural styles.

Among all, the shopping mall is the most popular shopping facility built around the world

today while the department store comes second. Both market types originate from the American

and European culture and societies. However, most of the recently built shopping malls are, in

fact, located in the economy-rising countries including China, India, the Philippines, Dubai and

Brazil. In 2011, 12 out of 20 world’s largest shopping malls (Figure 1a) are located in Brazil,

Middle East and in Asian Pacific countries. These countries cloned these western market forms

to their land because they see such buildings as successful economic precedents from the

developed countries. In the rising countries’ point of view, these alien market types (Figure 1b

& 1c) are seen as exotic marketplaces that attract populace to stay in the shopping realm. The

longer period they stay in these commodified spaces, the higher chance for more sales. As a

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 11
result, the adoption of western market types creates a leapfrogging scenario in the marketplace

evolution of rising countries. In other words, there is no linkage between old markets and the

new market forms; as one is created though heritage and local culture and the other is borrowed

from another culture. Because of the globalization of the American and European market

models, old markets all over the world with their local histories and regional characters have

been taken over slowly by the internationally recognized market typology – the shopping mall.

New shopping facilities are built like fast food as suggested by George Ritzer in his essay

(Ritzer, 2006). “McDonaldized” is the word to describe the concern for economic and mass

production efficiency and thus, it disregards the local needs and activities, heritage, and regional

architectural style. Seeing the authentic local shopping environment is diminishing in the generic

market and its homogeneous shopping experience (Figure 1d), is there a way preserve the

authenticity or capture the essence of old market in a region?

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 12
Figure 1 a - List of World’s 20 Largest Shopping Mall

( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_world )

Figure 1 b - Shopping mall in Rio de Janerio ( http://americansforrio2016.wordpress.com/shop-brazil/ )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 13
Figure 1 c - Shopping mall in Manchester, UK

( http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/8160879/Simon-Property-Group-and-

Australian-Westfield-Shopping-Centre-could-start-Dutch-auction-for-Capital-Shopping-Centres.html )

Figure 1 d - The Homogeneous Shopping Environment

(Image from Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping)

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 14
 Figure 1.e &1.f shows malls built in the international style create a homogenous

shopping experience and a restrictive social environment that has no relationship to the country

it resides within. There is no cultural identity expressed in these spaces. People can easily lose

their sense of place when they are inside the mall. It is no different to be in a mall in Istanbul

and in a mall in Brazil. In addition, people are constantly under surveillance and are restricted in

their range of activities because it is a private controlled space. Consequently, people behave

the same way in all the homogeneous shopping malls.

Figure 1 e - Shopping mall in Brazil Figure 1 f - Shopping mall in Istanbul

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 15
Chapter 2 – What was a Market?

“Shopping has had to invent new techniques to make itself accessible and appealing to
the public while the market place and the individual shop have endured as forms that
have followed the development of civilization, other forms have taken shape to reflect
the changing relationship of humans to material goods and to the city.”

(Leong, 2001)

In early civilization, the market was a place for people to showcase, buy and sell their

agricultural and crafted goods. It has been integrated into human settlements since the earliest

civilization. Our trading format has evolved from selling on a woven mat on the ground to simply

clicking the mouse on a vinyl mat at home. Market forms and types have grown and diverged

though mutation and reinventions to adopt to every little change and need in our society – the

ever changing economy, the advancing technology, rising trends and pop culture, as well as the

improvement in living standard.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 16
2.1 – The Market as an Expression of a Region

Like an iconic structure in a city, authentic markets can exhibits the essence of a city or

region through the architectural expression of market forms. Distinctive markets forms can

easily inform the shoppers about the location, history and culture of a place. This spans from

medieval town centres in England to the Moroccan Bazaar. These are discussed below.

Figure 2.1 a - Farmers' boats docked at the pier and form the floating market in Thailand

( http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1278355&page=2 )

A very different market type is the mobile floating market in Thailand (Figure 2.1a). The fertile

soil in Thailand was connected by networks rivers, streams and artificial cannels constructed

150 years ago. Villages flourished along the waterways. Since then, boats became the major

means of transportation to other villages. Farmers used boats as movable “market stalls” to

transport their produce from village to village for trading. Boats park along the wooden dock

structure and form a series of floating stalls that become a form of market. Farmers still practice

this type of mobile market in some cities today. Another example of a mobile market is the

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 17
mobile market on bikes, motorcycles and carts (Figure 2.1b) in Shanghai. Mobile markets

usually occur in the afternoon. They can be found in laneway intersections and on the streets

temporarily at the outskirts of the Shanghai City. Fresh produce, fish, accessories and street

food are available in these markets. There is no anchor of any structure in this type of market.

When vehicles have to pass through the intersection, these on-the-wheel-market stalls will

move aside and come back together when the vehicle passes. Such markets are cheap and

easy to set up with absolutely no order or controls.

Figure 2.1 b - Mobile market in Shanghai

(http://shanghaistreetstories.com/?category_name=street-stories&paged=10 )

Subject to each unique regional context, markets were established in a variety of

formats. Traditional market facilities are expressed with locally distinct architectural styles and

configurations as well as building techniques and materials. They were built in accordance to

the availability of local materials, considering local climate, geography, culture and heritage.

Figure 2.1c shows the Canterbury Town Centre and the Burlington Arcade from the early 1900s

in England. These show variations in just one country – the UK.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 18
Figure 2.1 c – Two different market forms in England: Town Centre (left) and Arcade (right)

These two markets address shopping in different ways. The shop fronts in the town

centre are facing outward to the public space and pedestrian street, while the shops in the

Burlington Arcade face inward to form internal covered streets with a high ceiling and skylight. It

demonstrates there can be different variations of local market forms and architectural style even

within the same country. They often possess a unique local shopping environment that is

familiar to residents and speak of local traditions of the recent or distant past.

An “Upstairs” market is an interesting market expression originating in Hong Kong

(Figure 2.1d). This emerged when Hong Kong was experiencing the economic downturns and

financial crises in 2003 when the SARS virus broke out in Hong Kong.

Businesses at the time were under pressure because of the high rent in a suddenly

shrinking economy. It was too expensive for people, especially the younger generation, to start

a business with a shop and window front at the street level. The image below was taken in

Causeway Bay, a popular local shopping district. Young investors gave up the traditional idea of

having shop fronts on the ground level. Instead, they transformed the second and third floor of

the old residential building with stores, and turned the units into boutiques, cafés, salons, pet

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 19
stores, studios, designer stores and art galleries much more cheaply than street – level stores

would have been.

Figure 2.1 d - "Upstairs” shops in Hong Kong. The blue box shows the entry point to the “Upstairs” market

above the street shops.

(http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20090827/00204_014.html)

The “upstairs” retail space is usually long and linear with tight corridor spaces and stair

width which punctures through several old residential buildings (Figure 2.1e).

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 20
Figure 2.1 e - Minimal interior to address the new shopping environment

(http://www.check1check.hk/ads/%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%800solo-1-

3f%E6%A8%93%E4%B8%8A%E8%88%96%E6%8B%9B%E7%A7%9F)

“Upstairs” markets do not have display windows on grade, nor attractive building facades to

attract shoppers into the shops. They are not housed by any new architecture, but inhabit within

existing residential buildings. The beauty of the hidden markets is the mysterious shopping

environment that provokes shopper’s curiosity and desire to explore. Shops in the “upstairs”

market are not organized like the shopping mall, categorized by price range or brands. They are

totally random. The business hours of shops also vary. The entrance to the “upstairs” market is

always small and hidden (Figure 2.1d & 2.1f). The huge variety of specialty shops and the

cheaper price make them the popular local shopping places. Ones can find cheap clothing and

high fashion in the same market. These markets are usually known through the word of mouth

and online websites. Hence the “upstairs” market is a real local market today that responds to

the local economy without the sanitized controlled order of a modern mall. This low cost market

type is still continuously expanding as the new creative nest to nurture young artists and

business in Hong Kong (Figure 2.1g).

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 21
Figure 2.1 f - Entrance / Stairs that goes up to the “Upstairs” market

(http://trident619s.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=1831862 )

Figure 2.1 g - Terrace live band in an “upstairs” café in Hong Kong is an example of the type of activity that

would not happen in a controlled mall.

(http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1039466836232&set=a.1015532237882.2002176.1512376030&type=1&theater)

The Moroccan bazaar (Figure 2.1h & 2.1j) was developed in parallel with medieval town

halls in the 13th century. What makes the Moroccan bazaar market distinctive is the “covered

streets” with shops in various sizes lined up along the central street. Fabrics, grass mat and
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 22
wooden structure are used to protect the pathways from direct penetration of sunlight. Shops

are elevated one step above the road with trading counters across the frontage. The stone

flooring and white mud walls, wooden structure and trading counters, and roof made out of hay,

altogether create a warm and simple market atmosphere (Figure 2.1j).

Figure 2.1 h - Moroccan Bazaar Day View Figure 2.1 i - Moroccan Bazaar Night View

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 23
Figure 2.1 j - The "Covered Street" of Moroccan Bazaar, Fez

( http://www.flickr.com/photos/mcsimon/4698117582/ )

Figure 2k shows the classic street market, Ye-Shi in China. It literally means “night city”

where shops and restaurants open until eleven or mid night. Hawkers in carts, simple booths

and tables will join the business on the street. Snack booths, handmade art and crafts stands

can be found everywhere along the street. The street always packed with locals and visitors for

mid-night snacks, chatting, shopping watching puppet shows and listening to local people

singing on the street.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 24
Figure 2. 1 k - Night market and restaurants in Xian, China

Older markets were true reflection of human life. They were built with particular

configurations and architectural styles which were tailored for the local environment and

people’s daily needs. Therefore they naturally attract local people to utilize and congregate in

the market space on daily bases. In other words, old marketplace speaks about the local way of

life, as well as how local socialize and interact. While the current generic shopping facilities are

designed and built to associate with other programs that are not necessarily attached to the

locals’ daily life. They are purposed to artificially attract more human activities and interactions.

Ancient markets are expressions of different regions. Their architectural forms and the

way they were built exhibit the character of a region and the most down –to-earth daily life of

locals. Some of these markets have successfully evolved and adapted to the constantly

changing regional conditions at specific period of time. Like the floating market in Thailand and

the “upstairs” shops in Hong Kong are interesting examples of locally adapted marketplaces that

are also economically viable.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 25
2.2 – Market as a Spectacle of Life

“Basic trade stalls in market have grown into the various shopping formats we have
today… They affect our environment and become the place we identify with, serving as
backgrounds to our social and leisure lives. They often form the memories we grow up
with and look back as our pleasant parts of our lives.”

(Coleman, 2006)

We shaped markets and markets shaped us. Historically, the market was a fundamental

built form to accommodate trading activities. With a growing population in a city, it implied a

potential increase in the catchment population of that area. In other words, more people needed

to shop and required more space for social interaction. Responding to this situation, market

architecture expanded its functions and complexity in terms of programming, organization and

the building form to account for the change.

Take the Greek Agora as an example. Figure 2.2a is a map of the ancient agora of

Athens in the 5th century BC.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 26
FIgure 2.2 a – Master Plan of the Greek Agora, Athens, 5 BC

Market is the only area that overlaps with all other programs in the agora including temples (place to

worship), civic buildings (place to rule/govern), and recreation (place to play and compete).

(Background image: http://www.planetware.com/map/agora-map-gr-agor.htm )

The agora was situated along the way to the Acropolis, a major site for worshipping. It

had an open square surrounded by a number of building types including the civic buildings,

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 27
markets, temples, and recreational facilities where all kinds of human daily events took

place.The blue solid line on the map shows the boundary of the market buildings (the stoa,

Figure 2.2b) which had occupied a majority of the space in the agora.

FIgure 2.2 b - Stoa, market building in the agora

(http://www.stoa.org.uk/pages/stoa.html )

Stoa was a covered, semi-open structure built out of stone. Goods are laid out on mats

and stalls temporarily to share space with other activities- such as voting, meeting, debates,

sports and parades. There were several stoa in the agora of Athens. Some of them simple

market buildings, some are jointed with other programs. Like the stoa on the south side of the

site wrapped around a gymnasium (the orange building on the south) and jointed with the

concert theatre to its north, so that games and performance were blended into the shopping

realm. Residential and hotels are separated from the agora, creating a clear division between

live, work and entertainment at that period of time. Civic and military buildings (buildings in

green) are located on the west side of the agora while the temples are loosely dispersed into the

open space, mixing the religious activities into the shopping area indirectly.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 28
FIgure 2.2 c - Reconstruction of atmosphere in ancient Greek agora, Athens

(http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Pythagoras,%20Empedo

cles,%20Plato/10056152aAthensAgora.jpg )

The third example to show market as a reflection of local life is the night market at the

Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Figure 2.2d).

Figure 2.2 a - Night Market in Rio de Janerio

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 29
Fig 2a (http://www.flickr.com/photos/fabindia/2043658181/in/photostream/ )

The difference in geographic location, culture, local life, resources and context create

two markets that are completely different architectural style, form and operation. The Indian

bazaar operates during daytime. It is a market targets to the local residence which sells mainly

produce and dye. Its architecture comprise of simple gable roof wood building, with a series of

large and simple bamboo structure supporting the nylon canopy that covers one third of the

pathway. While the market in Brazil consists of several rows of small easy-to-assemble steel

booth modules spaced out separately along the shoreline. The booths are put away during

daytime with people occupying the beach. In the evening, the beach turns into a popular night

markets for both locals and tourists to hand out. Food, drinks, music extravaganzas, art and

crafts, ones can find all kinds of night life in this market. From these two examples, it is obvious

that local markets inherit their own regional characteristics- the society and the local life. Its

presence (as in its architectural form) is a narrative of the life style in the region.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 30
2.3 – Western Market Evolution and Variations

Arcades, department stores, shopping malls, and life style centers are different

expressions of market in the evolution of commercial architecture with more than two thousand

years of time span. Appendix A shows the emergence of major shopping facilities in recent

history. The increasing population, complex networking and densification of city fabric

especially in the earlier developing countries, there is a constant shifting of market form in

terms of architectural style, organization, concept, functions and the relationship to the context.

Appendix B illustrates the changing relationship between shopping space, the circulation

pattern and designated social spaces within a dominant shopping typology at a specific period

of time.

There are many reasons that influence the western shopping to change and diverge

rapidly since the industrial revolution period. Some mechanical and technological inventions

like the introduction of cast iron structure and efficient construction method that increase the

floor area and volume of shopping interior. The wide adoption of huge window glazing and

skylight promotes the use of natural lighting which saves operation costs. It also allows the

window as a display showcase to attract customers.

During the world war period in the early 1900s, the societal and cultural change of a

region has greatly influenced the European and American contemporary shopping forms. In

America, the rise of Fordism and the encouragement of private car ownership subsequently

after the mass production of machinery in the first World War and Second World War. The

increasing automobile culture became a major consideration for new shopping facility design.

In the reconstruction of developed countries, many utopian urban planning ideas were

proposed and influenced the post war town planning in the western countries. Some examples
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 31
are like the satellite city, Bedford in London United Kingdom and American suburban

neighbourhood, Redburn, New Jersey America, was advocated by urban planner Ebenezer

Howard who proposed the Garden Cities in 1900. Similar scenario for Europe and America, in

America, the baby boom, and the American Dream appeared after the WWII. There was a

huge increase in population, the need for residential spaces and amenities drastically. The

extended travelling distance further promoted the automobile culture and the extensive

construction of infrastructure. To satisfy the growing country and increasing number of

consumers, market facilities have to go big and fancy to capture as much potential customers

as possible to induce consumerism and materialism and to thrive the economy. Now, city

development takes place inside and outside the city boundary. Therefore the evolution of

shopping facility has also diverged into “in-town” shopping facilities and “out-of-town” shopping

facilities as Coleman categorised in his book. Figure 2.3a-2.3d are different types of market

expression in the American and European countries between early and mid 1900s.

Figure 2.3 a County Arcade, Leeds, U.K., 1900 Figure 2.3 b – Market Square, Chicago, U.S., 1916

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 32
Figure 2.3 c - Northland Centre (shopping mall), U.S., 1950s

Figure 2.3 d - Battlesteins Department Store, Texas, U.S., 1950

The above market expressions were responses to the building construction technology,

the automobile culture, Fordism, post-war baby boom and the rise of satellite cities in western

countries after WWII. These facilities have successfully promoted consumerism and have

thriven the western economy. There shopping is a symbols of economic success.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 33
2.4 – What is a Market today?

In the essay, “…And Then There Was Shopping” , Leong suggested that materialism and

the market economy continuously shape our surroundings and us, thus shopping is an

important element that is firmly attached to our space, buildings, cities, activities and lives. It is a

marketplace, a city and a world. He explains that shopping is strongly expressed in the form of

markets in a city and in our heritage. It is an activity even more popular than citizen’s obligations

and human needs like attending high school, going to church and visit a clinic or hospital.

However, shopping is absolutely sensitive as it depends on external factors like economy,

trends and even weather. The attendance can fluctuate dramatically in monthly or even in

hourly cycle (Leong, 2001). In this sense, shopping as an unstable, vulnerable and most short

lived activity. Therefore shopping facility developers have to seek ways to secure the amount of

guaranteed visitors. One of the most important shopping facility design strategy today is to

combine shopping with other historically stable programs in a city such as civic buildings, and

housing. Figure 2.4a – 2.4h show shopping has merged with other programs in the city.

Figure 2.4 a - Shopping = Work/Study

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 34
Figure 2.4 b - Shopping = Live, Market Hall by MVRDV

(http://cdn.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/680808178_market-hall-rotterdam-4.jpg )

Figure 2.4 c -Shopping = Play, Water Park in West Edmonton Mall, Canada

(http://jackandanna.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/wem-water.jpg )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 35
Figure 2.4 d – Shopping = Subway Station

Figure 2.4 e – Shopping = Education

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 36
Figure 2.4 f – Shopping = Museum

Figure 2.4 g – Shopping = City

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 37
Figure 2.4 h – City = Mall

With the global economic downturn, people seek alternatives to the mall to shop

cheaply. Rather than shopping in physical shopping facilities, people turns to internet shopping

which offers cheaper price and with more choices. Figure 2.4i shows increase in online retail in

US from 2000 to 2009. At the same time, an increase in percentage on the vacancy rate of

shopping centre in US has also increased drastically (Figure 2.4j). This shows that the reliance

on physical shopping space has decreased. One device to keep people in the physical mall,

rather than the virtual marketplace is attaching shopping to other aspects of our daily life. This

has successfully redirected people into the commodified environment. However the expansion

of shopping into other programs creates gigantic mixed use complexes that are losing their

novelty.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 38
Figure 2.4 i – Growth of Online Retail from 2001 – 2009

<http://moneymorning.com/2010/09/02/retailers-2/>

Figure 2.4 j – Increase in Vacancy of Shopping Centres in US

http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/04/vacancies-soar-in-commercial-real.html
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 39
 Rising countries like China also see an increase in online retail users (Figure 2.4k). A

survey on Shopping in Shanghai (Appendix C) was conducted in 2010 summer shows only

38% of people find shopping mall complexes to be their favourite shopping place. 62% of

people prefer to be in public and local marketplaces like the pedestrian shopping streets, or

repurposed scenic areas with shops, flea markets, laneway markets and arcades. 85% of

people spend less than 10 hours each week on shopping, while 15% of people spend 10 to 15

hours per week on shopping. That said, 90% of people stay in the market realm to dine, to meet

friends, to exercise and to watch movies apart from shopping. The survey in Appendix C has

pointed out that locals enjoy being in the local markets more than monolithic shopping

complexes and that the majority of the locals socialize in marketplaces.

Figure 2.4 k – Increase in online shopping users in China

<http://www.business-internet-china.com/companies-investment/china-statistics/number-of-chinese-online-shopping-

users-2001-to-2010.php>
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 40
 In other words, the market today is still a part of our daily lives but les and less for

shopping. People visit the physical marketplace for other reasons. Therefore the marketplace

with other programs is becoming a place for daily and social activities rather than shopping.

(Figure 2.4l)

Figure 2.4 l – Elderly Group Dance in Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield, UK

<http://www.flickr.com/photos/markscott/114368690/>

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 41
Chapter 3 – Strategic Design for a Market Facility Today

“The shopping mall prolongs the exchange by offering a plethora of possible purchases
that continuously accelerate the creation of new bonds between objects and consumer.
By extending the period of ‘just looking’ the imaginative prelude to buying, the mall
encourage ‘cognitive acquisition’ as shopper mentally acquire commodities by
familiarizing themselves with a commdity’s actual and imagined qualities.”

(Crawford, 1992)

Designers have to create new market facilities that can expand on use, designers also

have to capture people’s time and interest in the realm of shopping to increase the chance for

sales. Over the time, mechanical inventions have greatly improved the comfort level in a

shopping environment. Several design strategies have also proven to create an ‘interesting’ and

‘exciting’ shopping atmosphere with high rate, including a certain success with attracting

consumers. Margaret Crawford suggests all these design strategies involve a process called

“indirect commodification” (Ibid, 1992) which non-saleable objects, images and activities that

share no similarity are purposely placed in the shopping realm and they can mutually supporting

each other. The following chapter will talk about this type of intervention and how the three retail

strategies – the adjacent attractions, the fake authenticity, as well as the disneyfication

(AlSayyad, 2007), have turned markets today into a whole new dome of pleasure where the

shopping facility becomes a separated city with no sense of place and heritage.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 42
3.1 – The Mechanical Invention

M. Crawford points out shopping facilities require a comfortable and safe shopping

environment to capture the shoppers’ time and interest. Such ‘happily regulated vision of

pleasure’ (Crawford, 1992) can be implemented by the different mechanical inventions like the

air conditioning, escalators, skylights and more. The use of air conditioning allows air to

penetrate deep into the shopping space and embraces the customers in a protected,

comfortable environment. The constantly regulated temperature, humidity, and brightness

create a mini-world within the market all year round. Second, the enclosure of shopping with

surveillance enables a secure environment for both shoppers and sellers. The escalator and

elevator are efficient means to connect shoppers to multiple floors effortlessly (Figure 3.1a &

3.1b).

Figure 3.1 a Figure 3.1 b

Skylight enables natural light to flood into the deep interiors with no cost. Advancement

in building construction technique enables the stacking of multiple, easily accessible planes to

expand retail square footage as much as possible within a confined building foot print.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 43
3.2 – Fake Authenticity & Disneyfication

The fake authenticity is the placing of unrelated image of one cultural heritage into

another region in a totally different context. This results in such stage-set construction as the

almost identical the Venetian Casino, hotel and shopping mall complex built both in Las Vegas,

U.S. and Macau, China (Figure 3.2a- 3.2d).

Figure 3.2 a – Venetian casino, hotel, shopping mall complex, Las Vegas, U.S.

(http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/RTSDu7xb3WRWBqnZWO2SjA )

Figure 3.2 b - Shopping environment in Venetian complex, Las Vegas, U.S.

(http://hotels-guidesntips.blogspot.com/2011/06/viva-las-vegas.html )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 44
Figure 3.2 c - Venetian casino, hotel, shopping mall complex, Macau, China

Figure 3.2 d - Shopping environment in Venetian complex, Macau, China

Figure 3.2 e – Venice, evening view

(http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pPOZOb1lK-I/TY1uIrmhuoI/AAAAAAAAAB0/2kfujTO9zrk/s1600/Rialto-Bridge-Venice-

Italy.jpg )

The two buildings are expressed identically from exterior to interior. Both of them are

imitating the buildings in Venice (Figure 3.2e) despite the fact that one is located in a desert

area and the other is an island with a Portuguese colonial background. By throwing in a random

historical reference and reconstruction of structures from another country and time into a totally

irrelevant context perhaps can create a great ‘exotic destination’ for the locals to enjoy. However

there is no real architectural value given by the structure to the local region, its culture or

traditions.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 45
 Disneyfication is a term used by Alsayyad in his essay, Consuming Heritage or the End

of Tradition. The term is a way of labelling the phenomenon described above where the original

character of a real place or event is stripped and then repacked in a ‘sanitized way’ (AlSayyad,

2007) or with other borrowed authenticity. Either way, they do not involve novelty of the region

and relationship to the context. West Edmonton Mall is an example that has literally Disneyfied

its interior to look like Disneyland Main Street. (Figure 3.2f)

Figure 3.2 f – West Edmonton Mall, Canada

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/32631586@N07/3060347142/ )

The purpose of Disneyfication is to create a surreal shopping environment for the locals to enjoy

as an escape from reality. However such marketplaces have no relationship between the

building and its context.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 46
Figure 3.2 g – Boxy Exterior of West Edmonton Mall

(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2784/4408133052_488d60fa6a_b.jpg )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 47
3.3 – Adjacent Attractions

Adjacent Attraction is the insertion of other programs into the shopping realm as a

secondary attraction. During the period of arcade and department from 1800 to 1950 (Appendix

B), shopping space was translated as pure commoditized space which did not have space for

social or gathering purpose. In 1950, America first introduced a first-generation shopping mall

(Figure 3.3a) which incorporates social space in form of open courtyard and large atrium that

housed escalators and benches.

Figure 3.3 a & b – Seating area in the atrium of the first shopping mall in America, the Southdale Centre,

Minnesota, contrasted with the ice rink in City Plaza in Hong Kong, with ever-increasing space devoted to

adjacent attractions.

( http://urbanneighbourhood.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/southdale-old.jpg )

Seeing the insertion of adjacent attractions in shopping malls has successfully captured the

shoppers to stay longer and stimulate the American economy and consumerism, developers

started to reproduce hundreds of malls in America using different adjacent attractions and ways

to address the shopping environment and mutate the malls in different fashion. From simple

fountain, benches, planters and food court, now we started to incorporate unrelated programs

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 48
into the shopping realm to further absorb bigger crowd to prolong consumers’ stay for longer

periods of time. The close proximity of these joint programs also makes people stay in the

shopping realm involuntarily. Figure 3.3b illustrates how adjacent attractions induce shopping.

Figure 3.3 c – Placing adjacent attractions within the market gives people the flexibility to from other

activities to shopping easily.

Richard Sennett supports and explains another rationale behind the placement of dissimilar

attraction and objects into the shopping realm are to temporarily suspend the use value of

object from its context temporarily. He points out that because there is no relationship between

the scene or attraction and the commodity, the appearance of the two entities together becomes

unexpected and therefore stimulating the shoppers’ interests towards the commodities

(Sennett, 1976).

In particular, different form of entertainment like movie theatre and theme parks have

nicely fitted into today’s shopping facilities (Figure 3.3c & d). Market has evolved into a

complex that is built bigger than ever before because of all these extra programs. Also because

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 49
of mix of different programs, the definition of space becomes ambiguous. It is hard to distinguish

between social, collective, recreational, public and private space.

Figure 3.3 d - a full size ice rink with a figure skating school is placed in a shopping mall in Cityplaza, Hong

Kong

Figure 3.3 e- Atrium of a shopping mall is used as a runway for a local Beauty Pageant in Istanbul

A list of Recreational Programs that can be found in a Shopping complex:

01-benches

02-water features- waterfall, fountain & cannel

03-artificial landscaping

04-food court

05-cinema

06-indoor amusement park

07-ice rink

08-exhibition area

09-large atrium

10-classrooms

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 50
11-offices

12-clinic & medical offices

13-aquarium

14-museums

15-courtyard & garden

16-rock climbing

17-water park

18- bars & lounges

19-anphitheatre

20-baby sitting service

21-sculptures and art pieces

22-creative roof treatment (clearstory / fake sky)

23-hotel

24-swimming pool

25-digital media display

26-arcade

27-light show

28-musicals &concert

29-university campus

30-fitness centre

31-grocery stores

32- park

33-minigolf

34-residential

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 51
35-church

36-community meeting rooms

37-street banners, advertisements and commercials

38-performing theatre

39- karaoke

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 52
Chapter 4 – Critiques in McDonalization of Shopping Facilities Today

Shopping malls have become the most popular market type in both western counties

and across the globe, but especially in America. George Rizter call this repetitive building form

and landscape feature the ‘generica’ which is the short form for “generic America” (Rizter,

2007).

He claims that the shopping mall has been replicated worldwide because it is easy to

mass produce with low cost and high profitability as supposed to the one-of-a-kind market. In

Ritzer’s essay, Can Globalized Commercial Architecture by Anything but Highly McDonalized?,

he describes the production of commercial architecture as McDonaldization (Rizter, 2007) which

means it is highly efficient but homogeneous in appearance. The cloning of the generic

shopping facilities is already everywhere and will only continue to grow in numbers. Despite the

globalization of “generica” such as shopping malls and department stores carry no regional

architectural character and their existence is inevitable, architects should continue to advil the

regional market evolution and acknowledge the local architecture and heritage as potential

marketplace design and development in the future.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 53
4.1 – Suburban and Rural Market

In North America, people live further apart from each other outside the city. The

population density in rural and suburban is very low compare to the urban area. The rural land

value is therefore lower than the city. This allows the suburban and rural markets to build cheap

on huge plots of land and shorter building height. Because of the comparatively low population

density, rural shopping facilities also need to attract people from great distance to maintain a

similar catchment population as the urban market.

In North America, automobiles and massive infrastructure are the crucial means to

connect the residents in suburban area and the marketplaces. Huge parking lots became an

essential component in all out-of-city marketplace design. (Figure 4.1a, b)

Figure 4.1 a - (Left) First Shopping Mall in America - Southdale Centre, Edina, Minnesota

( http://www.retrothing.com/2008/12/the-worlds-firs.html )

Figure 4.1 b – (Right) Shopping Mall built in 2000 – Flatiron Crossing, Broomsfield, Colorado

( http://maps.google.com )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 54
 As suburban and rural areas used to be open farmland or wilderness areas, with little

protection for the historic landscape and few design restrictions, makes the resulting building do

not relate to the regional culture or landscape. Thus it makes sense that the suburban and

exurban shopping malls lack contextual or regional architectural expression. For instance,

generic first generation suburban shopping malls (Figure 4.1 a) and big box shopping centres

(Figure 4.1c) in the North American are two types that illustrate the homogeneous and alien

expression in building design.

Figure 4.1 c - Big Box Shopping Centre

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wal-Mart_in_Madison_Heights.jpg )

Now architects have started to design-build rural and suburban entertainment - shopping

facilities like Flatiron Crossing outside Bloomfield (Figure 4.1d - f) with environmental

consciousness which respond to climate and energy savings. However, presently, in North

America, access to such malls in only by car. The dominance of suburban and rural shopping

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 55
facilities have turned themselves into legitimate places for social, economic and cultural

interaction without contextual and heritage reference.

Figure 4.1 d – (Left) Flatiron Crossing Shopping and Ski Lodge

(http://www.shopamericatours.com/directoryfiles/gallery/flatiron_waterfall.jpg )

Figure 4.1 e- (Right) Landscaping in Flatiron Crossing

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/tuaw/141456642/sizes/z/in/photostream/ )

Figure 4.1 f - Flatiron Crossing Interior

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/gaffney/166613967/sizes/o/in/photostream/ )
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 56
4.2 - Urban Market

Urban Markets are built in the city with higher population density than the rural area. It is

usually built on a smaller piece of land because of the high property values and it serves a large

catchment population in closer proximity. Therefore verticality and spread are the key words for

urban market. Department stores, “main streets” with individual stores, vertical shopping malls

and market buildings, arcades and street markets are common urban market types in the North

America and Europe. In particular, the older market types like the street shops and arcade tend

to be built with more regional architectural characters. They are easy to recognize and thus

gives a sense of place to the populace. One advantage of building markets in a city is the

markets can easily make reference to the surrounding. The market in a compact city is naturally

close to other programs like the residential, retail, recreation facilities and government buildings.

Hence it also makes sense to create mixed-use markets in an urban context to save space and

facilitate population growth and efficiency of the city.

John Jerde is an architect specialized in designing shopping facilities and entertainment

mix use complexes that respond to local context. A majority of his work is dealing with the

shopping experience in the urban area. Take the shopping mall complex, Namba Parks in

Osaka as an example. It is a shopping mall and office complex located at the heart of the Osaka

City where the old baseball stadium is used to be. It is also the first train stop to enter the city

from the Kansai Airport. John Jerde sees this shopping mall as the gateway to the city and its

identity should well represent the city of Osaka. In order to keep that essence of recreation and

sooth Osaka’s dense urban condition, John Jerde conceived this shopping mall as a large

“natural” landscape where he created a shopping facility that resembles a canyon with a series

of roof garden with abundant hard and soft landscape combined (Figure 4.2a – c). It is now one

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 57
of the popular parks in Osaka. This is one way to relate modern condition of Japan, however,

not its heritage architecture. Can contemporary projects both address the contemporary city and

the traditional landscape?

Figure 4.2 a – (Left) Osaka City and the Namba Park

(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_90AksVFbJPE/SlROZ_bM3lI/AAAAAAAADTM/1-2s2wYmcWw/s1600-h/nambapk.jpg )

Figure 4.2 b - the 'canyon' (Right)

(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_E7-

PCOsOSoo/S8o6GorPV7I/AAAAAAAAAdc/dpvRVQaSBI4/s1600/Japan+2007+048+%28Medium%29.jpg )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 58
Figure 4.2 c – The Park Mall, Namba Park, by John Jerde, 2003

( http://www.osakanight.com )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 59
Chapter 5 – MARKETS, PUBLIC SPACE AND HERITAGE

Noticing the changing nature of today’s contemporary marketplace, I realized that

modern marketplaces, including the high street, department stores, shopping malls, and online

shopping have gradually reshaped our concept of marketplace, and the nature of public space.

People still visit the meg- sized shopping facilities discussed in earlier chapters, although they

can shop online. However, a majority of people go to shopping areas for leisure activities

including socializing with others. Therefore we see a trend of contemporary marketplaces

augmented by multi-entertainment programs like incorporating cinemas and daily destinations

like offices and schools, so that people cannot avoid socializing in such private commodified

spaces.

It is clear that people today go to physical markets for reasons besides shopping. This

leads to a number of questions: Are other forms of marketplace where we can foster social life

in public realm rather than private commodified spaces? Can both contempoprary lifestyles and

heritage be addressed when creating an urban market, while also maintaining a non- privatized

public realm?

I would like to use this revitalization proposal to argue that we can promote social life in

public spaces by looking at the local traditional market forms for architectural inspiration as they

were successful models for holding spectacles everyday activities and even shopping in local

life in the past. By reusing and modifying local market architecture, it allows local markets to

evolve into new forms of shopping and socializing in accordance to local conditions and

heritage.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 60
5.1 – The Attempts in Preserving Heritage

Xintiandi is a car-free, shopping, eating and entertainment destination in Shanghai,

China (Figure 5.1 a). Located in the French Concession, the site was previously a colonial

neighbourhood occupied by a series of adjoining residential and commercial mixed use houses

called Shikumen (Figure 5.1 b).

Figure 5.1 a - Xintiandi today

(http://www.rihanyu.com/upfiles/content/9-2010721144627124.jpg )

Figure 5.1 b - Xintiandi site in 1930s

(http://lh5.ggpht.com/_e0MjFR6we5g/TZLnHfbROQI/AAAAAAAABRE/hWHLatGXweA/s512/DSCF3011.JPG )

Shikumen is a unique colonial architecture which mixed the English row house exterior

with a Chinese interior as well as different ornamentation from various architectural traditions .

These old residential and market buildings are now threatened due to rapid urbanization and

demolition in Shanghai. These neighbourhoods are disappearing quickly and replacing by high-

rise buildings. Architects Ben Wood and Ma Qingyun notice the importance to keep this one-of-

a-kind colonial architecture in Shanghai as a cultural heritage. Therefore they created Xintiandi

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 61
as a re-imagination of the old Streetscape that reminds the locals of their old days with colonial

architectural detailing. It also allows foreigners to experience the traditional Shanghai shopping

environment (Figure 5.1 c).

Figure 5.1 c - Laneway in Li-nong, Xintiandi

(http://lh3.ggpht.com/_e0MjFR6we5g/TZLnFsCm2_I/AAAAAAAABRA/et1GitP5LVI/s512/DSCF3010.JPG )

“Xintiandi is a place where older people find it nostalgic, younger people find it trendy,
foreigners find it Chinese, and Chinese people find it foreign. It is a place where
everybody finds something of his or her own, Xintian di belongs not only to Shanghai,
but to China and the world.”
(Shikumen Museum, Xintiandi)

The quote above points out that the architects, Ben Wood and Ma Qingyun, want to

show the life the Shanghai-nese used to have- a place for locals to hang out apart from the

dazzling modernized Shanghai through the Xintiandi project. "That's true Chineseness," Ma
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 62
Qingyun says. "Everything is in constant mutation; nothing is set as fixity. We don't follow any

spatial models. We don't care about the look of the building so much so everybody still lives in

Shanghai in ugly buildings. We care about how convenient life is." (Lim, 2006).

Waterhouse is another reinterpretation of how Shikumen buildings are seen today in the

modernized and urbanized Shanghai. (Figure 5.1 d-f) The Waterhouse was orginally a

warehouse located in Shanghai’s historic Shi-Liu-Pu dockyard district. It is now being renovated

into a boutique hotel with an event warehouse. Chinese architects, Neri & Hu Research and

Design Office conceived the idea of inverting the interior and exterior spaces and creating a

disorienting yet refreshing spatial experience for guests by stripping the ordinary Shikumen style

warehouse. This exposes the untreated old concrete structure and wooden doors which gives a

sense of the modern Chinese aesthetic while maintaining the old building. The installation of

large clear windows and private terraces enable the public to glimpse into the private rooms

while the private rooms also invite guests to look out into the public area. A new Corten steels

extension is also added on the existing roof to create more hotel rooms, further mixing the new

and the old.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 63
Figure 5.1 d – Simple Representation of Shikumen

Figure 5.1 e - The Waterhouse in South Bund, Shanghai

(http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/07/new-422-537x383.jpg )
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 64
Figure 5.1 f - The stripped facade of Shikumen

(http://inhabitat.com/shanghais-hotel-waterhouse-is-a-striking-modern-renovation/new-3-36/?extend=1 )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 65
5.2 – The History of Shanghai & Laneway Retail Market

The Birth of Shanghai-nese Style Architecture

Brief History of Shanghai starting from the Opium War in early 1840s

After China’s lost in the Opium War in 1842, the British army occupied Shanghai and the

banks of the Yangtze River. They cut off the financial resources from the South to the capital and

forced the Qing (the last dynasty of China’s empirical rule) Government to sign the Nanjing

Treaty on 29 August 1842. Apart from the external ports established in the South China region,

Britain asked for other external port establishments in the Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and

Xiamen. Apart from that, Britain also took advantage of selling of Opium in China, for there it was

a legal activity. But the most influential “benefit” to China is the “renting” of land to Britain for their

traders to settle in Shanghai. Within the “rented” area, Britain had an option to rule with British

law. This treaty started the inflow of western culture and architecture. French was the next to

sign the treaty with China. Shanghai became an open trade port under the rule of China and the

establishment of British and French concession in 1842.

China was defenceless after the loss of the Opium War and series of rebellions from the

locals before the First World War. Many western counties forced China to sign many unfair

treaties. Spain, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, in total, thirteen countries arrived in

Shanghai to take business advantage and set up their own embassies to claim their ports and

territories in Shanghai. Therefore the city was divided into many small colonial districts where

foreign countries built their neighbourhoods that blended Western architectural style with

Chinese architecture. Because of the social unrest and rebellions by locals at the same time as

the Opium war, a lot of Chinese sought protection from the colonial power and moved into the

colonial neighbourhoods. It gave rise to the fusion of culture and architecture between the

Chinese and eleven other nations between 1850 and 1950 (Figure 5a). Shanghai gradually
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 66
developed into an international port (Figure 5b, c) just like her sister’s city Hong Kong, with a mix

of unique western-eastern architecture.

Figure 5.2 a – The Flag for the Shanghai International Settlement

(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Flag_of_the_Shanghai_International_Settlement.svg )

Figure 5.2 b – (Left) The Bund, Shanghai, 1930

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/hq31/2154216483/ )

Figure 5.2 c – (Right) The Bund, Shanghai, 2006

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/matbooth/380494440 )

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 67
5.3 – Shikumen & Li-Nong

Shikumen is composed of series of adjoining houses called Shikumen and narrow

alleys. Shikumen is literally translated as “Stone-Gate” (Figure 5.3a). Such gates are used as

the entrance to the Shikumen neighbourhood (know as Li-Nong) and the entrance to each living

unit. Shikumen is a typical Shanghai-nese live-and-work place during the colonial period

constructed by the eleven nations during that colonized Shanghai for trading purposes.

Figure 5.3 a – the “Stone Gate”

The look and internal layout of Shikumen vary slightly in different parts of a Li-Nong.

They are generally divided into three types- Shikumen at the perimeter of a Li-Nong, Shikumen

with private gardens, and Shikumen inside a Li-Nong (Figure 5.1b-d).

Shikumen is a fusion of Western and Chinese architecture. Typical shikumen is shaped

and organized like British row house. However distinct Chinese building components and details

are also found in a majority of Li-Nong. Like the light well and courtyard at the entrance to the

living room, stepped wall (fire-proof wall) that separate each house, the Chinese style interior.

(Figure 5.1 e, f)

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 68
Figure 5.3 b – Typical Shikumen layouts within a Li-Nong – Shikumen facing Public Streets

Figure 5.3 c - Typical Shikumen within a Li-Nong - Shikumen inside a Li-Nong.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 69
Figure 5.3 d - Typical Shikumen within a Li-Nong - Garden Shikumen.

Figure 5.3 e – Stepped Wall in Shikumen & Hui Style Architecture

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 70
Figure 5.3 f - Typical Shikumen interior.

Shikumen has evolved into different forms during the colonial period to accommodate

the demographics in Shanghai. From garden villas for the upper class, to semi-detached houses

for the middle class, to row house and the apartment style Shikumen for the lower class, all of

them are recognised as Shikumen because they all have the “stone gate” entrance.

Figure 5.3 g – Colonial Li-Nong

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 71
 The organization of a Li-Nong which was developed by western colonialists, adopted the

grid systems with a main lane going through the site and sub-lane going across the site (Figure

5.3h). This form enables Li-Nong to be a protected neighbourhood. Shikumen that face the

public streets always wraps around the Li-Nong like a fort with only a few openings into the

neighbourhood.

Figure 5.3 h- (Left) Organized Circulation in a Colonial Li-Nong Development.

Figure 5.3 i – (Right) Organic circulation in a Local Li-Nong Development.

The Li-Nong built by the Shanghai locals is less organized (Figure 5.3i). It also has a

main lane to support major traffic through the site, but its sub lanes are branched out

asymmetrically because the local Li-Nong was developed through time to reconcile the

changing population, while the colonial Li-Nong was planned prior to construction.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 72
5.4 - Characteristics of Laneway Market

People living in Li-Nong make use of the ground floor as retail stores and second and

third floors as liveable space. Hence they created many live-work communities since the early

1900s. The marketplace in Shikumen has two parts – the market streets that are facing outward

to the public streets, and the laneway market inside the neighbourhood (Figure 5.2a&b). From

food store, to tailor shop, to hair salon, to restaurant, this marketplace houses all kinds of retail

stores which make it a self sufficient neighbourhood. Since it is easy to access all kinds of retail

in close proximity, locals mostly travel on foot or by bike.

Figure 5.4 a – (Left) Shikumen Market facing the public street

Figure 5.4 b – – (Right) Shikumen laneway market at Tian-Zi-Fang

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 73
Chapter 6 – The Return to Traditional Marketplace Using a Local

School as a Catalyst

With reference to Arata Isozaki’s opinion on “emphasizing architecture as a cultural

practice beyond its mere functional determination” (Lee & Baumeister, 2007), I think architecture

shall respond to its context and region. In other words, the expression of the building and space

shall recall its vernacular or historical essence, which generate the collective memories of the

locals and provide authentic experience for the non-locals. This idea is manifest through this

thesis project. A school in Huaihai Fang, a traditional Shanghai Li-Nong, is chosen to be

remodelled to introduce a new public market space and shared amenities for the surrounding

neighbourhoods. Using the new school as a catalyst to induce more social activities in the

neighbourhood, it ultimately aims to reactivate and bring back the activities that exist in a

traditional laneway market. In all, this project is to acknowledge the fact that people go to

physical market spaces for reasons other than shopping.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 74
6.1 - Huaihai Fang: The Hidden Laneway Market and Community

Huaihai Fang is a colonial live-work neighbourhood located in the French concession in

Shanghai. It was built by the Belgian Church in 1924. Huaihai Fang is located along a

historically siginificant shopping street called Huaihai Road. Even today, Huaihai Road is still

one of the major shopping streets in Shanghai (Figure 6.1a).

Figure 6.1 a – Location of Huaihai Fang, Shanghai

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 75
 Huaihai Fang is a traditional Li-Nong with typical row house style Shikumen and laneway

retails. It was a popular live-work community among the Chinese writers and scientists in the

early and mid 1900s. In 2004, the Shanghai Government decided to preserve the central portion

of Huaihai Fang as a heritage and historically significant area. However the peripheral shikumen

and the laneway market in Huaihai Fang were excluded from Shanghai Government protection

and were left unprotected. As a result, these unprotected buildings continue to deteriorate. The

poor living condition and retail environment in the south east portion of Huaihai Fang are not

attracting people to visit and socialize in that area. The current condition is also hindering the

retail businesses in the neighbourhood (Figure 6.1b & 6.1c).

Figure 6.1 b – The unpreserved heritage and local market verses the newly developed area in the same

neighbourhood.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 76
Figure 6.1 c – Vacant stores on Nan Chang Road with very little traffic during daytime.

The deterioration of shikumen and shops along the east and south side of the

neighbourhood turned people away from this historically successful laneway marketplace. The

laneway market is hidden from the outside and only limited traffic brings people into the

neighbourhood. The result is, the current amount of visitors and residents in Huaihai Fang is so

small that it is not enough to support these laneway shops. Thus many businesses have been

closed down. The traditional laneway marketplace in Huaihai Fang is disappearing (Figure

6.1d).

Figure 6.1 d - Six out of nineteen stores in the outer laneway market is currently vacant.
Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 77
 Another factor that discourages people to visit the laneway market is the limited access

into Huaihai Fang. Huaihai Fang was built like a fort that has only two entrances into the

neighbourhood. One of them is located on Huaihai Road which is also an entrance to the

underground parking garage for the surround malls and commercial buildings. Another entrance

is the main gatehouse that is located on the south east corner of Huaihai Fang. The

permeability into Huaihai Fang is low Figure 6.1e shows the existing entrances to the

neighbourhood.

Figure 6.1 e – Two Entrance of Huaihai Fang, one locates at the northwest corner and one locates at the

southeast corner of the neighbourhood.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 78
 Huaihai Fang is a typical colonial Li-Nong which was seen as a successful “self-

contained” and “live- shop/work” community during the colonial period and First World War

period. In the past, residents in Huaihai Fang occupied the laneways and the surrounding public

spaces like home. Different kinds of social activities happened in the laneway market. Figure

6.1f to 6.1i shows the different kinds of activities in Huaihai Fang. However, due to the

deterioration and closed-off shikumen configuration with limited entrances, the local laneway

market and the public social life in Huaihai Fang are struggling to survive.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 79
Figure 6.1 f – (Top left) Families sit out the sidewalk for dinner, and after dinner to socialize with their

neighbours.

Figure 6.1 g – (Top right) Mobile market appeared in laneway and small intersections during daytime.

Figure 6.1 h – (Bottom left) group games and activities can be seen in Shikumen laneway

Figure 6.1 i – (Bottom right) Elderly from Li-Nong do morning exercise or Tai Chi together.

The ultimate reason for the laneway market to fail serving its purpose is because there is

a lack of visitors to support the laneway market on Nan Chang Road and the inner laneway

street in Huaihai Fang that is hidden from the public. As a majority of the laneway shops are

located on Nan Chang Road, there is a need to open the south side of the neighbourhood to the

public so as to reintroduce the social crowd in Huaihai Fang.

Figure 6.1j & 6.1k shows the two main programs along Nan Chang Road which is a

one-way street that leads traffic toward Maoming South Road. There are two components on

Nan Chang Road. An elementary school locates closer to Shaanxi South Road, and a series of

shikumen laneway shops near Maoming South Road. With a greater pedestrian and vehicular

flow on Shaanxi South Road than Maoming South Road and further away from existing two

entrances, the idea is to take the school as a new gateway into Huaihai Fang.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 80
Figure 6.1 a – (Left) The location of School and laneway market in relation to the streets and entrances of

Huaihai Fang.

Figure 6.1 b – (Right) Proposed entrance ( i.e. the site) as a third gateway into Huaihai Fang.

By transforming the school ground floor into a pubic and neighbourhood friendly marketplace,

the school acts as a catalyst to stimulate the current residents’ social life in the neighbourhood.

It also attracts people to visit the new marketplace and the traditional laneway market next to it.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 81
6.2 – Concept: The Continuity

Through re-working the ground floor of the school and the playground, a new social public

market will be introduced. Open market / covered recreation space, and a running/walking track

will be introduced to create shared spaces among the school and Huaihai Fang neighbourhood.

The word “Continuity” is expressed in different ways to tie this transformation of school with its

existing neighbourhood contextually, visually and socially. Figure 6.2a is a conceptual image of

“continuity” for this project that reveals the inner laneway market to the public visually and

physically.

Figure 6.2 a – The Flow of Continuity

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 82
6.3 – Design Proposal

Figure 6.3a shows the current layout of the school. There are 16 regular classrooms, 4

special rooms in the main building, a gym building and administration building with staff rooms.

The only connection between the three buildings is the bridge from the third floor of the gym

building to the fourth floor of the main building. The administration and staff office building is

completely separated from the main and gym building. Fences and trees are placed to fill up the

gap between the three buildings; making the school a block that divides the old and new retail

street and hide the inner laneway market completely.

Figure 6.3 a – The layout of the current elementary school

The following diagrams illustrate a way to achieve the simplest and most direct

circulations, as well as continuing the retail street of Huaihai Fang.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 83
Original condition:

Figure 6.3 b: Move 1 - Removing the administration and staff offices as well as the fences

Figure 6.3 c : Move 2 - Moving the classrooms up and spare the space on G/F for event space that is shared

among the neighbourhood and the school

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 84
Figure 6.3 d: Move 3 - Create direct pedestrian and vehicular circulation through the school. Extend the floor

plate of the main building to accommodate those demolished classrooms, administration and staff offices.

Figure 6.3 e: Move 4 - Incline the new roof to the same angle as the old shikumen. Create skylight to

introduce daylight into the classrooms.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 85
Figure 6.3 f– Schematic programming

By modifying the ground floor of the school and the insertion of public engaging space, it

helps to improve the continuity of retail space, enhance the vehicular flow and provide

opportunities for more public engagement to attract people to visit the neighbourhood.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 86
Original configuration of school Modified configuration of school

Figure 6.3 g – Continuing the shopping and social space (in pink)

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 87
6.3.1 – The “Good Morning!” Plaza & the Running Track

Figure 6.3.1 a – The “Good Morning” Plaza

The “Good Morning!” Plaza is the public morning exercise ground on the other end of the

running track with circular patches of greens, wood decks and stone chess / majong tables. It

provides the residents a place to exercise, play majong and do Tai Chi any time. Surrounded by

the preserved shikumen and traditional laneway market, it is also a resting place for visitors to

sit and feel the neighbourhood.

A running track will be introduced to loop around the Good Morning Plaza, the laneway

market and the playground / new market space in the school. It is a shared amenity for the

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 88
neighbourhood and the school. Part of the track will be closed during the school hours. However

the school still have the priority to use the full track for physical education classes if needed.

The track extends the activity space beyond the school. The track will also function as a guide

to walk the visitors into the inner laneway market during the off-school period through the school

/ new market entrance.

Figure 6.3.1 b – The Running Track plan

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 89
6.3.2 – The Open Market & the Covered Art-land

Figure 6.3.2 a – Flea market on Saturday and Sunday in the open market (basketball court) & covered art-land
(covered playground)

The ground floor of the school building will be recreated into an open playground which is

also the basketball court and the covered art-land/ assembly space for the school during the

day. Students’ art-work can be put on the walls and can be hung from the ceiling in the enclosed

market space as a display showcase for the school.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 90
Figure 6.3.2 b – Night market on Friday night in the open market (basketball court) & covered art-land
(covered playground)

At night, the ground floor of the school will be turned into a night marketplace where

residents from the nearby neighbourhood can gather after dinner to perform common Chinese

social activities such as chatting, group dancing, TaiChi, small carnivals and mid night snacks

booths. The market acts as a funnel to collect social crowds from the surrounding

neighbourhood and introduce more visitors to the inner and outer laneway market. Besides, part

of the retail shikumen in the south and east side will also be remodelled to increase the retail

area and the number of entrances into the inner shikumen laneway retails. With a higher

permeability into the neighbourhood and more shops, it eases people to get into the

neighbourhood. By going through the outer laneway retail into the inner laneway retails, visitors

can also experience the live-shop life-style in a traditional shikumen neighbourhood.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 91
6.3.3 – The Gateways (school entrance, car, inner)

Figure 6.3.3 a – People socializing in the main-lane of Huaihai Fang during the Mid-Autumn Festival with food
and lanterns.

A new passageway is created from the existing north entrance to the new south

entrance of the Huaihai Fang neighbourhood. It enables a direct vehicular and pedestrian

circulation by passing through the heritage / historical area and the new market / playground

area. When ones is looking south into the Huaihai Fang, he or she will immediately see the

three big Chinese character hanging from the existing school wall. These three characters are

the Chinese words for Huai-Hai-Fang and are appeared on the stone gateway at the south

entrance as well.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 92
6.3.4 – The Inner Laneway Market

Figure 6.3.4 a – Children living in the neighbourhood walking to school in snowy day. Hawkers are selling hot
beverage and snacks along the way to school.

By opening up the ground floor of the school, people can easily see and access the

shops in the inner laneway. This hidden laneway and the shikumen around it are located in the

non- preserved area. In order to keep the traditional Shanghai-nese style live-work environment,

only minimal modification is made to keep the originality and architectural style of this

neighbourhood. After modifying the ground floor of the peripheral shikumen, the shops become

bigger and can be access on both sides of the street.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 93
Original Shikumen Modified Shikumen

Materials

In order to mix the new market school with the existing context, materials with similar

color and texture are picked. Concrete cladding, Corten steel, Sand stone, Galvanized steel,

wood and glass will be used on the exterior facade of the main school building. Rubber flooring

will be used for the running track and basketball court. The running track will be painted in bright

color as one of the major feature of the new market/ playground. The fence at the front facade

will be replaced by bushes and shrubs to avoid visual blockage into the inner laneway market

from the street. Circular wood decks and patches of lawn will be applied to the “Good Morning!”

Plaza.

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 94
Appendix A

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 95
 Appendix A

MAIL ORDER
1872: 1st mail
WESTERN SHOPPING FACILITIES EVOLUTION
order was
founded
in Europe

VENDING
MACHINE
the use of auto-
mated machine
to allow 24-hour-
purchase of goods

TELEPHONE &
PHONE ORDER
the invention of
telephone create new new new
the opportunity to REGIONAL RETAIL HYBRID
purchase of goods SHOPPING RESORT CENTER
without gong to
the store CENTER IN N. to boost up the sales a mix of covered
AMERICA in U.S in mid 1990s, + external space
COUPON introduction of
developers created a as a reaction to
retail resort attached the standard mall
leisure destination to Grand Mountain format
1892: 1st + mini-break retail
coupon by Lodge
in mall
C.W.Post to SHOPPING
promote cereal OPEN STREET MALL IN CHINA
product LIFE STYLE
CENTER RETAIL economic refor-
CAST IRON the american mation in China in
a combination of re-
CONSTRUCTION tail, dining, entertain- dream first 1980 that allow
started world wide free
ment & recreation trade
1st cast iron
store facade, FACTORY
Hauphwout RETAIL IN Shopping mall
& Co., New TRANSPOR- OUTLET in China offi-
York, U.S., cially operate
TATION HUBS in 2000.
1857 introduction of SHOPPING
leisure destination
shopping space is
* largest shop- PLACE
ELEVATOR dissolving into trans- + mini-break retail
portation hubs like in mall ping mall: TYPOLOGY
size of stores the railway stations, South China
SHOPPING
1st escalator MALL IN U.S.
airport and terminals.
ONLINE Mall, 2005 ?
installed in SUBURBIA THEMED SHOPPING
department RETAIL SPACE MECHANICAL
store in U.K. huge parking lots increase transac-
is provided in new tion efficiency + INVENTION
the interior of the
DEPARTMENT STEEL FRAME DEPARTMENT
response to the HYPERMARKET mall is decorated classification of
STORE IN
EUROPE
ESCALATOR
size of stores
CONSTRUCTION STORES IN
automobile culture

mall in southern
efficient one-stop
like other parts of
the world to act as
products
?
U.S. SUBUR- SUPERMARKET
shopping desti- a escape for the SMART CARD
1st depart- 1st escalator size of stores as BIA
U.S.: open air nation as it is a shoppers RETAIL
mall in northern combination of
ment store, installed in stores could be huge variety + U.S.: enclosed supermarket and
money is depos- INVENTION
Bon Marche, department built with multiple the american allow price com- ADJACENT ited into a card

?
department store. that people use
U.K., 1852 store in U.K. floors dream and the parison 1ST GENERA- ATTRACTIONS it transo pay for
automobile culture
AGORA began 1st self- TION URBAN ELECTRIC OPTICAL provision of leisure portation & pur-
SHOPPING chase of goods PAYMENT
Earliest town
service su-
CASH SCANNER or recreational des-
* longest acra- AIR- SHOPPING permarket in CENTRE IN REGISTER
tination in a mall to
95% of the METHOD
centre (i.e. trad- PRESSURE Kansas City
EUROPE increase transac- attract more visitors,
ing & civic hub) de: Galaries St FREE SPACE CONDITIONED TROLLEY thus increases the population in

?
tion efficiency + Hong Kong owns
with covered
open space called
Hubert, Brus- SPACE allow shoppers to introduction of
allow the store
to speed up the new classification of chance for sales. eg.
water park & cinema a smart card
Stoa. Agora sels, 1846 A big shopping buy more & bigger Vshopping centers process of trans- BIG BOX products called the
* grandest space with a introduction of Octopus which
could appear in ARCADE bulk at once. in major european action RETAIL DESIGN
a grid form or a + STREET arcade:
large selection of controlled shop- FLOURSCENT cities that have ATM INDIRECT is accepted in
STRATEGY
goods with price ping environment any transpor-
disordered form.
SHOPPING Galleria Vittotio, tags on. Custom- LIGHT adopted the City
UNIVERSAL 1st Wal-mart COMMODIFI- tation, con-
It consisted of CREDIT CARD Area Redevel- the idea of
in U.S., 1962 CATION
governement,
religious, public 1st shop-
Milan, 1865
* largest &
ers are free to
move around and
1st air-
conditioned
idea of “buy now,
new lighting op-
tions for large
opemtn plan after
WWII
CREDIT CARD “cashing out any-
time, anywhere” provision of non-
venient store
& some shops ?
Heritage FIBRE OPTICS
leisure and trad- ping arcade, compare prices of departmetn the spread of idea n& resaurant.
most complex different goods at store in NYC. pay later” shopping facilities saleable conponent
ing facilities Galerie de
their own pace. TOWN CENTRE of “buy now, pay
in a mall to attract
Bois, Paris, arcade: New IN EUROPE later” universally new lighting op-
more visitors, eg. PayPal
eg. The Agora 1788 tions for large
of Athen, 5BC
Trade Hall, shopping facilities water fountain,
electronic payment
Moscow, 1888 shopping cetner benches
using credit card or
that services the
bacnk account via
satellite cities. SURVALIENCE internet
CAMERA

5 BC 1780 1850 1940 1980 2010

agora arcade department store shopping mall shopping mix

1900 1910 1920 1930 1950 1960 1970 1990 2000

Appendix B

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 96
97
98
Appendix C

Winnie Lam Ho Suen | AGORA 2012 | Dr. June Komisar | November 15, 2011 99
17/11/2010 FreeOnlineSurveys.com View Results

Results for: Shopping in Shanghai 購物在上海

1) Gender 性別

Percentage Responses

male 男 61.5 16
female 女 38.5 10
Total responses: 26

2) Age Group 年齡

Percentage Responses

15-24 15.4 4
25-34 23.1 6
35-44 34.6 9
45-54 19.2 5
55+ 7.7 2
Total responses: 26

3) Status 婚姻狀況

Percentage Responses

single 現在沒家室 26.9 7

married 現在有家室 73.1 19
Total responses: 26

4) Occupation 職業

(all results shown)

- 秘书
- 贸易
- 行政文秘
- 人力资源管理
- 闈炵泩鍒 ╂ 満鏋勫伐浣滀汉鍛�
- sales manager
- 財務會計
- Teacher
- 采购
freeonlinesurveys.com/viewresults.asp?… 1/9
17/11/2010 采购 FreeOnlineSurveys.com View Results

- 企业管理
- sales
- 销售
- 制造企业高管
- Photography Director
- 经理manager
- 电子产品代理商
- University Student
- 广告
- IC设计
- 自动化工程师
-約 穨
- 课程顾问
- 私企老板
- teacher
- 行政
- teacher

5) Income Group (in Chinese Yuan) 平均月入 (人

民幣 )

Percentage Responses

< 2,000 7.7 2

2,001-4,000 23.1 6
4,001-6,500 11.5 3
6,501-9,000 0.0 0
9,001-15,000 19.2 5
15,001-25,000 23.1 6
25,000 + 15.4 4
Total responses: 26

6) Where do you shop the most? (rank 1 to 6 ; 1 = most

often)
你經常去那裡購物? ( 由1 - 6 排 ; 1 = 最常去)

Average
Responses
Score
Shopping mall 商場 2.08 / 6 26
On the street 在街上 3.15 / 6 26
Underground shopping plaza 地下购物广场 4.19 / 6 26
Laneway shopping (i.e. shops in Longtang,
eg. Tianzifang) 巷道购物（弄堂店铺，例如。田 4.31 / 6 26
子坊）
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Supermarket 超市 2.04 / 6 26
Other interesting places such as 卂
__________ 其他有趣的地方，如... 5.23 / 6 26
____________

5.23 / 6

7) What and where is that interesting place from Q 6)? (can

list more than 1 place)
應第6條， 你認為上海有趣的購物地方有? (可列出多於1個地方)

(all results shown)

- 汇金百果
- 城隍庙、七宝老街、田子坊
- 新世界
- 徐家汇 静安寺 专卖店 豫园 新世界
- 鍛靛懙娣樺疂缃戯紝寰堝 浜鸿喘鐗 ╂ 垚鐦緙
- 翠蹲約初,纒ぇ冠,タ 約初,び キ 瑅κ砯
- 七浦路
- い隔
- 七浦路
- 奥特莱斯
- 龙之梦
- 巴黎春天、人民广场、徐家汇
- 七浦路服装城、曹安路小商城
- 豫园附近，长乐路，田子坊，青浦奥特莱斯
- 豫园、徐家汇、五角场
- 新天地、田子坊
- Underground shopping plaza
- 旅游景点
- 人民广场、徐家汇、淮海路
- 青浦outlet，正大广场
- 禩妓珇 ┍
- 没有了吧
- 南京东路步行街\新天地\淮海巴黎春天
- 杂货市场，网上购物
- 一些小街道
- 城隍庙、淮海路、南京东路

8) What else do you do during shopping? (can check more

than one box from below)
你購物時还會做什麼？ (可以選多於1個答案）

Percentage Responses

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I will eat out. 我會順道吃個飯。 52.5 21
I will go to cinema / karaoke. 我会去电影院/
唱卡拉OK。
7.5 3

I treat shopping as a kind of exercise /

work out. 走走当作是种腳部運動吧!
20.0 8

I treat shopping as a gathering with

friends. 我把购物作为一种朋友聚会。
10.0 4

I just shop and go home. 我買完東西就馬上回

家。
10.0 4

9) What portion of your free time do you spend on “window

shopping” per week?
每周有多少空餘时间你會花在窗櫥购物? (只是逛和看, 而不會買東西)

Percentage Responses

Less than 25% 少於25% 92.3 24

About 25% 約25% 3.8 1
About 50% 約50% 3.8 1
About 75% 約75% 0.0 0
About 90% 約90% 0.0 0
Total responses: 26

10) How much time do you spend on shopping for necessities

in proportion to the overall time spent on shopping per
week?
每周有多少空餘时间你會花在购買日常用品跟食品?

Percentage Responses

Less than 25% 少於25% 76.9 20

About 25% 約25% 19.2 5
About 50% 約50% 0.0 0
About 75% 約75% 0.0 0
About 90% 約90% 3.8 1
Total responses: 26

11) What is the percentage of time do you spend on shopping

(including shopping for food and window shopping) per
week?
以百分比計算每周有多少时间花在购物 (包括食品和逛街购物) 上？

Percentage Responses

Under 10 hours 少於10小时 84.6 22

About 10 to 20 hours 大约10至20小时 15.4 4
About 20 to 30 hours 大约有20至30小时 0.0 0
30 hours+ 30小时+ 0.0 0
Total responses: 26

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12) What do you like to shop / window-shop the most? (rank 1

to 5; 1 = like the most)
你最喜欢買/逛和看什麼商店? (從1 排到 5, 1為最喜歡)

Average
Responses
Score
C lothing & Accessories 服装首饰 2.88 / 5 26
Electronics 电子產品 2.85 / 5 26
Food & Household 食品及家居 2.27 / 5 26
C osmetic & Health Products 化妆品及保健品 4.15 / 5 26
Books, Toys & Others 书籍, 玩具, 和其他 2.85 / 5 26
2.85 / 5

13) Who else do you go shopping with usually? (can check

more than one box from below)
平常會和誰去逛街购物吗？ (可選多於1個答案)

Percentage Responses

I like to shop alone. 我喜欢一个人去买东西。 34.2 13

I like to shop with friends/co-workers. 我喜
欢与朋友/同事逛商店。
26.3 10

I like to shop with my family. 我喜欢和我的家

人去购物。
39.5 15

14)
SHOPPING IS FUN !
购物是一種乐趣！

Percentage Responses

Yes 是 84.6 22
No 否 15.4 4
Total responses: 26

15) Name the shopping place(s) in Shanghai that you find is

the most memorable or interesting (can be traditional or
modern shopping place)
寫出你認為在上海最难忘的或有趣的购物场所之名字 (可以是传统或
现代的购物场所)

(all results shown)

- 南京步行街
- 南京路步行街
- 新世界、巴黎春天

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- 徐家汇 新世界 豫园
- 涓栬锤涓 績
-タ 約初
- 田子坊
-い そ堕纒ぇ冠
- 中信泰富
- 茂名路、淮海路、长乐路的专卖店或私人服装店
- 龙之梦
- 巴黎春天
- 徐家汇商圈的东方商厦、港汇广场、太平洋商场、美罗城
- 豫园。
- 巴黎春天
- 陆家嘴国贸中心、苹果专卖店
- 鍒涙剰宸ュ巶
- 恒隆、1933
- 港汇广场
- 青浦outlet
- 狥タ 約初
- 易 买的
- 有品牌店的地方
- 易买得
- 田字坊
- 襄阳路仿冒街

16) Why do you like it?

你为什么喜欢該地方?

(all results shown)

- 商场多
- 热闹、时尚、可选择性大
- 有购物卡，而且东西比较全，主要是我喜欢的牌子都有。
- 徐家汇.物品丰富，中高低都有。豫园.传统小商品集聚 中高档专卖店.购物环境好
- 闆嗕腑鐨勪笓涓氶攢鍞 湴锛屾湁鍏朵粬鍦版柟娌 ℃ 湁鐨勪骇鍝佸拰鍝佺墝锛屾€т环姣斿ソ ~
- 舮
- 有異國風味
- 妓
- 可以买到品牌的东西
- 服装款式比较有味道
- 人多
- 我觉得环境好，综合性强，可以把想买的基本上都能买全
- 综合性、环境宜人、交通便捷
- 种类繁多，价格低廉，可以杀价。

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- 因为我老婆喜欢
- 时尚、购物环境好！
- creative decoration and wonderful atmosphere
- 恒隆的购物环境好
1933有创意产品
- 应有尽有
- 惊喜并找到喜欢的物品
- ユ 硄獽 , 贺 妓
- 离家近，名字有意思
- 质量可以保证
- 人少，清净
- 有特色
- 看老外和小贩讨价还价

17) What else do you do besides shop in the shopping place

you go to most often?
除了逛街购物，你最常做什么? 去哪裡?

(all results shown)

- 上网淘宝
- 工作，
- 去书店看书
- 美容 旅游
- 鐪嬩功锛岀數鑴戯紝鍏 洯缁垮湴
- bowling
- 坐咖啡廳 看往來的人群
- 逗
- 健身
- 读书、朋友聚会
- 出游
- 在家里
- 就餐、看电影、逛周边小景点
- 骑自行车，去郊外骑
- 游泳，游泳馆
- 旅游、摄影、打羽毛球
- walking along the lake
- 去电影院看电影、去饭店吃饭、去书店看书
- 商场娱乐中心，公园
- 咖啡店
- 笴, ρ刁,
- 运动，打球
- 足浴＼按摩
- 在家里，社区
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- 呆在家里
- 看电影、吃小吃。在综合商场内

18) Do you buy expensive brands?

你會買昂貴的東西嗎?

Percentage Responses

Yes 會 61.5 16
No 不會 38.5 10
Total responses: 26

19) What is your favorite clothing brand name?

最喜歡哪個衣服的品牌?

(all results shown)

- 欧时力
- 没有
- UGIZ
- 采轩，MARSAMASO(可能拼错）
-鑷 繁璁捐 涓 タ缁撳悎椋庢牸鐨勮。鏈崀
- Uniquo
- 台灣
-ぃ ﹚
- 好看的都喜欢
- 路易莎美
- 只选自己觉得好看的，没有品牌观念
- ONLY
- 不太注重品牌，在意款式与质地
- Abercrombie & Fitch
- 阿玛尼
- 没有特别固定的品牌！
- Esprit
- 没有，随机，重要的是合眼
- 杉杉、雅格尔
- 目前还没有最喜欢的
- timberland
- 好像没有
- 皮尔卡丹
- 七匹狼
- 莱克斯蔓、阿迪达斯、欧时力
- H&M

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