CONTENT

Solution to Chapter 1 and 2

Topics Page no.

1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

2. Structure of Atom 54
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1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Exercise

Unit I
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. Name the S.I. unit of temperature. [Feb 2024]
Solution
kelvin (K)
2. What is the S.I. unit of luminous intensity? [March 2013]
Solution
candela or cd
3. Give the S.I. unit of amount of substance. [May 2016]
Solution
mol
4. Name the S.I. unit of density. [May 2015, March 2018, 2019]
Solution
kg m−3
5. Express 28 °C in Kelvin. [May 2016]
Solution
K = 28 °C + 273
301 K
6. Express 0.00085 in scientific notation. [March 2015]
Solution
8.5 × 10−4
7. How many significant figures are there in 0.0028? [May 2016]
Solution
2
8. Round off 1.074547 upto three significant figures. [February 2024]
Solution
1.074547 

1.07455 
1.0746 
1.075

1.08 
9. What do you mean by an atom?
Solution
Smallest particle of an element or compound that has independent existence
10. Define atomic mass unit. [March 2014]
Solution
1
Mass that is exactly equal to th the mass of carbon - 12 atom
12

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

11. Atomic mass of magnesium is 24. Explain the meaning of this statement.
Solution
th
1
Mass of a magnesium atom is 24 times heavier than the mass of C-12 atom
12
12. Define molecular mass of a substance.
Solution
1
Ratio of mass of one molecule of a substance to th the mass of an atom of carbon − 12
12
13. Calculate the molar mass of glucose. [March 2019]
Solution
Molar mass of C6H12O6 = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol–1
14. Define mole. [March 2013, March 2015, March 2016, March 2017]
Solution
Amount of substance that contains Avogadro number of particles (i.e., atoms, molecules or ions)
15. What is gram molar volume?
Solution
Volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas at STP
16. What is Avogadro number?
Solution
Number of atoms that are present in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 isotope

Short answer questions (SA)

17. Describe the classification of pure substances. [March 2014]
Solution
Matter is classified as follows:
Matter (based upon)

Physical Chemical
states composition

Solids Liquids Gases Mixtures Pure substances

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Elements Compounds

18. What is homogeneous mixture? Give an example. [May 2015]
Solution
Components of the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the mixture and its
composition is uniform throughout
Example: Sugar solution

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

19. What is density? Write its S.I. unit. [March 2013, March 2016]
Solution
Ratio of mass by volume of the substance
S.I unit : kg m−3
20. State law of multiple proportions. Give an example. [May 2015]
Solution
If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine
with a fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Example:
CO and CO2; In both the cases, one atom C combines with one and two atoms of oxygen respectively.
21. State and explain Avogadro’s law. [March 2016, May 2017, Feb 2020]
Solution
Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
Example: 22.7 L of each H2 and O2 at the STP contain 6.022 × 1023 molecules
22. What is meant by average atomic mass? [March 2013]
Solution
Average atomic mass is the average of atomic masses of the different isotopes of the same element.
Af
A =  i i where Ai is the atomic mass of the isotope and fi is the fractional abundance.
fi

Long answer question (LA)

23. Write any three postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory. [March 2014, May 2015, May 2016]
Solution
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties, including identical mass. Atoms of different
elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.

Problems
Laws of Chemical Combination
24. 4.5 litres of ammonia at STP was passed over 23.197 g of a heated metallic oxide. 2.3 litres of nitrogen
gas was formed at STP along with 19.05 g of the metal and 5.4 mL of water. Show that these results are
in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
Solution
Reactants
4.5 × 17
Mass of NH3 = = 3.37 g
22.7
Total mass of reactants = mass of NH 3 + mass of metallic oxide = 3.37 + 23.197 g = 27.287 g
Products
Mass of water = 5.4 g (∵ density of water = 1 g mL−1)

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

2.3 × 28
Mass of N 2 = = 2.837 g
22.7
Total mass of products = mass of N2 + mass of metal + mass of H2O = 2.837 + 19.05 + 5.4 = 27.287 g
25. A solid material contains elements M and N only. Analysis of three samples of this substance gave the
following results:
Sample Mass of the sample in g Mass of M in g
1 2.173 1.566
2 1.518 1.094
3 1.851 1.334
Is it consistent with the hypothesis that the material is a compound?
Solution
In sample 1,
2.173 g of sample contains 1.566 g of M
100 × 1.566
∴ 100 g of sample contains g of M
2.173
= 72.07 g
i.e., 72.07 % of M
In sample 2,
1.518 g of sample contains 1.094 g of M
100 × 1.094
∴ 100 g of sample contains g of M = 72.07 g i.e., 72.07 % of M
1.518
In sample 3,
1.851 g of sample contains 1.334 g of M
100 × 1.334
∴ 100 g of sample contains g of M = 72.07 g i.e., 72.07 % of M
1.851
All the three samples contain the same % composition of M.
Therefore, it obeys the law of definite proportions.
26. A metal reacts with chlorine and forms two chlorides (A and B). A has 77.45% and B has 84.93% of
chlorine. Calculate the mass of chlorine that combines with one gram of metal and show that the law of
multiple proportions is obeyed.
Solution
In chloride A,
22.55 g of M combines with 77.45 g of Cl
77.45
∴ 1 g of M combines with g of Cl = 3.435 g of Cl
22.55
In chloride B,
15.07 g of M combines with 84.93 g of Cl
84.93
∴ 1 g of M combines with g of Cl = 5.636 g of Cl
15.07
Ratio of masses of Cl combining with a fixed mass of M (i.e., 1 g) = 3.435 : 5.636
= 1 : 1.64
= 3 : 5
The given data obeys the law of multiple proportions.

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Mole concept
27. Find the mass of 5 moles of CO2 molecules. [Given: Atomic mass of C = 12, O = 16]
Solution
Mass of ‘n’ moles of a substance = number of moles × GAM or GMM
= 5 × 44 g = 220 g
28. Calculate the number of moles of water molecules present in 90 kg of water.
Solution
mass (in g) 90 × 103
Number of moles = = = 5000 mol
GMM 18
29. The molecular formula of sulphur is S8. Calculate (a) the number of molecules and (b) the number of
atoms in 64 g of sulphur. [Given: Atomic mass of S = 32]
Solution
(a) GMM of S8 = 256 g
256 g of S8 contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules of S8
64 × 6.022 × 1023
∴ 64 g of S8 contains molecules of S8
256
= 1.5055 × 1023 molecules of S8
(b) 256 g of S8 contains 8 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms of S
64 × 8 × 6.022 × 1023
∴ 64 g of S8 contains atoms of S
256
= 1.2044 × 1024 atoms of S
30. Calculate the number of moles in 49 g of H2SO4. [Given: Atomic mass of H = 1, O = 16, S = 32]
[March 2017]
Solution
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol–1
98 g of H2SO4 = 1 mole
49 × 1
∴ 49 g of H2SO4 = = 0.5 mole
98
31. Calculate the number of molecules of ethylene present in a volume of 113.5 m3 at STP.
Solution
22.7 × 10−3 m3 of ethylene at STP contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules
113.5 × 6.022 × 1023
113.5 m3 of ethylene at STP contains molecules
22.7 × 10−3
= 3.011 × 1026 molecules

Absolute mass of a single atom and a single molecule of a substance

32. Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O (ii) CO2
Solution
(i) 1 × 2 + 16 × 1 = 18 g mol−1
(ii) 12 × 1 + 16 × 2 = 44 g mol−1

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

33. Calculate the absolute mass of a nitrogen molecule. [Given: Molecular mass of nitrogen = 28]
Solution
6.022 × 1023 molecules of N2 weighs 28 g
28
∴ Mass of one molecule of N2 = g = 4.6496 × 10−23 g
6.022 × 1023
34. The mass of a molecule of a compound is 2.823 × 10–23g. Calculate the molar mass.
Solution
Molecular mass = Mass of one molecule of a compound × NA
= 2.823 × 10−23 g × 6.022 × 1023
= 17.00 g mol−1

Mass-mass and mass-volume relationship in chemical reactions

35. Calculate the mass of magnesium required to react with 292 g of hydrochloric acid as per the reaction,
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2. [Given: Atomic mass Mg = 24; H = 1; Cl = 35.5]
Solution
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
2(36.5 g) of HCl reacts with 24 g of Mg
292 × 24
∴ 292 g of HCl reacts with g of Mg = 96 g
2 × 36.5
36. Calcium carbonate on strong heating decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calculate
the masses of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide formed when 25 g of calcium carbonate is decomposed.
[Given: Atomic mass Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16]
Solution
∆
CaCO3  → CaO + CO2
100 g of CaCO3 decomposes to form 56 g of CaO
25 × 56
∴ 25 g of CaCO3 decomposes to form g of CaO = 14 g
100
100 g of CaCO3 decomposes to form 44 g of CO2
25 × 44
∴ 25 g of CaCO3 decomposes to form g of CO2 = 11 g
100
37. Potassium chlorate (KClO3) on strong heating in the presence of manganese dioxide catalyst forms
potassium chloride liberating oxygen. Calculate the volume of oxygen liberated at STP, when 36.75 g of
potassium chlorate is completely decomposed. [Given: Atomic mass of K = 39, Cl = 35.5, O = 16]
Solution
∆
2KClO3  → 2KCl + 3O 2
MnO2

GMM of KClO3 = 122.5 g

2(122.5 g) of KClO3 decomposes to form 3(22700 cm3) of O2 at STP
36.75 × 3 × 22700 cm3
∴ 36.75 g of KClO3 decomposes to form of O2 at STP
2 × 122.5
= 10215 cm3 of O2 at STP

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

38. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide liberated at STP when 12.8 g of methane is completely burnt in
excess of air according to the equation, CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O.
Solution
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
16 g of CH4 on complete combustion liberates 22.7 L of CO2 at STP
12.8 × 22.7
∴ 12.8 g of CH4 on complete combustion liberates L of CO2 at STP = 18.16 L
16

Unit II
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. Define empirical formula.
Solution
Simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound
2. Define molecular formula.
Solution
Exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound
3. How are empirical formula and molecular formula related?
Solution
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula, when ‘n’ is an integer.
4. An organic compound of molecular weight 30 has the empirical formula CH2O. What is its molecular
formula?
Solution
molecular mass 30
n= = =1
empirical formula mass 30
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula ∴ Molecular formula = 1(CH2O) = CH2O
5. Define limiting reagent in a reaction. [March 2018, March 2023, Feb 2024]
Solution
Reactant that is completely used up in the reaction (or) the reactant which limits the amount of the
product formed
6. Define molarity. [March 2024]
Solution
Number of moles of solute dissolved in per litre of the solution
7. Define molality. [May 2016]
Solution
Number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of the solvent

Short answer questions (SA)

8. Calculate the percentage of C, H, O in glucose. [March 2016, 2017]
Solution
Molecular formula of glucose = C6H12O6 ; Molar mass = 180 g
12 × 6
% of C = × 100 = 40
180

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

1 × 12
% of H = × 100 = 6.67
180
16 × 6
% of O = × 100 = 53.33
180
9. Calculate the percentage composition of carbon and hydrogen in ethanol. [March 2013]
Solution
Molecular formula of ethanol = C2H5OH
GMM of ethanol = 46 g
mass of C 12 × 2
% of C = × 100 = × 100 = 52.17
mass of ethanol 46
mass of H 6 ×1
% of H = × 100 = × 100 = 13.04
mass of ethanol 46
10. Calculate the percentage composition of hydrogen and oxygen in water. [March 2018]
Solution
2 16
% of Hydrogen = × 100 = 11.11% % of oxygen = × 100 = 88.88%
18 18
11. Calculate mass percentage of all the elements present in the compound CO2.
[Given: Atomic mass of C = 12 u and O = 16 u] [Feb 2024]
Solution
Molecular formula of carbon dioxide = CO2
Molar mass of CO2 = (1 × 12 u) + (2 × 16u) = 44u
Mass of the element in the compound
Mass percent of an element = × 100
Molar mass of the compound
12 × 100
Mass % of C = = 27.27
44
32 × 100
Mass % of O = = 72.72
44
12. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
[Given: Atomic mass of Na = 23u, S = 32 and O = 16u]
Solution
GMM of Na2SO4 = 2 × atomic mass of Na + 1 × atomic mass of S + 4 × atomic mass of O
= 2 × 23 + 1 × 32 + 4 × 16
= 46 + 32 + 64 = 142 g
Mass of the element
Mass % of an element in a compound = × 100
Mass of the compound
Mass of Na 46
Mass % of Na = × 100 = × 100 = 32.39
Mass of Na 2SO4 142
Mass of S 32
Mass % of S = × 100 = × 100 = 22.54
Mass of Na 2SO4 142
Mass of O 64
Mass % of O = × 100 = × 100 = 45.07
Mass of Na 2SO4 142

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

13. What is the difference between molality and molarity?

Solution
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kg of the solvent whereas molarity is the number of moles
of solute per litre of the solution. Molality is temperature independent while molarity is temperature
dependent.
14. Define mole fraction. Write the equation to calculate the mole fraction of solute in solution.
[March 2014]
Solution
Ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of all the components
in the solution
Number of moles of the solute
Mole fraction of a solute =
Total number of all the moles in solution

Long answer questions (LA)

15. A compound on analysis gave the following % composition:
K = 26.27% (atomic mass of K = 39), Cr = 35.36% (atomic mass of Cr = 52) and O = 38.07% (atomic
mass of oxygen = 16). Determine the empirical formula of the compound. [March 2014]
Solution
% composition No. in previous column
Elements % composition E.F.
atomic mass least no.
26.27 0.67
Potassium 26.27 = 0.674 =1
39 0.67
35.36 0.68
Chromium 35.36 = 0.68 =1 ×2
52 0.67 K2Cr2O7
2.38
38.07
= 2.38 = 3.5
Oxygen 38.07 0.67
16
Empirical formula = K2Cr2O7
16. Find the empirical formula of a compound which contains 33.18% of carbon, 4.6% of hydrogen, 29.49%
of oxygen and 32.72% of chlorine respectively.
[Given: Atomic masses of C = 12, H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5] [Feb 2020]
Solution
Atomic % No. in previous column
Element Percentage Atomic mass EF
mass least no.
33.18 2.765
C 33.18 12 = 2.765 = 3.0
12 0.92
4.6 4.6
H 4.6 1 = 4.6 =5
1 0.92
C3H5O2Cl
29.49 1.84
O 29.49 16 = 1.84 =2
16 0.9
32.72 0.92
Cl 32.72 35.5 = 0.92 =1
35.5 0.92
E.F = C3H5O2Cl

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

17. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% oxygen by mass.
[Given: Atomic mass of iron = 56 u and atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u] [March 2024]
Solution
Atomic % No. in previous column
Element Percentage Atomic mass EF
mass least no.
69.9 1.25
Fe 69.9 56 = 1.25 =1
56 1.25
1.88 ×2 Fe2O3
30.1
= 1.88 = 1.5
O 30.1 16 1.25
16
18. The percentage composition of a compound deduced from the analysis is as follows: Na = 42.08 %;
P =18.9 %; O = 39.02 %. Determine its empirical formula. If the molecular mass of the compound is
164, what is its molecular formula?
Solution
%comp No.inprevious column
Elements % comp Empirical formula
At mass Least no.
42.08 1.83
Na 42.08 = 1.83 =3
23 0.61
18.9 0.61
P 18.9 = 0.61 =1 Na3PO4
31 0.61
39.02 2.44
O 39.02 = 2.44 =4
16 0.61
Empirical formula mass = 164
molecular mass 164
n= = =1
empirical formula mass 164
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula = 1 × Na3PO4 = Na3PO4
19. Determine the empirical formula of a compound having the following percentage composition
C = 52.14%, H =13.13%, O = 34.73%.
Solution
%comp No.inprevious column
Elements % comp Empirical formula
At mass Least no.
52.14 4.35
C 52.14 = 4.35 =2
12 2.17
13.13 13.13
H 13.13 = 13.13 =6 C2H6O
1 2.17
34.73 2.17
O 34.73 = 2.17 =1
16 2.17

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

20. The percentage composition of organic compound is 39.9% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen and the rest is
oxygen. If the molecular mass of the compound is 60, determine the molecular formula of the
compound. [March, 2015]
Solution
% composition No. in previous column
Elements % composition E.F.
atomic mass least no.
39.9 3.33
Carbon 39.9 = 3.33 =1
12 3.33
6.7 6.7
Hydrogen 6.7 = 6.7 =2 CH2O
1 3.33
53.4 3.33
Oxygen 53.4 = 3.33 =1
16 3.33
molecular mass 60
n= = =2
empirical formula mass 30
Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n = (CH2O)2 = C2H4O2
21. The percentage composition of a compound is as follows: P = 43.7 % and O = 56.3 %. The molecular
mass of the compound is 142. Determine its empirical and molecular formula.
Solution
%comp No.inprevious column
Elements % comp Empirical formula
At mass Least no.
43.7 1.41
P 43.7 = 1.41 =1
31 1.41 P2O5
×2
56.3 3.51
O 56.3 = 3.51 = 2.5
16 1.41
Empirical formula = P2O5
Molecular mass = 142; empirical formula mass = 142
Molecuar mass 142
n= = =1
Empirical formula mass 142
∴ Molecular formula = n × empirical formula = P2O5
22. An organic compound contains 4.07% H, 24.26% C and 71.67% Cl. Its molecular mass is 98.96. Find its
empirical and molecular formula. [Given: Atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, Cl = 35.5]
[March 2016, March 2017, March 2019, March 2023]
Solution
%comp No.inprevious column
Elements % comp Empirical formula
At mass Least no.
24.26 2.02
C 24.26 = 2.02 =1
12 2.02
4.07 4.07
H 4.07 = 4.07 =2 CH2Cl
1 2.02
71.67 2.02
Cl 71.67 = 2.02 =1
35.5 2.02
Empirical formula mass = 49.5

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

molecular mass 98.96

n= = =2
empiricalformula mass 49.5
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
= 2 × CH2Cl = C2H4Cl2
23. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9 % iron and 30.1 % oxygen by mass.
[Given: Atomic mass of iron is 56 u and oxygen is 16 u] [February 2024]
Solution
Element Atomic mass % Moles Ratio Simplest whole
number ratio
Fe 56 69.9 69.9 = 1.25 1.25
=1 2
56 1.25
O 16 30.1 30.1 = 1.88 1.88 = 1.5 3
16 1.25
Hence, the empirical formula is Fe2O3.

Unit III
Numerical problems
1. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the following
chemical equation:
N 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 
→ 2NH3 (g)
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 × 103 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00 × 103 g of
dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
Solution
(i) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)→ 2NH3 (g)
According to stoichiometry, 28 g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2 to form 34 g of NH3
6 g of H2 requires 28 g of N2
1000 × 28
1000 g of H2 requires g of N2 = 4666.67 g of N2
6
Hence, N2 is the limiting reagent.
28 g of N2 produces 34 g of NH3
2000 × 34
2000 g of N2 produces g of NH3 = 2428.57 g
28
(ii) A part of H2 remains unreacted
28 g of N2 reacts with 6 g of H2
2000 × 6
2000 g of N2 reacts with g of H2 = 428.57 g
28
H2 is the excess reagent.
(iii) Mass of H2 left unreacted = 1000 – 428.57 = 571.43 g

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 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

2. In a reaction A + B 2 
→ AB2
Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iii) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
Solution
(i) According to stoichiometry, 1 atom of A requires 1 molecule of B. But, for 300 atoms of A, only
200 molecules of B are available. Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
(ii) Since atoms of A and molecules of B are present in stoichiometric proportions, there is no limiting
reagent.
(iii) According to stoichiometry, 1 mol of A requires 1 mol of B. Hence, 5 mol of B requires 5 mol of A.
But, only 2.5 mol of A is available. So, A is the limiting reagent.
3. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas react with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of water
vapour would be produced?
Solution
2H 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) 
→ 2H 2 O ( g )
2 volumes of H2 reacts with 1 volume of O2 to form 2 volumes H2O(g)
Thus, 10 volumes of H2 reacts completely with 5 volumes of O2 to produce 10 volumes of H2O (g).
4. Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving 4 g of NaOH in sufficient water
to make 250 mL of the solution. [Feb 2020, March 2023]
Solution
w 1000 4 1000
M= 2 × = × = 0.4 M
M 2 V(mL) 40 250
5. Calculate the molarity of solution containing 2.3 moles of solute dissolved in 4.6 litres. [March 2019]
Solution
n 2.3
M= = = 0.5M
V 4.6
6. The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL–1. Calculate molality of the solution.
Solution
Mass of 3 moles of NaCl = 3× 58.5 g
= 175.5 g
∴ Mass of solution = Mass of solvent + Mass of solute
1250 g = Mass of solvent + 175.5 g
Mass of solvent = 1250 − 175.5 = 1074 g
w 1000
m= 2 ×
M 2 Mass of solvent
175.5 1000
m= ×
58.5 1074
175,500
m= = 2.79 m
62829

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1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

7. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040
(assume the density of water to be one).
Solution
n C2 H5 OH
x C2 H5 OH =
n C2 H5OH + n H2 O
1000
Number of moles in 1 L of H 2 O = = 55.55 moles
18
n C2 H5 OH
= 0.040
n C2 H5OH + 55.55
n C2 H5 OH = 2.31 mol
∴ Molarity of the solution = 2.31 M
8. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous
solution. [Given: Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol–1]
Solution
Mass of solute
Molar mass of solute
Molarity =
Volume of solution (L)
m CH3COONa
Molarity =
MM CH3COONa × Volume of solution (L)
m CH 3COONa = 0.375 × 82.0245 × 500 × 10 −3 = 15.3795 g

9. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1
and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
Solution
69% (w/w) of HNO3 implies that 69g of HNO3 is present in 100 g of solution
Mass Mass 100
Density =  Vsoln = = = 70.92 mL
Volume Density 1.41
w 1000 69 1000
Molarity = 2 × = × = 15.44 mol L−1
M 2 V (mL) 63 70.92
10. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, then what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M
solution?
Solution
Molar mass of methanol = 32 g mol–1 = 0.032 kg mol–1
0.793 kg L−1
Molarity of the solution = −1
= 24.78 mol L–1
0.032 kg mol
MV)given solution = MV)solution to be prepared
24.78 × V = 0.25 × 2.5
V = 0.02522 L
11. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction,
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?

14
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Solution
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) 
→ CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)
Mass of HCl in 1000 mL of 0.75 M HCl = 0.75 × 36.5 g = 27.375 g
27.375 × 25
∴ 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl contains g = 0.6844 g
1000
73 g of HCl reacts completely with 100 g of CaCO3
0.6844 × 100
∴ 0.6844 g of HCl reacts completely with g of CaCO3 = 0.938 g
73
Or
Number of millimoles of HCl = 25 × 0.75 = 18.75 millimoles
18.75
Number of moles of HCl = = 0.01875 moles
1000
According to balanced equation, 2 moles of HCl reacts with 100 g of CaCO3
100 × 0.01875
∴ 0.01875 moles of HCl reacts with of CaCO3 = 0.9375 g
2

Competitive Corner
Classwork MCQs
1. The incorrect statement about a compound is
(A) contains atoms of different elements
(B) cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical method of separation
(C) retains the physical properties of its constituent elements
(D) contains ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed
Ans (C)
The physical properties of a compound is different from those constituent elements.
2. Among the following, picometer is
(A) 10−9 m (B) 10−10 m (C) 10−11 m (D) 10−12 m
Ans (D)
1 picometer = 10−12 m
3. The reaction among the following not in accordance with law of conservation of mass is
(A) 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)
(B) C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
(C) P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) → P4O10 (s)
(D) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Ans (B)
The number of atoms of each element is not the same on reactant and product side and is not a balanced
chemical equation.
4. 8.4 g of sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 on reaction with 20.0 g of acetic acid (CH3COOH) liberated
4.4 g of CO2 and leaves 24 g of residue. This proves the law of
(A) conservation of mass (B) constant proportion
(C) multiple proportion (D) reciprocal proportion

15
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (A)
NaHCO3 + CH 3COOH 
→ CH 3COONa + CO 2 + H 2 O
8.4 g 20 g 24 g 4.4 g
28.4 g 28.4 g

Sum of masses of reactants = Sum of masses of products

5. Two gaseous samples were analysed, one contained 1.2 g of carbon and 3.2 g of oxygen. The other
contained 27.3 % carbon and 72.7 % oxygen. The experimental data are in accordance with law of
(A) conservation of mass (B) definite proportions
(C) reciprocal proportions (D) multiple proportions
Ans (B)
1.2
% of C in the 1st sample = × 100 = 27.3% which is same as in the 2nd sample.
1.2 + 3.2
6. Law of multiple proportions is illustrated by taking the example of
(A) NaOH and KOH (B) NaCl and NaBr (C) SO2 and SO3 (D) H2CO3 and CO2
Ans (C)
The ratio of masses of oxygen which combines with a fixed mass of sulphur is a simple whole number
ratio i.e., 2 : 3.
7. Four 1 litre flasks are separately filled with the gases N2, Ne, N2O and SO3 at the same temperature and
pressure. The ratio of total number of atoms of these gases present in different flask is
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 2 : 3 (C) 2 : 1 : 3 : 4 (D) 3 : 2 : 2 : 1
Ans (C)
According to Avogadro hypothesis, equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain equal number of molecules. Therefore, the ratio of number of atoms in N2, Ne, N2O and
SO3 are 2, 1, 3 and 4 respectively.
8. An important postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is
(A) an atom contains electrons, protons and neutrons
(B) atom can neither be created nor be destroyed
(C) all the atoms of an element are not identical
(D) all the elements are available in nature in the form of atoms
Ans (B)
Atoms are the smallest particle of matter. They can neither be created nor be destroyed.
th
1
9. An atom is 10 times heavier than of mass of a carbon atom (C-12). The mass of the atom in amu is
12
(A) 10 (B) 120 (C) 1.2 (D) 12
Ans (A)
1
Mass of the atom = 10 × × 12 = 10
12
∴ Mass of the atom = 10 amu
10. The isotopic abundance of 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe are 5%, 90% and 5% respectively. The average atomic
mass of Fe is
(A) 55.05 (B) 55.95 (C) 56.05 (D) 57.05

16
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (B)
 x i Ai 5 × 54 + 90 × 56 + 5 × 57 270 + 5040 + 285
A= = = = 55.95
 xi 100 100
11. The gram molar volume of oxygen at STP is
(A) 11200 cm3 (B) 22700 cm3 (C) 5600 cm3 (D) 3200 cm3
Ans (B)
The volume occupied by 1 mol of any gas at STP is molar volume i.e., 22700 cm3
12. 0.224 L of H2 gas at STP is equivalent to
(A) 1 mol (B) 1 g
(C) 6.022 × 10 molecules
22
(D) 0.01 mol
Ans (D)
22.4 L of H2 (at STP) ≅ 1 mol ≅ 2 g ≅ 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.224 L of H2 = 0.01 mol = 0.02 g ≅ 6.022 × 1021 molecules
13. The species among the following with maximum mass is
(A) 0.1 g atom of C (B) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of H2
(C) 0.1 mol of NH3 (D) 1135 mL of CO2
Ans (D)
(A) 0.1 g atom of C = 0.1 × 12 g of C = 1.2 g of C
(B) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of H2 = 2 g
(C) 0.1 mol of NH3 = 0.1 × 17 g of NH3 = 1.7 g of NH3
(D) 22700 mL of CO2 = 44 g
1135 × 44
∴ 1135 mL of CO2 = g = 2.2 g
22700
14. If the volume of a gas in discharge tube is 1.12 × 10–7 mL at STP, then the number of molecules of gas in
the tube is
(A) 3.01 × 104 (B) 3.01 × 1015 (C) 3.01 × 1012 (D) 3.01 × 1016
Ans (C)
22400 mL of any gas at STP contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules
6.02 × 1023 × 1.12 × 10−7
No. of molecules in 1.12 × 10−7 mL =
22400
= 3.01 × 1012 molecules
15. The number of gram molecules of oxygen in 6.022 × 1024 CO molecules is
(A) 1 g molecules (B) 0.5 g molecules (C) 5 g molecules (D) 10 g molecules
Ans (C)
6.022 × 1023 molecules of CO contains 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen
∴ 6.022 × 1024 molecules of CO contains 6.022 × 1024 atoms of oxygen which is equivalent to 10 gram
atoms of oxygen.
1
Since oxygen is diatomic, 10 g atom = × 10g molecule of oxygen
2
= 5 g molecule of oxygen
16. The number of molecules of CO2 present in 22 g of CO2 is
(A) 6.0 × 1023 (B) 3 × 1023 (C) 12 × 1023 (D) 3 × 1010

17
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (B)
mass of CO2
No. of molecules = × 6.02 × 1023
Molecular mass of CO2
22
= × 6.022 × 1023 = 3 × 1023
44
17. The number of moles of electron which weigh one kilogram is
1 6.023 1
(A) 6.022 × 1023 (B) × 1031 (C) × 1054 (D) × 108
9.108 9.108 9.108 × 6.022
Ans (D)
Mass of one electron = 9.108 × 10–31 kg
1 1031
∴ No. of electrons in 1 kg = = electron
9.108 × 10−31 9.108
Number of electrons 1031 1 1
Number of moles = = × = × 108
Avogadro number 9.108 6.022 × 10 23
9.108 × 6.022
18. A sample of ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4 contains 3.18 mole of H2. The number of mole of O2 in
the sample is
(A) 0.265 (B) 0.795 (C) 1.06 (D) 3.18
Ans (C)
In one mole of (NH4)3PO4¸ there are 12 H atoms and 4 oxygen atoms.
6 mole H2 ≡ 2 mole oxygen
2 × 3.18
∴ 3.18 mole H 2 ≅ = 1.06 mol O2
6
19. If the percentage of Se in peroxidase anhydrase enzyme is 0.5% by mass, then minimum molar mass of
peroxidase anhydrase enzyme is [Given: Atomic mass of Se = 78.4 u]
(A) 1.568 × 104 (B) 1.568 × 103 (C) 15.68 (D) 2.136 × 104
Ans (A)
0.5 g Se is present in 100 g of enzyme
100 × 78.4
78.4 g Se is present in g of enzyme = 15680g
0.5
∴ Minimum molar mass = 1.568 × 104 (which contains atleast one g atom of Se)
20. The percentage of Cu2O in CuSO4.5H2O is [Given: Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 g]
(A) about 30 (B) about 28.7 (C) about 50 (D) about 40
Ans (B)
Molecular mass of Cu2O = 143g and CuSO4.5H2O = 249.5g
2 mol of CuSO4.5H2O contains 1 mol of Cu2O
2 × 249.5 g of CuSO4.5H2O contains 143 g of Cu2O
100 × 143
100 g of CuSO4.5H2O contains g of Cu2O = 28.65 g i.e., 28.7 %
2 × 249.5
21. If density of a gas is 0.178 g L–1 at STP, then the vapour density of a gas is
(A) 0.178 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 0.089
Ans (B)
Mass of 22.7 L of the gas = 0.178 × 22.7 = 4.0406 g

18
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

∴ Molar mass = 4.0406 g mol−1

M 4.0406
Vapour density = = = 2.0203 ≃ 2
2 2
22. The empirical formula of a compound (molar mass 120) is CH2O. The molecular formula of the
compound is
(A) C2H4O2 (B) C4H8O4 (C) C3H6O3 (D) CH2
Ans (B)
Molar mass = 120
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30
Molar mass 120
n= = =4
Empirical formula mass 30
∴ Molecular formula of the compound is (CH2O)4 i.e., C4H8O4
23. A compound (60 g) on analysis gives C = 24 g, H = 4 g, O = 32 g. The empirical formula is
(A) C2H2O2 (B) C2H2O (C) CH2O2 (D) CH2O
Ans (D)
24 4 32
No of moles of C : H : O = : :
12 1 16
=2:4:2
Simplest ratio = 1 : 2 : 1
Empirical formula = CH2O
24. A hydrocarbon contains 80% carbon. The empirical formula of the compound is
(A) CH2 (B) CH3 (C) CH4 (D) CH
Ans (B)
Percentage of H = 100 – 80 = 20
Elements % Relative number of atoms Simplest ratio
Carbon 80 80 6.66
= 6.66 =1
12 6.66
Hydrogen 20 20 20
= 20 =3
1 6.66
Empirical formula = CH3
25. The empirical formula of the gas is (CO)x and its vapour density is 70. The value of x is
(A) 7 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
Ans (C)
Mol. Mass of (CO)x = 2 × V.D
= 2 × 70 = 140
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 16 = 28
140
x= =5
28
26. A compound contains 69.5 % oxygen and 30.5 % nitrogen and its molecular mass is 92 u. The formula
of the compound is
(A) N2O (B) NO2 (C) N2O4 (D) N2O5

19
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (C)
Elements % % Atomic Mass Ratio
30.5
N 30.5 = 2.18 1
14
69.5
O 69.5 = 4.34 2
16
Empirical formula = NO2
Empirical formula mass = 46
92
n= =2
46
Formula of the compound = N2O4
27. A compound contains N = 25.94% and O = 74.06%. If the vapour density of the gas is 54.2, then the
molecular formula is
(A) NO (B) NO2 (C) N2O (D) N2O5
Ans (D)
Element % Atomic mass Relative no. of atoms Simplest atomic ratio
25.94 1.85
N 25.94 14 = 1.85 =1
14 1.85
74.06 4.628
O 74.06 16 = 4.628 = 2.5
16 1.85
Ratio of N : O = 1 : 2.5 (Number of atoms must be whole numbers) = 2 : 5
∴ Empirical formula is N2O5
Empirical formula mass = 2 × 14 + 5 × 16 = 108
Molecular mass = 2 × vapour density
= 2 × 54.2 = 108.4
molar mass 108.4
n= = = 1.004 ≈ 1.0
empirical formula mass 108
Molecular formula = N2O5
28. For the reaction 2P + Q → R, the number of moles of R produced when 8 mol of P and 5 mol of Q reacts
is
(A) 8 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 13
Ans (C)
In the above reaction, P and Q are reacting in 2 : 1 ratio and number of mole Q reacting is equal to
number of moles of R formed.
∴ 8 mole of P reacts with 4 mole of Q to form 4 mole of R.
29. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.1 mol of Na3PO4, then the maximum number of mole of Ba3(PO4)2
that can be formed is
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.05 (C) 0.30 (D) 0.10
Ans (B)
3BaCl 2 + 2Na 3PO 4 → Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6NaCl
3 mole 2 mole

3 mole BaCl2 requires 2 mol of Na3PO4

2 × 0.5
0.5 mole BaCl2 requires mol of Na 3 PO 4 = 0.333 mol
3

20
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

But only 0.1 mole of Na3PO4 is present. Therefore, Na3PO4 is the limiting reagent.
2 mole Na3PO4 forms 1 mol of Ba3(PO4)2
0.1
∴ 0.1 mole Na 3 PO 4 forms mol of Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 = 0.05 mol
2
30. The number of moles of lead (II) chloride formed from a reaction between 6.5 g PbO and 3.2 g HCl is
[Given : Atomic Mass of Pb = 207 u]
(A) 0.011 (B) 0.029 (C) 0.044 (D) 0.333
Ans (B)
PbO + 2 HCl → PbCl 2 + H 2 O
223 g 2 ( 36.5 g ) 278 g
73 g

73 g of HCl requires 223 g of PbO

3.2 × 223
3.2 g of HCl requires g of PbO
73
= 9.775 g of PbO
∴ PbO is the limiting reagent.
223 g of PbO forms 1 mole of PbCl2
6.5
∴ 6.5 g of PbO forms mol of PbCl2 = 0.029 mol
223
31. If 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen are filled in a steel vessel and exploded, then the amount of
water produced in this reaction is
(A) 3 mol (B) 4 mol (C) 1 mol (D) 2 mol
Ans (B)
1
H 2 + O2 → H 2O
2g 2 18 g
16 g

10 g of H2 requires 80 g of O2 which is not available

64 g of O2 requires 8 g of H2 and H2 left = 2 g
Thus, O2 is the limiting reactant and H2 is excess reactant.
18
Hence, H2O formed from 64 g of O2 = × 64
16
72
= 72 g = mol = 4 mol
18
32. X g of Ag metal was dissolved in HNO3 and the solution was treated with excess of NaCl. When 2.87 g
of AgCl was precipitated, the value of X is
(A) 1.08 g (B) 2.16 g (C) 2.70 g (D) 1.62 g
Ans (B)
Ag + HNO3  → AgNO3  NaCl
→ AgCl ↓
108 g of Ag precipitates 143.5 g of AgCl
108 × 2.87
∴ Mass of Ag in 2.87 g of AgCl is g = 2.16 g ∴ Value of X is 2.16 g
143.5
33. X L of CO at STP is completely oxidized to CO2. If the volume of CO2 formed is 11.207 L at STP, then
the value of X is
(A) 22.7 L (B) 11.207 L (C) 45.4 L (D) 5.675 L

21
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (B)
1
CO + O2 → CO 2
22.7 L at STP 2 22.7 L at STP

22.7 L (at STP) of CO2 is obtained from 22.7 L of CO

∴ 11.207 L of CO2 is obtained from 11.207 L of CO (at STP)
34. 20 mL of methane is completely burnt using 50 mL of oxygen. The volume of oxygen left after cooling
to room temperature is
(A) 80 mL (B) 40 mL (C) 60 mL (D) 10 mL
Ans (D)
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
At STP 22700 mL 45400 mL 22700 mL
22700 mL of CH4 needs 45400 mL of O2
∴ 20 mL of CH4 needs 40 mL of O2
Volume of O2 left = 50 − 40 = 10 mL
35. In an experiment, 2.0769 g of pure X produces 3.6769 g of X2O5. The number of moles of X is
(A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.40 (D) 0.02
Ans (A)
4X + 5O2 → 2 X2O5
2.0769 g 1.6 g 3.6769 g
2.0769 g of X requires 1.6 g of O2
4X requires 160 g of O2
2.0769 × 160
X= = 51.92g
1.6 × 4
mass of X 2.0769
n= = = 0.04 mol
molar mass 51.92

36. 40 g of a sample of carbon on combustion left 10% of it unreacted. The volume of oxygen required at
STP for this reaction is
(A) 22.7 L (B) 68.1 L (C) 11.35 L (D) 45.4 L
Ans (B)
C + O2 → CO2
12 g 22.7 L
12 g C – 22.7 L O2
36 g C – ? = 68.1 L

37. 21.6 g of silver coin is dissolved in HNO3. When NaCl is added to this solution, silver is precipitated as
AgCl. If the mass of AgCl precipitated is 14.35 g, then % of silver in the coin is
(A) 50 (B) 75 (C) 100 (D) 15
Ans (A)
Ag + HNO3  → AgNO3 + NaCl  → AgCl
108 g 143.5 g

143.5 g AgCl contains 108 g Ag

22
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

108 × 14.35
∴ 14.35 g AgCl contains of Ag = 10.8 g Ag
143.5
Actual Ag present 10.8 × 100
% purity of Ag = × 100 = = 50 %
Ag taken 21.6
38. The mass of 70 % concentrated nitric acid solution required to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M HNO3 is
(A) 90.0 (B) 70.0 (C) 54.0 (D) 45.0
Ans (D)
250 × 2
Number of moles of HNO3 in 250 mL solution = = 0.5 mol
1000
∴ Mass of 0.5 mol HNO3 required = 0.5 × 63 = 31.5 g
70 g HNO3 is present in 100 g acid solution
100 × 31.5
∴ 31.5 g of HNO3 is present in = 45 g of solution
70
39. Equal moles of H2O and NaCl are present in a solution. Molality of NaCl solution is
(A) 0.55 (B) 55.5 (C) 1.00 (D) 0.18
Ans (B)
Let 1 mole each of H2O and NaCl are present in the solution
18 g H2O contains 1 mole of NaCl
1000
1000 g H 2 O contains mol of NaCl = 55.55 mol
18
molality of NaCl solution = 55.55 mol kg–1
40. The mole fraction of the solute in 1.00 molal aqueous solution is
(A) 0.1770 (B) 0.0177 (C) 0.0344 (D) 1.7700
Ans (B)
1 molal solution implies that 1 mol of solute is dissolved in 1000 g solvent.
1000
nA = 1, nB = = 55.55
18
1 1
∴ xA = = = 0.0177
55.55 + 1 56.55
41. 10 g of glucose is dissolved in 150 g of water. The mass percentage of glucose is
(A) 2.50% (B) 6.25% (C) 8.75% (D) 10%
Ans (B)
Mass of solute (g) 10
Mass percentage of glucose = × 100 = × 100 = 6.25%
Mass of solution (g) 160
42. Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner:
480 mL of 1.5 M first solution + 250 mL of 1.2 M second solution. The molarity of the final mixture is
(A) 2.70 M (B) 1.397 M (C) 1.50 M (D) 1.20 M
Ans (B)
M3V3 = M1V1 + M2V2
M3 × 730 = 480 × 1.5 + 250 × 1.2
1020
M3 = = 1.397 mol L−1
730

23
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

43. The volume of a 0.8 M solution that contains 100 millimoles of the solute is
(A) 100 mL (B) 125 mL (C) 500 mL (D) 62.5 mL
Ans (B)
Let the volume of solution be V mL
Number of millimoles = Volume in mL × molarity
100 = V × 0.8
100 1000
∴ V= = = 125 mL
0.8 8
44. The molarity of 63 g of oxalic acid in 250 mL of its solution is
(A) 1 M (B) 3 M (C) 4 M (D) 2 M
Ans (D)
63 1000
× =2 M
126 250
45. The concentration of the solution when water is added to 25 mL of 0.866 M KNO3 solution to make final
volume 500 mL is
(A) 0.02165 M (B) 0.0433 M (C) 2.1866 M (D) 0.9763 M
Ans (B)
Mass of KNO3 in 25 mL of 0.866 M KNO3, solution is 2.1866 g
2.1866
Molarity of new solution = = 0.0433M
101 × 0.5

Assignment MCQs
1. 4.88 g of KClO3 on heating produced 1.92 g of oxygen and 2.96 g of the residue (KCl) was left behind.
This illustrates the law of
(A) definite proportions (B) conservation of mass
(C) multiple proportions (D) reciprocal proportions
Ans (B)
∆
2KClO 3 → 2KCl + 3O 2 ↑
4.88 g 2.96 g + 1.92 g = 4.88 g

Mass of the reactant = Mass of the products

This reaction illustrates the law of conservation of mass
2. Nitrogen forms five stable oxides with oxygen of the formula, N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O4 and N2O5. The
formation of these oxides explains the law of
(A) definite proportions (B) partial pressures
(C) multiple proportions (D) reciprocal proportions
Ans (C)
The mass of oxygen which combines with a fixed mass of nitrogen (28 g) in N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O4 and
N2O5 are 16, 32, 48, 64 and 80 g respectively. The ratio of oxygen is 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5. This proves the law
of multiple proportions.
3. 500 mL of NH3 contains 6 × 1023 molecules. The number of molecules present in 100 mL of CO2 under
similar conditions of temperature and pressure is
(A) 6 × 1023 (B) 1.5 × 1023 (C) 1.2 × 1023 (D) 3 × 1023

24
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (C)
500 mL of NH3 contains 6 × 1023 molecules (at STP)
100 × 6 × 10 23
∴ 100 mL of CO2 contains molecules = 1.2 × 1023 molecules
500
4. The ratio of O to H atoms in (NH4)2SO4 is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 4 : 1
Ans (C)
Ratio of O to H atoms = 4 : 8 = 1 : 2
5. The mass of one atom of hydrogen is approximately
(A) 1 g (B) 0.5 g (C) 1.6 × 10−24 g (D) 3.2 × 10−24 g
Ans (C)
1
Mass of 1 atom of H = g = 1.6 × 10−24 g
6.02 × 1023
6. The mass of 113.5 cm3 of CH4 at STP is
(A) 0.16 g (B) 0.8 g (C) 0.08 g (D) 1.6 g
Ans (C)
Mass of 22700 cm3 of CH4 at STP is 16 g
113.5 × 16
∴ Mass of 113.5 cm3 of CH4 at STP is g = 0.08 g
22700
7. 220 mg of carbon dioxide in moles is equal to
(A) 5 (B) 0.005 (C) 5000 (D) 10
Ans (B)
44 g of CO2 = 1 mole
220 × 10 −3
220 × 10−3 g of CO2 = mol = 5 × 10 −3 mol or 0.005 moles
44
8. 80 g of oxygen contains as many atoms of hydrogen in gram as in
(A) 80 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 5
Ans (D)
80 g of O2 = 2.5 mol = 2.5 × 2 × NA of oxygen atoms
5 g of H2 = 2.5 mol = 2.5 × 2 × NA of hydrogen atoms
9. The volume of O2 gas at STP required to react completely with 1 L of propane measured under the same
condition is
(A) 7 L (B) 5 L (C) 6 L (D) 10 L
Ans (B)
C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 ( g ) + 4H 2 O ( l )
1L 5L

10. The molecular mass of caffeine is 194 u. If it contains 28.9% by mass of nitrogen, then the number of
atoms of nitrogen in one molecule of caffeine is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans (A)
28.9
Amount of nitrogen present in one molecule = × 194 = 56 amu
100

25
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

56
Number of N atoms = =4
14
11. A compound contains 8% sulphur by mass. The minimum molecular mass of the compound is
(A) 200 (B) 400 (C) 155 (D) 355
Ans (B)
8 g sulphur is present in 100 g of substance
100
∴ 32 g sulphur is present in × 32 = 400 g
8
12. The average mass of one atom of gold is 3.2707 × 10−22 g. The molar mass of gold is
(A) 6.022 × 1023 (B) 197 (C) 100 (D) 3.2707 × 1022
Ans (B)
Molar mass of gold = Mass of one gold atom × NA
= 3.2707 × 10−22 g × 6.022 × 1023
= 196.96 g ~ 197 g
13. The mass of 4.6 × 1022 atoms of an element is 13.8 g. The atomic mass of the element is
(A) 290 (B) 180.66 (C) 34.4 (D) 10.4
Ans (B)
4.6 × 1022 atoms of an element weighs 13.8 g
6.022 × 1023 × 13.8
∴ 6.022 × 1023 atoms of the element weighs = = 180.66 g (i.e., atomic mass)
4.6 × 1022

14. 1021 molecules are removed from 200 mg of CO2. The number of moles of CO2 left is
(A) 2.88 × 10–3 (B) 28.2 × 10–3 (C) 288 × 10–3 (D) 28.8 × 103
Ans (A)
200 × 10−3
Initial moles of CO 2 = = 4.54 × 10−3 mol
44
1021
Number of moles of CO2 removed = = 1.66 × 10−3 mol
6.02 × 10 23

Number of moles of CO2 remaining = (4.54 – 1.66) × 10–3 = 2.88 × 10–3 mol
15. The number of atoms of Cr and O in a compound are 4.8 × 1010 and 9.6 × 1010 respectively. The
empirical formula of the compound is
(A) Cr2O3 (B) CrO2 (C) Cr2O4 (D) CrO5
Ans (B)
Ratio of Cr and O atoms = 4.8 × 1010 : 9.6 ×1010 = 1 : 2
∴ Formula of the oxide is CrO2
16. A compound contains equal mass of X and Y. If their atomic masses are 30 and 20 respectively, then the
molecular formula of the compound is [Given: Molar mass of the compound = 120 g mol−1]
(A) X2Y2 (B) X3Y3 (C) X2Y3 (D) X3Y2
Ans (C)
Let m be the mass of X and Y
m m
Ratio of no. of moles of X and Y = : =2:3
30 20
∴ Formula is X2Y3

26
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

17. An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It contains 38.71% C, 9.67% H and
51.62% O. The empirical formula of the compound is
(A) CH3O (B) CH2O (C) CHO (D) CH4O
Ans (A)
Elements % Atomic Mass % Atomic Mass Simple Ratio
Carbon 38.71 12 3.23 1
Hydrogen 9.67 1 9.67 3
Oxygen 51.62 16 3.23 1
∴ Empirical formula of the compound is CH3O
18. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2. If the mass of one mole of a compound is 42 g, then its
molecular formula is
(A) CH2 (B) C2H2 (C) C3H6 (D) C3H8
Ans (C)
42
n= =3
14
Molecular formula = empirical formula × n
= (CH2)3 = C3H6
19. An organic compound (Molar mass = 108 g) contains C, H and N in the ratio 9 : 1 : 3.5 by mass. The
molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C6H8N2 (B) C7H10N (C) C5H6N3 (D) C4H8N3
Ans (A)
Ratio
Element Ratio Atomic mass Atomic mass Relative number of atom

C 9 12 9 0.75
= 0.75 =3
12 0.25
H 1 1 1 1
=1 =4
1 0.25
N 3.5 14 3.5 0.25
= 0.25 =1
14 0.25
E.F = C3H4N
Empirical formula mass = 54
Molar mass 108
n= = =2
Empiricalformula mass 54
Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n
= C3H4N × 2 = C6H8N2
20. The formula of a metal hydrogen sulphate MHSO4. The formula of the metal oxide is
(A) MO (B) MO2 (C) M2O (D) M2O2
Ans (C)
The valency of both the metal ion and hydrogen sulphate ion is 1. The valency of oxide ion is 2.
Therefore, the formula of the oxide of M is M 2O .

27
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

21. In an experiment, 10 mL of 0.05 M solution of chloride required 10 mL of 0.1 M solution of AgNO3.The

formula of the chloride (X stands for the symbol of the element other than chlorine) is
(A) X2Cl (B) X2Cl2 (C) XCl2 (D) XCl4
Ans (C)
Millimoles of solution of chloride = 0.05 × 10 = 0.5
Millimoles of AgNO3 solution = 10 × 0.1 = 1
So, millimoles of AgNO3 are double than the chloride solution
∴ XCl2 + 2AgNO3  → 2AgCl + X ( NO3 )2

22. A pure compound contains 2.4 g of C, 1.2 × 1023 atoms of H, 0.2 moles of oxygen atoms. Its empirical
formula is [CET 2021]
(A) C2HO (B) C2H2O2 (C) CH2O (D) CHO
Ans (D)
2.4
Number of moles of C = = 0.2
12
1.2 × 1023
Number of moles of H = = 0.2
6.0 × 1023
Number of moles of O = 0.2 mol
Empirical formula is CHO
23. 500 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon when burnt in excess of O2 gave 2.5 L of CO2 and 3.0 L of water
vapours under the same conditions. The molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is
(A) C4H8 (B) C4H10 (C) C5H10 (D) C5H12
Ans (D)
Hydrocarbon + O2  → CO 2 + H 2O
2.5 L 3L

Under STP conditions,

22.7 L of CO2 contains 12 g C
12 × 2.5
∴ 2.5 L of CO2 contains g of C
22.7
= 1.322 g carbon
22.7 L of water vapour contains 2 g H
2×3
∴ 3L of water vapour contains
22.7
= 0.264 g hydrogen
Total mass of C and H present in the hydrocarbon = 1.322 + 0.264 = 1.586 g
Mass of 500 mL of hydrocarbon is 1.586 g
22700 × 1.586
∴ Mass of 22700 mL of hydrocarbon is = 72 g mol−1
500
Formula which corresponds to the molar mass is C5H12 (pentane)
24. One mole of potassium chlorate (KClO3) is thermally decomposed and excess of aluminium is burnt in
the gaseous product. The number of moles of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) formed is
(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans (A)
∆
2KClO3  → 2KCl + 3O 2
∆
4Al + 3O 2  → 2Al2 O3

28
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

∴ 2 mole KClO3 ≅ 4 mole Al ≅ 2 mole Al2O3

1 mole KClO3 ≅ 1 mole of Al2O3
25. The volume of CO2 obtained at STP by the complete decomposition of 9.85 g BaCO3 is
[Given: Atomic mass of Ba = 137 u]
(A) 2.24 L (B) 1.14 L (C) 0.84 L (D) 0.56 L
Ans (B)
∆
BaCO3  → BaO + CO 2
197 g of BaCO3 decomposes to form 22.7 L of CO2
9.85 × 22.7
∴ 9.85 g of BaCO3 decomposes to form L of CO 2 = 1.135 L ~ 1.14 L
197
26. The mass of MgO formed when 1.2 g of Mg undergoes combustion is [Given: Atomic mass of Mg = 24]
(A) 0.05 g (B) 40 g (C) 40 mg (D) 2 g
Ans (D)
2Mg + O 2 → 2MgO
2× 24g 2× 40 g

2 × 40
Mass of MgO formed when 1.2 g of Mg undergoes combustion is × 1.2 = 2 g
2 × 24
27. The mass of iron converted into its oxide (Fe3O4) by the action of 18 g steam is
(A) 42 g (B) 42 mg (C) 24 g (D) 24 mg
Ans (A)
3Fe + 4H 2 O  → Fe3O 4 + 4H 2
4 × 18 g H2O combines with 3 × 56 g of iron
18 × 3 × 56
∴ 18 g H2O combines with = 42 g of iron
4 × 18
28. Given : N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
The volume of ammonia gas formed when 8 L of hydrogen reacts with excess of nitrogen is (all volumes
are measured at STP)
(A) 4.6 L (B) 5.33 L (C) 8 L (D) 24 L
Ans (B)
From Gay Lussac’s law,
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
1 3 2
(For gases, mole ratio is the same as volume ratio)
3 L of hydrogen forms 2 L of NH3
8 L of hydrogen forms 5.33 L of NH3
29. Given : Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
The volume of hydrogen liberated at STP, when 8 g calcium completely reacts with 84 L of water is
(A) 4540 cm3 (B) 2270 cm3 (C) 1135 cm3 (D) 0.4 cm3
Ans (A)
Ca + 2H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2 + H 2
40 g

40 g of calcium completely reacts with H2O to liberate 22700 cm3 of H2

29
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

8 × 22700
∴ 8 g of calcium liberates cm 3 of H 2 = 4540 cm3 of H 2
40
30. Consider the following reaction
CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O
The mass of CO2 formed when 8.0 g of methane is subjected to combustion is
(A) 4.4 g (B) 8.8 g (C) 22 g (D) 44 g
Ans (C)
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
16 g 44 g
8g ? 22g
31. If 8.4 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated strongly in a test tube, then the product formed is
(A) 5.3 g of Na2CO3 (B) 4.6 g of Na metal
(C) 2270 mL of CO2 at STP (D) 1.8 g of H2O
Ans (A)
∆
2NaHCO3  → Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O + CO 2
2×84 =168g 106g 18g 22700mL
at STP
8.4 g ?

8.4 × 106
(A) = 5.3 g of Na 2CO 3 (B) Na metal is not formed
168
8.4 × 22700 8.4 × 18
(C) = 1135 mL of CO2 at STP (D) = 0.9 g of water
168 168
32. The mole fraction of A in H2O is 0.2. The molality of A in H2O is
(A) 13.9 (B) 15.5 (C) 14.5 (D) 16.8
Ans (A)
x × 1000 0.2 × 1000
Molality = A = = 13.9
x B × MB 0.8 × 18
33. If 500 mL of 1 M solution of glucose is mixed with 500 mL of 1 M solution of glucose, then the final
molarity of solution is
(A) 1 M (B) 0.5 M (C) 2 M (D) 1.5 M
Ans (A)
Using the equation, M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3
500 × 1 + 500 × 1 = M3 × 1000
1000
∴ M3 = =1 M
1000
In general, mixing any volumes of solution having the same concentration, final concentration is the
same as the initial concentration.
34. The volume of water that must be added to a mixture of 250 mL of 0.6 M HCl and 750 mL of
0.2 M HCl to obtain 0.25 M solution of HCl is
(A) 750 mL (B) 100 mL (C) 200 mL (D) 300 mL
Ans (C)
M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3
750 × 0.2 + 250 × 0.6 = 1000 × M3

30
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

300
150 + 150 = 1000 M3 ∴ M3 = = 0.3
1000
M1V1 = M2V2
300
0.3 × 1000 = 0.25 × V2 ∴ V2 = = 1200 mL
0.25
∴ Volume of water to be added = 1200 – 1000 = 200 mL
35. The mass of 70% H2SO4 required for neutralization of one mole of NaOH is
(A) 70 g (B) 35 g (C) 30 g (D) 95 g
Ans (A)
H 2SO4 + 2NaOH  → Na 2SO4 + 2H 2O
1 mole 2 mole
1
mole 1 mole
2
Amount of H2SO4 required is 0.5 mole
70 g H2SO4 is present in 100 g solution i.e., 0.714 mol H2SO4 is present in 100 g solution
100 × 0.5
∴ 0.5 mole H2SO4 is present in g of solution = 70 g
0.714
36. If 500 mL of a 5 M solution is diluted to 1500 mL, then the molarity of the dilute solution is
(A) 1.5 M (B) 1.67 M (C) 0.017 M (D) 1.59 M
Ans (B)
M V 5 × 500 2500
M1V1 = M2V2; M2 = 1 1 = = = 1.67
V2 1500 1500
37. If the concentration of glucose is 0.9 g L–1, then molarity of glucose in blood is
(A) 5 M (B) 50 M (C) 0.005 M (D) 0.5 M
Ans (C)
Strength 0.9
Molarity = = = 0.005 M
Molar mass 180
38. The number of molecules of H2SO4 present in 100 mL of 0.02 M H2SO4 solution is
(A) 12.044 × 1020 molecules (B) 6.022 × 1023 molecules
(C) 1 × 1023 molecules (D) 12.044 × 1023 molecules
Ans (A)
100
No. of molecules of H2SO4 = V(L) × M × NA = × 0.02 × 6.022 × 1023
1000
= 12.044 × 1020 molecules
39. The solution among the following with highest molarity is
(A) 6.57 g CH3OH in 1.50 × 102 mL solution
(B) 10.4 g CaCl2 in 2.20 × 102 mL solution
(C) 7.82 g of C10H8 in 85.2 mL of benzene solution
(D) 10.8 g KOH in 35 mL solution
Ans (D)
6.57
(A) M = × 1000 = 1.37 mol L−1
32 × 1.50 × 102

31
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

10.4
(B) M = × 1000 = 0.426 mol L−1
111 × 2.20 × 10 2

7.82 1000
(C) M = × = 0.717 mol L−1
128 85.2
10.8
(D) M = × 1000 = 5.51 mol L−1
56 × 35
40. A 2.5 L of 1 M NaOH is mixed with 3.0 L of 0.5 M NaOH solution. The molarity of resulting solution is
(A) 0.80 M (B) 0.73 M (C) 1.0 M (D) 0.50 M
Ans (B)
M V + M 2 V2 1 × 2.5 + 0.5 × 3.0
M3 = 1 1 = = 0.73 M
V3 2.5 + 3.0
41. On dissolving 1 mol each of the following acids in 1 L water, the acid which does not give a solution of
1 M strength is
(A) HCl (B) HClO4 (C) HNO3 (D) H3PO4
Ans (D)
H3PO4 is weak acid while all the other acids are strong monobasic acids.
42. 25 cm3 of oxalic acid completely neutralized 0.064 g of sodium hydroxide. The molarity of the oxalic
acid solution is [CET 2014]
(A) 0.064 (B) 0.045 (C) 0.015 (D) 0.032
Ans (D)
C2 H 2 O 4 + 2NaOH  → Na 2 C 2 O4 + H 2 O
0.064
No. of moles of NaOH = = 1.6 × 10−3
40
1.6 × 10−3
No. of moles of oxalic acid = = 8 × 10−4
2
8 × 10−4
Molarity of oxalic acid = −3
= 0.032 mol L−1
25 × 10
43. 100 mL of 0.1 M solution of solute A are mixed with 200 mL of 0.2 M solution of solute B and the
solution diluted to 500 mL. If A and B are non-interacting substances, then the molarity of the final
solution is
(A) 0.10 M (B) 0.15 M (C) 0.20 M (D) 0.25 M
Ans (A)
M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3
100 × 0.1 + 200 × 0.2 = M3 × 500
50
M3 = = 0.10 mol L−1
500
44. The molarity of 98% H2SO4 (density = 1.8 g mL–1) by weight is
(A) 1 M (B) 36 M (C) 9 M (D) 18 M
Ans (D)
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g
10 × 98 × 1.8
= = 18M
98

32
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

45. The molality of 1 L solution of 93% H2SO4 (w/V) having density 1.84 g mL–1 is
(A) 1.043 m (B) 0.143 m (C) 10.43 m (D) 0.0143 m
Ans (C)
Mass of 1 L solution = 1000 × 1.84 = 1840 g
Mass of solute = 930 g
∴ Mass of solvent = 1840 − 930 = 910 g
930 1000
Molality = × = 10.428 ~ 10.43
98 910

JEE Main

1. The number of moles present in 3.42 g of sugar is the same as in

(A) 1022 molecules of water (B) 5.6 g of iron
(C) 227 mL of carbon dioxide at STP (D) 1022 atoms of carbon
Ans (C)
Mass (given) 3 ⋅ 42
nsugar = n sugar = mol = 0 ⋅ 01mol
molar mass 342
Number of molecules of H 2 O 1022 mol
(A) n H2O = = = 0.0166mol
NA 6 ⋅ 022 × 1023
mass (given) 5.6
(B) nFe = = = 0 ⋅ 1mol
molar mass 56
Volume (given) 227
(C) n CO2 = = = 0 ⋅ 01mol
Molar volume 22700
1022
(D) n C = = 0.0166 mol
6.022 × 1023
2. The mass of a piece of iron when exposed to air increases by 4.28%. The percentage of iron that has
been rusted is [Given: mass of Fe = 56, O = 16 u respectively]
(A) 2% (B) 10% (C) 5% (D) 42.8%
Ans (B)
Let 100 g of iron be kept in air and Xg of iron is oxidized (rusted)
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
4 × 56 g of Fe requires 3 × 32 g of O2
3 × 32
X g of Fe requires g of O2 = 0.428g
4 × 56
4.28
Percentage of iron rusted = = 10%
0.428
3. Two oxides of a metal contain 50% and 40% metal (M) respectively. If the formula of the first oxide is
MO2, then the formula of the second oxide is
(A) MO2 (B) MO3 (C) M2O (D) M2O5
Ans (B)
Mass of oxygen
In the first oxide, Percentage of O = × 100
Mass of oxygen + mass of metal
50 32
= x = 32
100 x + 32

33
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Atomic mass of metal = 32 g

In the second oxide,
Atomic ma ss Number in previous column Simple
Elements % mass atomic mass Least number
mass ratio
40 1.25
M 40 32 = 1.25 =1 1
32 1.25
60 3.75
O 60 16 = 3.75 =3 3
16 1.25
Formula of the second oxide = MO3
4. The empirical formula of an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen is CH2. The mass of 1 L
of the organic gas is exactly equal to 1 L of N2. Therefore, the molecular formula of the organic gas is
(A) C2H4 (B) C3H6 (C) C6H12 (D) C4H8
Ans (A)
Mass of 1 L of gas = mass of 1 L of N2
∴ Molecular mass of the gas = molecular mass of N2 = 28 g
Empirical formula mass of CH2 = 14
28
∴ n= =2
14
Hence, molecular formula is C2H4.
5. A gaseous hydrocarbon upon combustion gives 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is [JEE Main 2013]
(A) C3H4 (B) C6H5 (C) C7H8 (D) C2H4
Ans (C)
18 g of H2O contains 2 g of hydrogen
2 × 0.72
0.72 g of H2O contains g of hydrogen = 0.08 g
18
44 g of CO2 contains 12 g of carbon
12 × 3.08
3.08 g of CO2 contains g of carbon = 0.84 g
44
0.84 0.08
C:H = : = 0.07 : 0.08 = 7 :8
12 1
Empirical formula of hydrocarbon = C7 H8
6. 5.85 g of NaCl is dissolved in 1 L pure water. The number of ions in 1 mL of this solution is
(A) 6.02 × 1019 (B) 1.2 × 1024 (C) 1.2 × 1020 (D) 6.02 × 1020
Ans (C)
5.85
Molarity of NaCl = = 0.1 M
58.5
1 mL of NaCl = 10−4 mol
1 mole of NaCl = 6.02 × 1023 molecules of NaCl
But NaCl molecules are dissociated into two ions (Na+ and Cl−)
1 mol of NaCl = 6.02 × 1023 × 2 ions
1 × 10−4 mole of NaCl = 1 × 10−4 × 6.02 ×1023 × 2 ions
= 1.2 × 1020 ions

34
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

7. The density of H2SO4 solution is 1.84 g mL−1 at 35 °C and contains 98% by mass of H2SO4. The
molarity of the solution is
(A) 1.84 M (B) 18.4 M (C) 20.6 M (D) 24.5 M
Ans (B)
I method
% × d × 10
Molarity =
M H 2SO4
98 × 1.84 × 10
= = 18.4 mol L−1
98
II method
100 g solution contains 98 g H2SO4
98 × 1000
1000 g solution contains = 980 g H 2SO4
100
= 10 moles
1000
Volume of solution = = 543 mL
1.84

543 mL contains 10 moles of H2SO4

1000 × 10
∴ 1000 mL contains moles
543
Molarity = 18.4 mol L−1
M M M
8. 30 cc of HCl, 20 cc of HNO 3 and 40 cc of NaOH solutions are mixed and the volume was
3 2 4
made upto 1 dm3. The molarity of the resulting solution is
(A) 1 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.5
Ans (C)
V1M1 + V2M2 − V3M3 = V4M4
1 1 1
30 × + 20 × − 40 × = 1000 × M 4
3 2 4
10 + 10 − 10
∴ M4 = = 0.01
1000
9. 171 g of cane sugar are dissolved in 1000 g of water at 30 °C. If the density of the solution is 1.1 g mL–1,
then [Given : Molar mass of cane sugar = 342 g mol−1]
(A) molarity < molality (B) molarity = molality
(C) molarity > molality (D) molarity = 2x molality
Ans (A)
w 1000 171
M= 2 × = = 0.47 mol L–1
M 2 V(mL) (1000 + 171)
342 ×
1000 × 1.1
171
m= = 0.5 mol kg–1
342 × 1

 If density of the solution is more than 1 g mL−1 then, molality is higher than molarity.

35
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

10. 10 g of a mixture of BaO and CaO requires 100 cm3 of 2.5 M HCl to react completely. The percentage of
calcium oxide in the mixture is approximately [Given : molar mass of BaO = 153 g mol−1]
(A) 52.68 (B) 55.1 (C) 44.9 (D) 47.4
Ans (A)
BaO + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2O
CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
2 moles of mixture of BaO and CaO requires 4 moles of HCl
No. of moles of HCl = 2.5 × 0.1 = 0.25 mol
4 moles of HCl reacts with 2 moles of BaO and CaO mixture
0.25 moles reacts with 0.125 moles of BaO and CaO mixture
Let the mass of CaO be x grams then mass of BaO be 10 – x grams
x 10 − x
∴ + = 0.125
56 153
153x + 560 – 56x = 0.125 × 56 × 153
97 x = 511
511
x= = 5.268 g
97
5.268
% of CaO = × 100 = 52.68%
10
11. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea in 1000 g of water is 1.15 g mL–1. The
molarity of this solution is [Given: Molecular mass of urea = 60 u]
(A) 0.50 M (B) 1.78 M (C) 1.02 M (D) 2.05 M
Ans (D)
Total mass of solution = 1000 + 120 = 1120 g
1120
Vsolution = = 973.9 mL
1.15
2
M= −3
= 2.05 mol L−1
973.9 × 10
12. A 10 g of a dibasic acid (Molecular mass = 100 u) are present in 500 mL of the solution. The density of
the solution is 1.02 g mL−1. Match the entries of column I with appropriate entries of column II and
choose the correct option.
Column I Column II
(a) Normality of the solution (p) 0.98
(b) Molality of the solution (q) 0.996
(c) Mole fraction of solvent (r) 0.2
(d) Mass fraction of solvent (s) 0.4
(A) (a)-(p); (b)-(q); (c)-(r); (d)-(s) (B) (a)-(s); (b)-(r); (c)-(q); (d)-(p)
(C) (a)-(s); (b)-(r); (c)-(p); (d)-(q) (D) (a)-(r); (b)-(s); (c)-(q); (d)-(p)
Ans (B)
10 1
(a) Normality = × × 1000 = 0 ⋅ 4 eq L–1
50 500
(b) Molality
Mass of solution 500 × 1⋅02 = 510 g

36
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Mass of solvent = 510 − 10 g = 500 g

10 1
∴ Molality = × × 1000 = 0 ⋅ 2 mol kg–1
100 500
(c) Mole fraction
500
500 g H2O = moles = 27⋅78 moles
18
10
10 g acid = mol = 0 ⋅ 1mole
100
27 ⋅ 28
 x H2O = = 0 ⋅ 996
27 ⋅ 28 + 0 ⋅ 1
500
(d) Mass fraction = = 0 ⋅ 98
510
13. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 250 mL of 2M HCl is
[JEE Main 2013]
(A) 1.00 M (B) 1.75 M (C) 0.975 M (D) 0.875 M
Ans (D)
M1V1 + M2V2 = MV
750 × 0.5 + 250 × 2 = 1000 × M
375 + 500
M= = 0.875 mol L−1
1000
14. 0.6 g of urea on strong heating with NaOH evolves NH3. Liberated NH3 will combine completely with
which of the following HCl solution? [JEE Main 2020]
(A) 100 mL of 0.2 N HCl (B) 400 mL of 0.2 N HCl
(C) 100 mL of 0.1 N HCl (D) 200 mL of 0.2 N HCl
Ans (A)
NH2CONH2 + 2NaOH → 2NH3 + Na2CO3
1 mol of urea 0.6 / 60 mol of urea = Number of mol of NH3
0.6 × 2
Number of mmol of NH 3 = = 0.02
60
2NH3 + 2HCl → 2NH4Cl
2 mol of NH3 ≅ 2 mol of HCl
∴ 0.02 mmol of NH3 reacts with 0.02 mmol of HCl
(for HCl, N = M) number of moles of HCl in 100 mL of 0.2 N HCl
100
= × 0.2 = 0.02 mol
1000
15. The average molar mass of chlorine is 35.5 g mol–1. The ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl in naturally occurring
chlorine is close to [JEE Main 2020]
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 1
Ans (A)
Let us consider the % of 35Cl be x and % of 37Cl be 100-x.
Atomic mass of 35 Cl × % of 35 Cl + Atomic mass of 37 Cl × % of 37 Cl
M=
100
35x + 37 (100 − x )
35.5 =
100

37
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

3550 = 35x + 3700 – 37x

On solving, x = 75
Ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl = 75 : 25 = 3 : 1

Numerical Problems
16. Find the total number of electrons in one molecule of carbon dioxide.
Ans 22
One molecule of CO2 = Sum of electrons in one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
= 1(6) + 2(8) = 22
17. Calculate the number of moles of Mohr’s salt required per mole of dichromate in acid medium.
Ans 6
6Fe 2+ + Cr2 O 72− + 14H + 
→ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr 3+ + 7H 2 O
One mole of Cr2 O 27 − requires six moles of Fe2+
1
18. What is the normality of M phosphorous acid (H3PO3)?
3
Ans 0.66
O Basicity (n) = 2
N=n×M
P
1
H
OH
OH = 2 × = 0.66
3
19. Calculate the mass of calcium oxide required to react with 142 g of phosphorous pentoxide.
Ans 168
6CaO + P4 O10  → 2Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
6 × 56 g of CaO requires 284 g of P4O10
6 × 56 × 142
Mass of CaO required to react with 142 g of P4O10 = = 168 g
284
20. The number of atoms in silver plate having area 0.05 cm2 and thickness 0.05 cm is _________ × 1019.
[Given: Density of Ag = 7.9 g cm–3 and atomic mass of Ag = 108]
Ans 11
mass
Density =
volume
mass of Ag deposited = density × volume
= 7.9 × [0.05 × 0.05] g
= 0.01975 g
 197.5 × 10−4  −4
No. of mole of Ag deposited =   = 1.83 × 10
 108 
No. of Ag atom = 1.83 × 10−4 × 6.02 × 1023
= 11.016 × 1019 atom ~ 11.02 × 1019 atom

38
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

NEET

1. When 22.7 L of H2(g) is mixed with 11.35 L of Cl2(g) each at STP, the moles of HCl(g) formed is
(A) 2 mol (B) 0.5 mol (C) 1.5 mol (D) 1 mol
Ans (D)
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
Initial 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
At STP 22.7 L 22.7 L 45.4 L
Given 22.7 L 11.35 L -
Cl2 is the limiting reagent
22.7 L of Cl2 forms 2 mol of HCl
11.35 L of Cl2 forms 1 mol of HCl
2. The phosphate of a metal has the formula MHPO4.The formula of the chloride is
(A) MCl (B) MCl2 (C) MCl3 (D) M2Cl3
Ans (B)
MHPO 4 → M 2+ + HPO 24−
∴ M2+ + 2Cl− → MCl2
3. The number of water molecules is maximum in
(A) 18 molecules of water (B) 1.8 g of water (C) 18 g of water (D) 18 moles of water
Ans (D)
No. of molecules ∝ No. of moles
4. 1 gram of a carbonate (M2CO3) on treatment with excess HCl produces 0.01186 mole of CO2. The molar
mass of M2CO3 in g mol−1 is
(A) 1186 (B) 84.3 (C) 118.6 (D) 11.86
Ans (B)
M2CO3 + 2HCl → 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Number of moles of metal carbonate = Number of moles of carbon dioxide
= 0.01186
1
∴ Molar mass of metal carbonate = = 84.3 g mol−1
0.01186
5. The ionic compound among the following which provides maximum number of ions in aqueous solution
is
(A) 0.1 mol of CaCl2 (B) 0.1 mol of KI (C) 0.1 mol of AlPO4 (D) 0.1 mol of SrCO3
Ans (A)
CaCl2 → Ca 2+ + 2Cl−
0.1 mol 0.1 mol 2 (0.1 mol)

0.3 mol of ions

6. The number of moles of O2 required to react with 6.8 g of ammonia to give nitric oxide and water is
(A) 5 (B) 2.5 (C) 1 (D) 0.5
Ans (D)
4NH3 + 5O2  → 4NO + 6H 2 O
4 × 17g of NH3 reacts with 5 mol of O2
6.8 g of NH3 reacts with 0.5 mol of O2

39
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

7. 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g of O2 in a closed vessel. The reactant that is left in excess and its
mass is [Given: Atomic mass of Mg = 24; O = 16]
(A) O2, 0.16 g (B) Mg, 0.44 g (C) O2, 0.28 g (D) Mg, 0.16 g
Ans (D)
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
32 g of O2 react with 48 g of Mg
48 × 0.56
0.56 g of O2 reacts with g of Mg = 0.84 g
32
Hence, Mg is the excess reactant and the mass of unreacted Mg = 1 – 0.84 = 0.16 g
8. 500 g of a tooth paste sample contains 0.2 g of fluoride. The concentration of fluoride in terms of ppm is
(A) 250 (B) 400 (C) 200 (D) 1000
Ans (B)
mass of fluoride × 106 0.2 × 106
ppm = = = 400
mass of sample 500
9. A dilute solution of the stomach acid in water is neutralised by sodium hydrogen carbonate according to
the following equation: NaHCO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
The volume of 0.125 M NaHCO3 solution required to neutralise 18.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl is
(A) 14.4 mL (B) 12.0 mL (C) 14.0 mL (D) 13.2 mL
Ans (A)
Number of moles of NaHCO3 = Number of moles HCl
(V × M) NaHCO3 = (V × M)HCl
18 × 0.1
VNaHCO3 = = 14.4 mL
0.125
10. The amount of concentrated nitric acid solution in grams required to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M nitric acid
solution is [concentration of HNO3 is 70%]
(A) 45 g (B) 90 g (C) 70 g (D) 54 g
Ans (A)
Number of moles of HNO3 = M × V (in L) = 2 × 0.250 = 0.5 mol
Mass = moles × molar mass
= 0.5 × 63 = 31.5 g
100 g of nitric acid solution contains 70 g of HNO3
100 × 31.5 3150
31.5 g of nitric acid contains = = 45 g
70 70
11. The [OH]– in the final solution prepared by mixing 20 mL of 0.050 M HCl with 30 mL of 0.10 M
Ba(OH)2 is
(A) 0.12 M (B) 0.1 M (C) 0.40 M (D) 0.0050 M
Ans (B)
Number of moles of HCl = 20 × 0.05 = 1
Number of moles of Ba(OH)2 = 2 × 30 × 0.1 = 6 (since Ba(OH)2 is diacidic base)
Number of moles of OH remaining = 6 − 1 = 5
5
OH  = = 0.1 M
50

40
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

12. An aqueous solution of 6.3 g of oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4.2H2O) is made up to 250 mL. The volume
of 0.1 M NaOH required to completely neutralise 10 mL of this solution is
(A) 40 mL (B) 20 mL (C) 10 mL (D) 4 mL
Ans (A)
Basicity (n) of oxalic acid = 2
mass × n 1000 6.3 × 2 × 1000
Normality = × = = 0.4
molecular mass V ( mL ) 126 × 250
NV)oxalic acid = NV)NaOH
0.4 × 10 = 0.1 × VNaOH
VNaOH = 40 mL
13. The number of molecules of water is maximum in
(A) 18 mL of water
(B) 0.18 g of water
(C) 0.00227 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K
(D) l0–3 mol of water
Ans (A)
18 ml water ≅ 18 g ≅ 1 mol = 6.02 × 1023 molecules
0.18 g ≅ 0.01 mol ≅ 6.02 × 1021 molecules
22.7 × 10–4 L ≅ 1 × 10–4 mol ≅ 6.02 × 1019 molecules
10–3 mol of water ≅ 6.02 × 1020 molecules
14. The number of moles of hydrogen molecules required to produce 20 moles of ammonia through Haber’s
process is
(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40
Ans (C)
N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) ↽ ⇀ 2NH 3 ( g )
3 moles of H2 forms 2 moles of NH3 ∴ n moles of H2 forms 20 moles of NH3
20 × 3
n= = 30 moles of H 2
2
175
15. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 71 Lu respectively are
(A) 104, 71 and 71 (B) 71, 71 and 104 (C) 175, 104 and 71 (D) 71, 104 and 71
Ans (D)

Self Assessment Test 1.1

1. Temperature of 25 °C in Fahrenheit and Kelvin scale respectively are
(A) 17 °F and 298.15 K (B) 45 °F and 260.15 K
(C) 47 °F and 312.15 K (D) 77 °F and 298.15 K
Ans (D)
9  9 
°F = 32 +  × °C  = 32 +  × 25 
5  5 
= 32 + 45 = 77 °F
K = °C + 273.15
= 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K

41
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

2. The number of significant figures in 50000.020 × 10–3 is

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 8
Ans (D)
Number of significant figures in 50000.020 × 10–3 = 8
3. Avogadro’s number is the number of molecules present in:
(A) 1g of molecule (B) 1 g atom of substance
(C) 1 mole of a substance (D) 1 litre of substance
Ans (C)
4. Which one of the following has maximum number of oxygen atoms?
(A) 2 g of water (B) 2 g of sulphur dioxide
(C) 2 g of carbon dioxide (D) 2 g of carbon monoxide
Ans (A)
2 N
Number of oxygen atom in 2g of CO = × N A × 1 = A
28 14
2 N
Number of oxygen atom in 2g of CO 2 = × N A × 2 = A
44 11
2 NA
Number of oxygen atom in 2g of SO 2 = × N A × 2 =
64 16
2 NA
Number of oxygen atom in 2g of H 2 O = × N A × 1 =
18 9
Hence, 2g of H2O has maximum number of oxygen atoms.
5. The mass of 0.1 mole of Methane is
(A) 1.6 g (B) 0.1 g (C) 1 g (D) 16 g
Ans (A)
Mass of 1 mole methane is 16 g.
0.1 × 16
Mass of 0.1 mole methane is = = 1.6 g
1
6. The number of oxygen atoms in 4.4 g of CO2 is,
(A) 6 × 1022 (B) 12 × 1023 (C) 1.2 × 1023 (D) 6 × 1023
Ans (C)
44 g of CO2 contains 6.022 × 1023 CO2 molecules
∴ 4.4 g of CO2 contains 6.022 × 1022 CO2 molecules
Each CO2 molecule contains two oxygen atoms
∴ 6.022 × 1022 CO2 molecules contain 1.2 × 1023 O atoms
7. The mass of 112 cm3 of NH3 gas at STP is
(A) 0.085 g (B) 0.850 g (C) 8.500 g (D) 80.500 g
Ans (A)
Mass of 22400 cm3 of NH3 = 17 g
17 × 112
Mass of 112 cm3 of NH 3 = = 0.085 g
22400
8. What amount of dioxygen (in gram) contains 1.8 × 1022 molecules?
(A) 96.0 (B) 9.60 (C) 0.960 (D) 0.0960

42
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (C)
6 × 1023 molecules have a mass of 32 g
1.8 × 1022 × 32
1.8 × 1022 molecules = 0.96 g
6 × 1023
9. The number of water molecules present in a drop of water weighing 0.018 g is
(A) 6.022 × 1026 (B) 6.022 ×1023 (C) 6.022 × 1019 (D) 6.022 × 1020
Ans (D)
6.022 × 1023 × 0.018
Number of water molecules = = 6.022 × 1020
18
10. The number of molecules in 1 mL of hydrogen gas at NTP is
(A) 2.6 × 1019 (B) 2.6 × 1023 (C) 2.6 × 1020 (D) 2.6 × 1021
Ans (A)
Volume of any gas at NTP = 22.4 L = 22400 mL
22400 mL of hydrogen at NTP has 6.023 × 1023 molecules
6.023 × 1023
1 mL of hydrogen at NTP has = 2.69 × 1019
22400
11. If 3.01 × 1020 molecules are removed from 98 mg of H2SO4, then number of moles of H2SO4 left are
(A) 9.95 × 10–2 mol (B) 0.5 × 10–3 mol (C) 0.1 × 10–3 mol (D) 1.66 × 10–3 mol
Ans (B)
Number of moles = 98 x 10-3/98 = 0.001 mol
0.001mole of H2SO4 contain 6.022 x 1020 molecules
After removing 3.01 × 1020 H2SO4 molecules, remaining no. of molecules are 3.01 × 1020
6.022 x 1023 molecules ≡ 1 mol
3.01 × 1020 molecules ≡ ?
Number of moles of H2SO4 = 0.499 × 10−3 mol ≃ 0.5 × 10−3 mol
12. Bromine has two naturally occurring isotopes. The mass of Br-79 isotope is 78.91 u and abundance is
50.54%. The atomic mass of the other isotope Br-81 is [Given: Average atomic mass = 79.90 g mol–1]
(A) 79.0 u (B) 83.0 u (C) 80.9 u (D) 78.9 u
Ans (C)
Naturally occurring atom has atomic mass which is the average of the given isotopes
A X + A 2X 2
A= 1 1
X1 + X 2
where A1, A2, are atomic mass of the isotopes with percent or ratio of X1 and X2 respectively.
78.91× 50.54 + A 2 × 49.46
∴ 79.90 = ∴ A2 = 80.91 u
100
13. A solution is prepared by adding 5 g of a solute ‘X’ to 45 g of solvent ‘Y’. What is the mass per cent of
the solute ‘X’?
(A) 10% (B) 11.1% (C) 90% (D) 75%
Ans (A)
Mass per cent of X
Mass of X 5
= × 100 = × 100 = 10%
Mass of solution 5 + 45

43
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

14. A gas mixture contains 25% He and 75% CH4 by volume at a given temperature and pressure.
The percentage by mass of methane in the mixture is approximately _________.
(A) 75% (B) 25% (C) 92% (D) 8%
Ans (C)
100 mL of gas = 75 mL of CH4 + 25 mL of He
We know that: 16 g of CH4 ≅ 22400 mL (STP)
x g of CH4 ≅ 75 mL
75 × 16
mass of CH 4 =
22400
25 × 4
Similarly, mass of He =
22400
75 × 16
Percentage mass of CH 4 = 22400 × 100 = 92.3%
75 × 16 25 × 4
+
22400 22400
15. An organic compound made up of C, H and N contains 20% nitrogen. If it contains one nitrogen atom,
then the molecular mass is
(A) 70 (B) 140 (C) 35 (D) 50
Ans (A)
mass of nitrogen
N% = × 100
molecular mass
14
20 = × 100 ∴ M = 70
M
16. An organic compound contains C = 40%. H= 13.33% and N = 46.67%. Its empirical formula is
(A) C3H7N (B) CHN (C) C2H2N (D) CH4N
Ans (D)
CH4N
Element % No. of moles Simple ratio Simplest whole No. ratio
C 40 40 3.33 1
12
H 13.33 13.33 13.33 4
1
N 46.67 46.67 3.33 1
14
17. 1.0 g of Mg is burnt with 0.28 g of O2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess and how much?
(A) Mg, 5.8 g (B) Mg, 0.58 g (C) O2, 0.24g (D) O2, 2.4 g
Ans (B)
2 Mg + O 2  → 2MgO
48 g of Mg requires 32 g of O2
? g of Mg requires 0.28 g of O2
48 × 0.28
Mass of magnesium required = = 0.42 g
32
But 1 g of Mg is available. Thus, Mg is the excess reagent.
Excess of Mg left behind = 1 – 0.42 = 0.58 g

44
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

18. The mass of AgCl precipitated when a solution containing 11.70 g of NaCl is added to a solution
containing 3.4 g of AgNO3 is [Atomic mass of Ag = 108, Atomic mass of Na = 23]
(A) 2.87 g (B) 6.8 g (C) 5.74 g (D) 1.17 g
Ans (A)
NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
58.5 g + 170 → 143.5 g
NaCl : AgNO3
Required ratio 58.5 : 170
Given ratio 11.70 : 3.4
(limiting reagent)
170 g AgNO3 → 143.5 g AgCl
3.4 g AgNO3 → x
3.4 × 143.5
x= = 2.87 g
170
19. 0.4 g of dihydrogen is made to react with 7.1 g of dichlorine to form hydrogen chloride. The volume of
hydrogen chloride formed at 273 K and 1 bar pressure is
(A) 9.08 L (B) 4.54 L (C) 90.8 L (D) 45.4 L
Ans (B)
H 2 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g ) → 2HCl ( g )
0.4
0.4 g H2 = mol = 0.2 mol
2
7.1
7.1 g Cl2 = mol = 0.1 mol
71
So, Cl2 is the limiting reagent here.
Hence 0.2 moles of HCl will be formed
To find out the volume of HCl formed in the STP condition,
1 mol of gas in STP occupies 22.7 L
Thus, 0.2 mol of HCl will occupy 4.54 L
20. The mass percent of carbon in carbon dioxide is
(A) 0.034 % (B) 27.27 % (C) 3.4 % (D) 28.7 %
Ans (B)
Molecular mass of CO2 = 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44g
1g molecule of CO2 contains 1g atoms of carbon
∴ 44g of CO2 contain 12g atoms of carbon
12
∴ % of C in CO 2 = × 100 = 27.27%
44
21. 5.85 g of NaCl are dissolved in 90 g of H2O. The mole fraction of NaCl is
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.01 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.0196
Ans (D)
5.85
Number of moles of NaCl = = 0.1
58.5
90
Number of moles of H 2 O = =5
18

45
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

n solute
Mole fraction of solute =
n solute + n solvent
0.1
Mole fraction =
5 + 0.1
χB = 0.0196
22. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution is
(A) 25.22 mL (B) 252.2 mL (C) 2.522 mL (D) 2522 mL
Ans (A)
mass of solute 1000
Molarity = ×
Molar mass V in mL
Molarity × Molar mass × V in mL
Mass of CH 3OH =
1000
0.25 × 32 × 2500
= = 20 g
1000
m m 20
Since, density = ; volume of CH 3OH = = = 25.22 mL
V d 0.793
23. The total number of electrons in 18 mL of water (density = 1 g mL−1) is
(A) 6.02 × 18 × 1023 (B) 6.02 × 1023 (C) 6.02 × 1025 (D) 6.02 × 1024
Ans (D)
Number of electrons in one molecule of H2O is 2 + 8 = 10.
Density = 1 g mL−1 ∴ 18 mL means 18 g
18
Moles = = 1
18
Molecules = 6.023 × 1023
Electrons = 6.023 × 1023 × 10 = 6.023 × 1024
24. Empirical formula of a compound is CH2O and its molecular mass is 90, the molecular formula of the
compound is
(A) C3H6O3 (B) C2H4O2 (C) C6H12O6 (D) CH2O
Ans (A)
molecular mass
n=
Emphirical formula mass
90
n= =3 ∴ Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula = 3 × CH2O = C3H6O3
30
25. If the density of a solution is 3.12 g mL−1, then the number of significant figures in the mass of 1.5 mL
solution is
(A) 4.7g (B) 4680 × 10−3g (C) 4.680g (D) 46.80g
Ans (A)
Density of the solution is 3.12g mL−1
Volume of solution = 1.5 mL
For a solution, Mass = volume × density
= 1.5 mL × 3.12g mL−1 = 4.68 g
The digit 1.5 has only two significant figures, so the answer must also be limited to two significant
figures. So, it is rounded off to reduce the number of significant figures.
Hence, the answer is reported as 4.7g.

46
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

26. How many grams of NaOH is required to prepare 250 mL of 0.1 M solution?
(A) 1 g (B) 10 g (C) 4 g (D) 6 g
Ans (A)
molarity × molecular weight × volume
w=
1000
0.1 × 40 × 250
=
1000
=1g
27. The final molarity of a solution made by mixing 50 mL of 0.5 M HCl, 150 mL of 0.25 M HCl and water
to make the volume 250 mL is
(A) 0.5 M (B) 1 M (C) 0.75 M (D) 0.25 M
Ans (D)
M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3
0.5 × 50 + 0.25 × 150 = M × 250
25 + 37.5
M3 = = 0.25M
250
28. The percentage of Se in anhydrous peroxidase enzyme is 0.5% by mass. The minimum molecular mass
of the enzyme is [Given: atomic mass of Se = 78.4 g]
(A) 1.568 × 104 g (B) 3.556 × 1023 g (C) 2.656 × 10–23 g (D) 4.538 × 10–23 g
Ans (A)
100 g of enzyme  0.5 g of Se
?  78.4g of Se
78.4 ×100
Minimum molecular mass of anhydrous peroxidase enzyme =
0.5
= 1.568 × 104 g
29. The molality of the solution containing 18.25 g of HCl gas in 500 g of water is
(A) 0.1 m (B) 1 M (C) 0.5 m (D) 1 m
Ans (D)
No. of moles of solute
Molality ( m ) =
Mass of solvent (in kg)
WB × 1000 18.25 × 1000
Molality = = =1m (∵ Molar mass of HCl = 36.5 g mol–1)
M B × WA (in g) 36.5 × 500
30. The mole fraction of a solvent in aqueous solution of a solute is 0.6. The molality (in mol kg−1) of the
aqueous solution is
(A) 37.03 × 10−3 (B) 37.03 × 10−2 (C) 37.03 (D) 37.03 × 10−1
Ans (C)
xsolvent = 0.6
xsolute = 0.4
x 1000 0.4 1000
m = solute × = × = 37.03 mol kg −1
x solvent 18 0.6 18

47
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Self Assessment Test 1.2

1. The largest unit among the following is
(A) decilitre (B) decalitre (C) kilolitre (D) megalitre
Ans (D)
The largest unit is megalitre.
2. Student performs titration with different burettes and find titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL and
25.0 mL. The number of significant figures in the average titre value is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans (C)
25.2 + 25.25 + 25.0 75.45
Average value = =
3 3
= 25.15 ≈ 25.2 mL
Number of significant figures is 3
3. Of the following, the number having three significant figures is
(A) 0.500 (B) 0.50 (C) 5.0 (D) 0.05
Ans (A)
4. Carbon and oxygen combine together to form two compounds. The percentage of carbon in these
compounds are found to be 42.9% and 27.3% respectively. The results are in accordance with
(A) law of conservation of mass (B) law of constant proportions
(C) law of multiple proportions (D) law of combining volumes
Ans (C)
%C %O
Compound 1 42.9 57.1
Compound 2 27.3 72.7
In compound 2,
27.3 g of carbon combines with 72.7 g of oxygen
42.9 × 72.7
∴ 42.9 g of carbon combines with g of oxygen
27.3
= 114.2 g
∴ Ratio of O in compound 1 and 2 = 57.1 : 114.2 = 1 : 2
Hence, the law of multiple proportions is obeyed.
5. An element X has the following isotopic composition:
200
X : 90%
199
X : 8.0%
202
X : 2.0%
The weight average atomic mass of the naturally occurring element X is
(A) 199 amu (B) 200 amu (C) 201 amu (D) 202 amu
Ans (B)
A =  f i A i (fi = fractional abundance, Ai = atomic mass)
= 0.90 × 200 + 0.08 × 199 + 0.02 × 202
= 180 + 15.92 + 4.04 = 200 amu

48
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

6. 100 mL of PH3 on heating forms P and H2. The volume change in the reaction is
(A) an increase of 50 mL (B) an increase of 100 mL
(C) an increase of 150 mL (D) a decrease of 50 mL
Ans (A)
2PH3(g) → 2P(s) + 3H2(g)
2 mL of PH3 on decomposition gives 3 mL of H2 i.e., increase by 1 mL
100
∴ 100 mL of PH3 gives × 3 mL of H 2 = 150 mL
2
Increase in volume = 150 − 100 = 50 mL
7. The total number of protons in 10 g of CaCO3 is
(A) 3.0115 × 1024 (B) 1.5057 × 1024 (C) 2.0478 × 1024 (D) 4.0956 × 1024
Ans (A)
Each CaCO3 molecule contains 50 protons
100 g of CaCO3 contains 50 × 6.022 × 1023 protons
10 × 50 × 6.022 × 1023
∴ 10 g of CaCO3 contains protons = 3.011 × 1024 protons
100
8. One litre of a gas at STP weighs 1.16 g. The gas is
(A) C2H2 (B) CO (C) O2 (D) CH4
Ans (A)
1 L of gas at STP weighs 1.16 g
∴ 22.7 L of gas at STP weighs 22.7 × 1.16 = 26.33 g
The molecular mass corresponds to that of ethyne, C2H2.
9. The number of molecules present in a drop of water weighing 0.06 g is approximately
(A) 1021 (B) 2 × 1021 (C) 3 × 1021 (D) 4 × 1021
Ans (B)
18 g of H2O contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.06
0.06 g H2O contains × 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 2 ×1021 molecules
18
10. Common salt obtained from sea water contains 95% NaCl by mass. The approximate number of
molecules present in 10.0 g of the salt is
(A) 1021 (B) 1022 (C) 1023 (D) 1024
Ans (C)
58.5 g of NaCl contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules
10 g of NaCl contains 1.03 × 1023 molecules of NaCl
95
Total number of molecules in 95 % NaCl = × 1.03 × 1023 = 0.98 × 1023 ~ 1 × 1023
100
11. The mass of a molecule of C60H122 is
(A) 1.4 × 10–21 g (B) 1.09 × 10–21 (C) 5.025 × 1023 (D) 16.023 × 1023 g
Ans (A)
Molar mass of C60 H122 = 842 g mol−1
842
Mass of one molecule = g = 1.4 × 10−21 g
6.0 × 1023

49
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

12. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number
of their molecule is
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 7 : 32 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 3 : 16
Ans (B)
n O2 m O2 M N 2 1 28 7
= × = × =
n N 2 m N 2 M O2 4 32 32

13. The incorrect statement among the following is

(A) one gram atom of carbon contains NA of atoms
(B) one mole of oxygen gas contains NA of molecules
(C) one mole of hydrogen gas contains NA of atoms
(D) one mole of electrons stands for NA of electrons
Ans (C)
1 mole of H2 gas = 2 × NA of H atoms
14. The mass of CaO obtained by heating 20 kg of 90% pure limestone is
(A) 11.2 kg (B) 8.4 kg (C) 10.08 kg (D) 16.8 kg
Ans (C)
90
Mass of pure limestone = × 20 = 18 kg
100
∆
CaCO3  → CaO + CO 2
100 kg of CaCO3 forms 56 kg of CaO
18 × 56
18 kg of CaCO3 forms kg of CaO = 10.08 kg
100
15. The pair of species having the same percentage of carbon is
(A) CH3COOH and C6H12O6 (B) CH3COOH and C2H5OH
(C) HCOOCH3 and C12H22O11 (D) C6H12O6 and C12H22O11
Ans (A)
Both CH3COOH and C6H12O6 have the same empirical formula.
24 72
% of C in CH3COOH = ×100 = 40% ; % of C in C6H12O6 = ×100 = 40%
60 180
16. One cm3 of N2O at STP contains
1.8 6.022
(A) × 1022 atoms (B) × 1023 molecules
227 22700
1.32
(C) × 1023 electrons (D) all of (A), (B) and (C)
227
Ans (D)
22700 cm3 of any gas at STP contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules
6.022 × 1023 3 × 6.022 × 1023 6.022 × 1023
∴ 1 cm3 of N2O contains molecules = atoms = × 22electrons
22700 22700 22700
17. 10 L of O2 gas reacts with 30 L of CO at STP. The volume of each gas present at the end of the reaction
are
(A) CO = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L (B) O2 = 10 L, CO = 30 L
(C) CO = 20 L, CO2 = 10 L (D) O2 = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L

50
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (A)
1
CO + O2 → CO2
2
1
1 L of CO reacts with L of O2 to produce 1 L of CO2
2
∴ 10 L O2 reacts with 20 L of CO to produce 20 L of CO2
∴ CO unreacted = 10 L and CO2 produced = 20 L; O2 left = Nil
18. The concentration of nitrate ions on mixing equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.1 M NaCl is
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.2 M (C) 0.05 M (D) 0.25 M
Ans (C)
0.1 M AgNO3 react with 0.1 M NaCl to form 0.1 M NaNO3
0.1
But as the volume is doubled, concentration of NO3− = = 0.05 M
2
19. On heating 7.85 g of BaCO3, the volume of CO2 released at STP is [Given: Atomic mass of Ba = 137]
(A) 0.70 L (B) 2.24 L (C) 4.06 L (D) 0.904 L
Ans (D)
197 g of BaCO3 decomposes to liberate 22.7 L at STP
7.85
7.85 g of BaCO3 decomposes to liberate × 22.7 at STP
197
= 0.904 L
→ 2Al3+ (aq) + 6Cl− (aq) + 3H 2 (g)
20. In the reaction, 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 
(A) 11.35 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of HCl(aq) consumed
(B) 6 L HCl (aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2 (g) produced
(C) 34.05 L H2 (g) is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole of Al that reacts
(D) 68.1 L H2 (g) at STP is produced for every mole of Al that reacts
Ans (A)
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  → 2Al3+ (aq) + 6Cl− (aq) + 3H 2 (g)
Thus, 6 moles of HCl produces 3 × 22.7 L of H2 at STP
3 × 22.7
∴ 1 mole of HCl produces H2 at STP = 11.35 L
6
21. The amount of zinc required to produce 227 mL of H2 at STP on treating with dil. H2SO4 is
(A) 0.65 g (B) 6.5 g (C) 65 g (D) 0.065 g
Ans (A)
Zn + H 2SO 4 → ZnSO4 + H 2
65g 22700 mL

Mass of Zn required to produce 227 mL of H2 = 0.65 g

22. The mole fraction of glycerin C3H5(OH)3 in a solution containing 36 g of water and 46 g of glycerin
is
(A) 0.46 (B) 0.40 (C) 0.20 (D) 0.36
Ans (C)
46 36 0.5
n glycerine = = 0.5 ; n water = =2 x glycerine = = 0.2
92 18 2 + 0.5

51
1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

23. A 9.8 g of H2SO4 is present in 2 L of a solution. The molarity of the solution is

(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.05 M (C) 0.01 M (D) 0.2 M
Ans (B)
mass of solute 9.8
Molarity = = = 0.05 mol L–1
molar mass × volume of solution (in L) 98 × 2
24. 250 mL of a sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65 g of Na2CO3. If 10 mL of the solution is diluted to
one litre, then the concentration of the resultant solution is [Given: Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol–1]
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.001 M (C) 0.01 M (D) 10–4 M
Ans (B)
w (g) × 1000 2.65 × 1000
Molarity = = = 0.1 mol L−1
molecular mass × V(mL) 106 × 250
M1V1 = M2V2
0.1 × 10 = M2 × 1000
0.1 × 10
M2 =
1000
M2 = 0.001 M
25. A 5.3 g of Na2CO3 dissolved to make 250 cm3 of the solution. The normality of the resulting solution is
(A) 0.1 N (B) 0.2 N (C) 0.4 N (D) 0.8 N
Ans (C)
106
Equivalent mass of Na 2 CO3 = = 53g
2
5.3 1
Normality = × × 1000 = 0.4 g eq L−1
53 250
26. The volume of water to be added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 N H2SO4 to get decinormal concentration is
(A) 100 cm3 (B) 450 cm3 (C) 500 cm3 (D) 400 cm3
Ans (D)
N1V1 = N2V2
i.e. 0.5 × 100 = 0.1 × V2
V2 = 500 cm3
Water to be added to 100 cm3 solution = 500 − 100 = 400 cm3
27. The volume of 0.5 M H2SO4 needed to dissolve 0.5 g of copper(II) carbonate is
(A) 0.81 mL (B) 0.081 mL (C) 8 mL (D) 81 mL
Ans (C)
CuCO3 + H2SO4  → CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O
0.5
Number of moles of CuCO3 = = 4.05 × 10−3
123.5
(V × M)CuCO3 = (V × M) H2SO4
4.05 × 10–3 = V × 0.5 VH2SO4 = 8.1 × 10−3 L

28. 20 g of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) reacts with 10 g of O2 to form acetic acid (CH3COOH) in a closed
container. The limiting reagent in the reaction is
(A) acetaldehyde (B) oxygen
(C) acetic acid (D) both acetaldehyde and oxygen

52
 1PBDBECS-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Ans (A)
1
CH 3 CHO + O 2 → CH 3 COOH
2
16 g of O2 requires 44 g of CH3CHO
10 × 44
10 g of O2 requires g of CH3CHO
16
= 27.5 g
But only 20 g of acetaldehyde is available. Therefore, acetaldehyde is the limiting reagent.
29. The hydrated salt Na2SO4⋅xH2O undergoes 55.9% loss in mass on heating, and becomes anhydrous. The
value of x is
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 10
Ans (D)
18 x
Percent loss of H2O from one mol of Na2SO4 ⋅ xH2O = × 100 = 56
142 + 18 x
Solving, x = 10
30. The volume occupied by 22.7 L of water vapour at STP when condensed to water is
(A) 18 L (B) 1 L (C) 1 mL (D) 18 mL
Ans (D)
22.7 L water vapour at STP = 1 mol H2O (l)
= 18 g H2O (l) = 18 mL H2O (since density of H2O is 1 g mL−1)

***

53
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

2. Structure of Atom
Exercise

Unit I
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. Name the fundamental particles of an atom. [March 2013]
Solution
Proton, Electron and Neutron
2. What is the charge of an electron? [March 2015]
Solution
Absolute charge: –1.6022 × 10–19 C
3. What is a proton?
Solution
Proton is a positively charged particle present in the nucleus with a mass of 1.672 × 10−27 kg
4. What is the mass of a proton in amu?
Solution
1.00727 amu
5. Name the constituents of nucleus of an atom.
Solution
Protons and neutrons
6. What is atomic number?
Solution
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
7. The atomic number of an element is Z. Its mass number is A. What is the number of neutrons in the
nucleus?
Solution
Number of neutrons = A − Z
8. Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in 80
35 Br .

Solution
Protons = 35 and neutrons = 45
9. What is an isotope?
Solution
Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass number
10. What is an isobar?
Solution
Atoms of different elements having different number of protons but same number of nucleons
11. Define the wavelength of radiation.
Solution
Distance between any two successive crests or troughs of a wave
12. Define the frequency of electromagnetic radiation.
Solution
Number of waves passing through a given point in one second

54
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

13. How are velocity, frequency and wavelength of light related?

Solution
c = νλ
14. What is the wavelength range of visible spectrum?
Solution
400 nm − 750 nm
15. What is quantum?
Solution
Small discrete packets of energy
16. Write the expression to calculate the energy of a quanta.
Solution
E = hν
17. What is photoelectric effect? [May 2016]
Solution
When a light of suitable frequency is irradiated on a metal surface, electrons or ejected from the surface
of the metal. This phenomenon is called photoelectric effect.

Problems
18. A certain particle carries 2.5 × 10–16 C of static electric charge. Calculate the number of electrons in it.
Solution
charge on the particle 2.5 × 10−16 C
No. of electrons = = = 1560.35 ≈ 1560
charge on an electron 1.6022 × 10−19 C
235
19. Find the number of protons and neutrons in 92 U.
Solution
No. of protons = Z = 92
No. of neutrons = A − Z = 235 − 92 = 143

Unit II
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. What is meant by emission spectrum?
Solution
Spectrum of radiation emitted by a substances that has absorbed energy
2. What is electromagnetic spectrum?
Solution
Arrangement of different types of radiations in the increasing or decreasing order of their wavelengths.
3. What is dual nature of light?
Solution
Light has both particle and wave nature. It is called dual nature of light.
4. Write Rydberg equation.
Solution
1 1 1
ν= =R 2 − 2
λ n
 1 n 2

55
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

5. What is the value of Rydberg constant? [March 2013]

Solution
Rydberg’s constant = 1.097 × 107 m–1
6. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which lies in UV region.
Solution
Lyman series
7. How many lines are observed in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum?
Solution
Four lines
8. What is the value of n2 for the third line in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum?
Solution
n2 = 5 (for third line in the Balmer series)
9. Name the region of electromagnetic spectrum to which the Balmer series of hydrogen belongs.
[May 2016]
Solution
Visible region
10. The spectrum of He+ ion is expected to be similar to that of hydrogen. Why?
Solution
Both He+ and H are unielectron species.
11. How does the electron behave according to de Broglie?
Solution
Both like a particle as well as like a wave (dual nature)
12. Write de Broglie (or matter-wave) equation. [May 2006]
Solution
h
λ=
mc

Short answer questions (SA)

13. Write any two limitations of Rutherford model of an atom. [March 2023]
Solution
(i) Could not explain the line emission spectra of elements
(ii) Could not explain the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies
14. What are the demerits of Bohr’s atomic model? [May 2016]
Solution
(i) Fails to explain the spectra of multi electron species
h
(ii) Does not explain why the angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of
2π
nh
i.e., mvr =
2π
(iii) Could not explain fine spectrum of hydrogen

56
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

15. Write the expression for angular momentum of an electron. Mention the terms in it.
Solution
nh
mvr =
2π
where m = mass of the electron v = velocity of the electron
r = radius of the orbit n = principal quantum number
h = Planck’s constant
16. Give any two evidences in favour of Bohr’s theory.
Solution
• The spectra of hydrogen or hydrogen like unielectron species such as He+, Li+2 can be explained
based on Bohr’s theory.
• The frequencies (or wavelengths) of spectral lines determined experimentally are in good agreement
with the values calculated based on Bohr’s theory.
17. State and explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
[May 2015, March 2014, March 2018, February 2020]
Solution
It is impossible to determine both the momentum and the position of a moving subatomic particle such
as the electron simultaneously and accurately.
h
∆x × ∆p ≥ .
4π

Problems
18. The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) threshold wavelength and (b) threshold
frequency of the radiation. If caesium is irradiated with a wavelength of 500 nm. Calculate the kinetic
energy and the velocity of the ejected electron.
Solution
(a) hν0 = E0 (work function)
= 1.9 eV = 1.9 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
1.9 × 1.6 × 10−19 J
Threshold frequency, ν 0 = = 4.5880 × 10–14 s–1
6.626 × 10−34 Js
c 3 × 108 ms −1
(b) λ 0 = = = 658.18 nm
ν 0 4.5880 × 1014 s −1
Kinetic energy = Energy of incident photon – Threshold energy
hc
= − E0
λ
6.626 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 ms −1
= −9
− (1.9 × 1.6 × 10−19 )
500 × 10 m
= 3.9756 × 10–19 – 3.04 × 10–19 = 9.356 × 10–20 J
1
Kinetic energy = mv 2
(K.E.) 2
2 × K.E 2 × 9.356 × 10−20
v= = = 14.34 × 105 ms–1
m 9.1 × 10−31

57
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

19. Calculate the frequency of green light whose wavelength is 486 nm.
Solution
c
ν=
λ
3 × 108 ms −1
= = 6 × 1014 s −1 (i.e.,) ν = 6 × 1014 Hz
486 × 10−9 m
20. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation of frequency 1.5 × 1015 Hz?
Solution
c
λ=
ν
3 × 108 ms −1
= [∵ 1 Hz = per sec]
1.5 × 1014 s −1
= 2 × 10−7 m (or) 200 × 10−9 m (i.e.,) λ = 200 nm
21. Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does a radiation of frequency 6.6 × 1014 Hz belong to?
Solution
c
λ=
ν
3 × 108 m s −1
= = 0.4545 × 10−6 m (or) 454.5 × 10−9 m
6.6 × 1014 s −1
(i.e.,) λ = 454.5 nm belongs to the visible region
22. The red light of a traffic signal has a wavelength of 693 nm. Calculate the energy of red light.
Solution
hc
E=
λ
6.626 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 ms −1
=
693 × 10−9 m
= 0.02868 × 10−17 J (i.e.,) E = 2.868 × 10−19 J
23. Calculate the energy of a photon of wavelength 589 nm.
Solution
hc
E=
λ
6.626 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 ms −1
=
589 × 10−9 m
= 0.03374 × 10−17 J (i.e.,) E = 3.374 × 10−19 J
24. Calculate the energy of one mole of photons of radiation whose frequency is 5 × 1014 Hz. [Feb 2024]
(Given: h = 6.626 × 10−34 Js, Avogadro number = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1).
Solution
E =NAhν
= 6.022 × 1023 mol−1 × 6.626 × 10−34 Js × 5 × 1014 s−1
= 199.50 × 103 J mol−1
= 199.50 kJ mol−1

58
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

25. Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.5 × 107 ms−1 and
h = 6.626 × 10−34 Js.
Solution
h
λ=
mv
6.626 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
= [∵ 1 J = kg m 2s −2 ]
9.1 × 10−31 kg × 2.5 × 107 ms −1
= 0.2912 × 10−10 m (i.e.,) λ = 2.912 × 10−11 m
26. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a ball of 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 100 m s−1.
Solution
h
λ=
mv
6.626 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
=
0.1 kg × 100 ms −1
= 0.6626 × 10−34 m (i.e.,) λ = 6.626 × 10−35 m
27. Calculate the wave number and wavelength of the first line in Balmer series
[Given: R = 1.097 × 107 m−1] [May 2015]
Solution
1  1 1 
ν = = RH  2 − 2 
λ  n1 n 2 
For the 1st line in Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 3
 1 1
ν = 1.097 × 107  2 − 2 
2 3 
1 1 9−4
= 1.097 × 107  −  = 1.097 × 107  
4 9  36 
= 1.5236 × 106 m−1
1 1
λ= = = 6.56 × 10−7 m i.e., 656 nm
ν 1.5236 × 106
28. Calculate the wavelength of the third line in Balmer series.
Solution
For the 3rd line in the Balmer series; n1 = 2, n2 = 5
1 1 1 1 1
ν = = R  2 − 2  = 1.097 × 107 m −1  2 − 2 
λ  n1 n 2  2 5 
 25 − 4 
= 1.097 × 107 m −1   = 0.23037 × 107 m −1
 100 
1 1
λ= = m = 4.34 × 10−7 m
ν 0.23037 × 107
29. Calculate the wavelengths of Hβ and Hγ lines of the hydrogen spectrum.
Solution
For Hβ line of the hydrogen spectrum n1 = 2, n2 = 4
1 1 1  4 − 1  −1
ν = = 1.097 ×107 m −1  2 − 2  = 1.097 ×107 m −1  m
λ 2 4   16 
= 2.0625 × 106 m−1

59
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

1
λ= m
2.0625 × 106
= 4.848 × 10−7 m (i.e.,) 485 nm
For Hγ line of the hydrogen spectrum, n1 = 2, n2 = 5
1 1 1  25 − 4 
ν = = 1.097 ×107 m −1  2 − 2  = 1.097 ×107 m −1 
λ 2 5   100 
= 0.2304 × 107 m−1
1
λ=
ν
1
= m
0.2304 × 107
= 4.34 × 10−7 m (i.e.,) 434 nm
30. (a) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1. What is the
energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(b) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
Solution
 1 
Energy associated with the nth orbit = −R H  2 
n 
1
Energy associated with the 5th orbit = –2.18 × 10–18 × 2 J = – 8.72 × 10–20 J
5
th 2
Radius of the n orbit = n .a0
Radius of the 5th orbit = (5)2. 52.9 pm = 1.3225 nm
31. Calculate the energy required for the process
He + (g) 
→ He 2 + (g) + e −
The ionisation enthalpy for the hydrogen atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1.
Solution
Z2 22
Energy required = ( IE ) H 2 = 2.18 × 10−18 × 2 = 8.72 × 10–18 J atom–1
n 1
32. Calculate the wavelength of an electron with a velocity of 1.8 × 104 ms−1. [Given: mass of the electron is
9 × 10−31 kg and Planck’s constant is 6.626 × 10−34 Js]
Solution
h
λ=
mv
6.626 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
=
9.1 × 10−31 kg × 1.8 × 104 ms −1
= 0.4045 × 10−7 m (i.e.,) λ = 4.045 × 10−8 m
33. Calculate the mass of an electrically charged particle moving with a velocity of 3 × 106 ms−1 and having
de Broglie wavelength of 2 × 10−10 m.
Solution
h 6.626 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
m= =
λv 2 × 10−10 m × 3 × 106 ms −1
= 1.104 × 10−30 kg

60
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

34. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom with in a distance of
0.1 Å. What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of velocity?
[Given : Mass of electron = 9.11 × 10–31 kg]
Solution
h
∆v =
4 π ⋅ ∆x ⋅ m
6.626 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
=
4 × 3.14 × 0.1 × 10−10 m × 9.11 × 10−31 kg
= 0.579 × 107 m s–1

Unit III
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. Write Schrodinger equation. [March 2014]
Solution
Ĥψ = Eψ where Ĥ is the Hamiltonian operator
2. How many quantum numbers are required to describe an electron in atom? [March 2018]
Solution
Four
3. What is the significance of principal quantum number?
Solution
Gives the main energy level to which an electron belongs
4. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be present in any main energy level n, where n is the
principal quantum number?
Solution
Maximum number of electrons in any main energy level, n = 2n2
5. What is the significance of azimuthal quantum number?
Solution
Represents the subenergy level and shape of the orbital to which an electron belongs.
6. Which orbital is designated by quantum numbers n = 2 and l = 1?
Solution
2p
7. What is the shape of s-orbital? [March 2023]
Solution
Spherical
8. What is the shape of p-orbitals?
Solution
Dumb-bell
9. What is the shape of d-orbitals?
Solution
Double dumb-bell

61
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

10. What is the value of l for a double dumb-bell shaped orbital?

Solution
l=2
11. What is the value of orbital quantum number for d electrons?
Solution
l=2
12. What is the total value of m for a given value of l = 2?
Solution
m = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
13. Write all the possible values of l when n = 3.
Solution
l = 0, 1, 2
14. Name the orbital when n = 3 and l = 2. [May 2016]
Solution
3d
15. What does magnetic quantum number signify?
Solution
Orientation of orbitals in the three dimensional space under the influence of magnetic field
16. State Pauli’s exclusion principle. [March 2023]
Solution
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (or) only two electrons may
exist in the same orbital and these electrons must have opposite spin
17. State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. [March 2015, March 2013, March 2019]
Solution
Pairing of electrons in the orbitals of the same sub-shell does not take place until each orbital belonging
to that sub-shell has got one electron each
18. Write the electronic configuration of an atom with atomic number 24. [May 2016]
Solution
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
(or) [Ar]18 4s1 3d5
19. How many unpaired electrons are present in phosphorous atom?
Solution
Three
20. Write the electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 38.
Solution
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6 3d10 5s2
(or) [Kr]36 5s2
21. The outer electronic configuration of an element is 5s1. What is the atomic number of the element?
Solution
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6 3d10 5s1
Atomic number (Z) = 37

62
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

22. Write the electronic configuration of Cu.

Solution
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
23. Write the electronic configuration of Cu+. [March 2016]
Solution
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
24. The outer electronic configuration of chromium is 3d5 4s1 and not 3d4 4s2. Why?
Solution
Since the half-filled d-orbitals are more stable than the partially filled d-orbitals
25. How many p-electrons are present in 33As?
Solution
As (Z = 33)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3
Number of p-electrons = 6 + 6 + 3 = 15
26. 2d orbital does not exist. Why?
Solution
For the 2nd energy level, only two sub-energy levels are possible 2s (l = 0) and 2p (l = 1)

Short answer questions (SA)

27. Define an orbital.
Solution
Volume or region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electrons is maximum
28. Distinguish between an orbit and an orbital.
Solution
Orbit Orbital
• Closed fixed circular path where the • Volume of space around the nucleus where the
electrons are found revolving around the probability of finding the electrons is
nucleus. maximum.
• Two dimensional • Three dimensional
• Circular path • Spherical, dumb-bell, double dumb-bell.
• Can accommodate 2n electrons in each •
2
Only two electrons can be accommodated in an
orbit orbital
29. Sketch the shapes of s, p, d and f-orbitals. [March 2016]
Solution
s-orbital
s-orbital is spherical in shape.
Y

s
X

Z
Shape of s-orbital

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

p-orbital
p-orbitals are dumb-bell in shape.

d-orbitals
d-orbitals are double dumb-bell in shape.

f-orbitals
They have shapes that are quite complex.
30. Write all possible values of l and m for n = 3.
Solution
n l m
3 0 0
1 −1, 0, +1
2 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
31. How many total number of orbitals and electrons are associated with principal quantum number n = 3?
[March 2016]
Solution
9 orbitals and 18 electrons respectively.
32. State aufbau principle.
Solution
In the ground state of the atom, the orbitals are filled in the order of their increasing energies.
33. Arrange the following orbitals in the increasing order of energy: 3p, 3s, 3d, 4p, 4d, 4s, 5s.
Is it possible to have 1s3 configuration or not? [May 2017]
Solution
3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d
No, it is not possible to have 1s3 configuration.
34. Using s, p, d and f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers:
(i) n = 2, l = 1 (ii) n = 5, l = 3
Solution
(i) 2p (ii) 5f
35. Write the values of n, l, m and s for 3d1.
Solution
For 3d1  n = 3, l = 2, m = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
1
s=±
2

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

36. What is meant by electronic configuration? Write the electronic configuration of an element with atomic
number 26.
Solution
The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration.
Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 (or) [Ar]18 4s2 3d6
37. Write the quantum numbers for the electrons in the following orbitals: (i) 2p (ii) 3s (iii) 3d (iv) 4f.
Solution
Orbitals n l m s
(i) 2p 2 1 −1, 0, +1 1
±
2
1
(ii) 3s 3 0 0 ±
2
1
(iii) 3d 3 2 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 ±
2
1
(iv) 4f 4 3 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 ±
2
38. Write down the value of n, l and m for an electron present in 2pz orbital.
Solution
n = 2, l = 1 and m = 0
39. In 2p orbital, identify the following: [Feb 2024]
(i) Number of angular nodes
(ii) Number of radial nodes
(iii) Total number of nodes.
Solution
(i) Number of angular nodes = l = 1
(ii) Number of radial nodes = (n − l − 1) = (2 − 1 − 1) = 0
(iii) Total number of nodes = (n − 1) = (2 − 1) = 1

Long answer questions (LA)

40. An element has two K electrons, eight L electrons, and seven M electrons. Find (i) total number
s-electrons (ii) total number of p-electrons (iii) number of paired electrons (iv) number of unpaired
electrons.
Solution
K L M
2 8 7
2 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s2 3p5
(i) Total number of s-electrons = 6
(ii) Total number of p-electrons = 11
(iii) Number of paired electrons = 8 pairs i.e., 16 electrons
(iv) Number of unpaired electrons = 1

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

41. Write any three postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory. [Feb 2024]
Solution
(i) The electrons in an atom move around the nucleus in only certain fixed, closed circular paths called
orbits without emitting any radiation.
(ii) Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. Hence, these orbits are called energy levels
or stationary states.
(iii) Energy is emitted or absorbed when an electron jumps from one orbit to another. Energy absorbed or
emitted is equal to the difference in the energy of the two orbits i.e., ∆E = E2 − E1 = hv where
h is Planck’s constant.
∆E E 2 − E1
ν= = . This expression is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency rule.
h h
42. What are quantum numbers? Explain their significance.
[March 2015, May 2015, May 2016, March 2023]
Solution
The set of four numbers which gives the complete description of an electron in an atom i.e., energy,
orbital, size, shape, orientation of that orbital and the direction of electron spin are called quantum
numbers.
1. Principal quantum number (n)
Principal quantum number gives the average distance of the electron from the nucleus and
corresponds to the main energy level to which the electron belongs.
2. Azimuthal quantum number (l)
This is also known as orbital quantum number (as it describes the shape of an orbital). It is
represented as l. It determines the number of sublevels in a main energy level.
3. Magnetic quantum number (ml)
It indicates the orientation of orbitals in three dimensional space under the influence of magnetic
field and it is denoted by m.
4. Spin quantum number (ms)
Spin quantum number describes the spin of the electron on its own axis.

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Competitive Corner
Classwork MCQs

1. The incorrect statement about anode rays is

e
(A) Their ratio is constant
m
(B) They are deflected by electrical and magnetic field
(C) They are produced by ionisation of molecules of the residual gas
(D) They do not originate from anode
Ans (A)
2. The mass to charge ratio for A+ ion is 1.97 × 10−7 kg C−1. The mass of A atom is
(A) 9.1 × 10–28 kg (B) 3.1 × 10−25 kg (C) 3.15 × 10−26 kg (D) 9.1 × 10−25 kg
Ans (C)
m
= 1.97 ×10−7 (A+ → unit positive charge)
e
∴ m = e × 1.97 × 10−7
= 1.602 × 10−19 × 1.97 × 10−7 = 3. 15 × 10−26 kg
3. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of α-particles showed that the atom has
(A) Electrons (B) Protons (C) Neutrons (D) Nucleus
Ans (D)
4. Nitride ion consists of
(A) 7 protons + 10 electrons (B) 10 protons + 10 electrons
(C) 7 protons + 7 electrons (D) 10 protons + 7 electrons
Ans (A)
5. The addition of neutron to the nucleus of an atom changes
(A) Mass number (B) Atomic number
(C) Chemical nature of atom (D) Number of electrons
Ans (A)
6. Among the following, a pair of isobars is
35 37
(A) 17 Cl and 17 Cl (B) 12 13
6 C and 6 C (C) 14
6 C and 14
7 N (D) 12
6 C and 14
6 C
Ans (C)
40
7. The one which does not contain the same number of neutrons as that of 18 Ar is
41 43 40 42
(A) 19 K (B) 21 Sc (C) 21 Sc (D) 20 Ca
Ans (C)
40
18 Ar  n = 40 – 18 = 22
41
19 K  n = 41 – 19 = 22
43
21 Sc  n = 43 – 21 = 22
40
21 Sc  n = 40 – 21 = 19
42
20 Ca  n = 42 – 20 = 22
8. An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. The symbol of
the atom is
(A) 81
34 Se (B) 81
35 Br (C) 81
36 Kr (D) 81
37 Rb

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Ans (B)
Mass number of the element = p + n = 81
Let the number of protons be ‘x’
31.7
Number of neutrons = x + × x = 1.317x
100
x + 1.317 x = 81
2.317x = 81
81
x= = 34.9 ≃ 35
2.317
9. AIR services on Vividh Bharati is transmitted on 219 m band. The transmission frequency is
(A) 1.37 × 106 Hz (B) 6.6 × 105 Hz (C) 0.6 × 106 Hz (D) 6.5 × 106 Hz
Ans (A)
c 3 ×108
ν= = = 1.37 ×106 Hz
λ 219
10. The wavelength of a photon with energy 1 eV is
(A) 12420 Å (B) 1242 Å (C) 124.2 Å (D) 1.24 Å
Ans (A)
Energy = 1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J
hc 6.626 × 10 −34 Js × 3 × 10 8 m s −1 o
λ= = −19
= 12420 A
E 1.602 × 10 J
11. The frequency of yellow light having wavelength of 600 nm is
(A) 5.0 × 1014 Hz (B) 2.5 × 107 Hz (C) 5.0 × 107 Hz (D) 2.5 × 1014 Hz
Ans (A)
c 3 × 108 ms −1
v= = = 0.5 × 1015 Hz
λ 600 × 10−9 m
i.e., 5 × 1014 Hz
12. The work function for a metal is 4 eV. To emit a photoelectron of zero velocity from the surface of the
metal, the wavelength of incident light must be
(A) 2700 Å (B) 1700 Å (C) 5900 Å (D) 3100 Å
Ans (D)
hν = workfunction + KE
KE = 0 (as the velocity of photoelectron is zero)
hν = hν0
c
h = 4 eV
λ
hc 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
λ= =
4 4 × 1.602 × 10−19
= 3.102 × 10–7 m ~ 3100 Å
hc
13. A light of wavelength λ falls on metal having work function . Photoelectric effect takes place
λ0
only if
λ0
(A) λ ≥ λ 0 (B) λ ≥ 2λ 0 (C) λ ≤ λ 0 (D) λ ≤
2

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Ans (C)
For photoemission, the frequency of incident light must be higher than ν0. It means λ of incident light
lesser that λ0.
14. If threshold wavelength (λ0) for ejection of electron from metal is 330 nm, then work function for the
photoelectric emission is
(A) 1.2 × 10−18 J (B) 1.2 × 10−20 J (C) 6 × 10−19 J (D) 6 × 10−12 J
Ans (C)
Work function = Minimum energy required to just eject the electron
c 6.63 ×10−34 × 3 ×108
= hv 0 = h = −9
= 6 ×10−19 J
λ0 330 ×10
15. The graph that explains photoelectric effect is
KE KE KE KE

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Frequency (ν) Frequency ν Frequency ν Frequency ν

Ans (C)
KE = hν – hν0 (h is the slope of the line)
16. The incorrect statement among the following is
(A) a photon is a positively charged particle
(B) a photon is a particle of light energy
(C) a photon is a quantum of light
(D) Avogadro number of photons account for one Einstein of energy
Ans (A)
Positively charged nuclear particle is proton
17. The number of photon emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W sodium lamp is [Given: λ of photon = 6000 Å]
(A) 6.5 × 1024 (B) 7.2 × 1024 (C) 2.1 × 1019 (D) 3.3 × 1019
Ans (A)
E = P × t = 60 × 10 × 60 × 60 = 216 × 104 J
λ = 6000 Å = 6000 × 10–10 m
nhc
E=
λ
Eλ 216 × 104 × 6000 × 10−10
n= =
hc 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= 6.5 × 1024 photons
18. The radius of the Bohr’s orbit for hydrogen is 0.53 Å. The radius of third Bohr’s orbit is
(A) 0.79 Å (B) 1.59 Å (C) 3.18 Å (D) 4.77 Å
Ans (D)
n2
Radius of nth orbit = 0.53 × Å
Z
9
= 0.53 × Å = 4.77 Å
1

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

19. The most probable radius (in pm) for finding the electron in He+ ion is
(A) 0.0 (B) 52.9 (C) 26.5 (D) 105.8
Ans (C)
n2
Radius of hydrogen like species = 0.53 Å
z
1
∴ Radius of First orbit of He+ = 0.53 Å = 0.265 Å
2
= 0.265 × 10–8 cm
= 0.265 × 10–10 m = 26.5 × 10–12 m = 26.5 pm
20. The shortest wavelength in Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum is
(A) 102.5 Å (B) 1215.67 Å (C) 1127.30 Å (D) 911.7 Å
Ans (D)
Shortest wavelength corresponds to n2 = ∞, n1 = 1
1 1 1
ν = = R H  2 − 2  n1 = 1 n 2 = ∞
λ  n1 n 2 
1
= 109678(1 − 0)
λ
1
∴ λ= = 911.7Å
109678
21. The wavelength of 3rd line in Brackett series of hydrogen spectrum is
784 33R H 784R H 33
(A) (B) (C) (D)
33R H 784 33 784R H
Ans (A)
For Brackett series, n1 = 4 and n2 = 5, 6, 7 ... etc.
The 3rd line of Brackett series corresponds to transition from 7 to 4.
1 1 33
ν = RH  2 − 2  = RH ×
4 7  784
1 784
λ= =
ν 33R H
22. According to Bohr theory, the transition among the following in the hydrogen atom which gives rise to
the least energetic photon is observed in transition of
(A) 6 → 1 (B) 6 → 5 (C) 5 → 4 (D) 5 → 3
Ans (B)
 1 1 
∆E ∝  2 − 2  where n2 > n1
 n1 n 2 
23. The wavelength (in Å) of an emission line for Li2+ during electronic transition from n2 = 2 to
n1 = 1 is
4 27R 4 3R
(A) (B) (C) R (D)
27R 4 3 4
Ans (A)
1 1   4 − 1  27R 1 4
ν = RZ2  2 − 2  = R.32  = ∴ λ= =
1 2   4  4 ν 27R

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

24. According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum of an electron in 5th orbit is
2.5h 5h 25h 5π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
π π π 2h
Ans (A)
nh
∴ Angular momentum in nth orbit =
2π
5h
∴ Angular momentum in 5th orbit =
2π
2.5h
=
π
25. The ratio of the area covered by second orbit to the first orbit is
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 16 (C) 8 : 1 (D) 16 : 1
Ans (D)
rn∝ n2
∴ Area covered, (An∝ n4) (∵ Area = πr2)
A 24 16
∴ 2= 4 =
A1 1 1
26. If the radius of hydrogen in ground state is 0.53 Å, then the radius of Li2+ in ground state is
(A) 1.06 Å (B) 0.265 Å (C) 0.176 Å (D) 0.53 Å
Ans (C)
Radius for hydrogen like species,
n2
r = 0.53 × Å
Z
n2 1
Radius of Li2+ = 0.53 × Å = 0.53 × = 0.176 Å
3 3
27. The ionization energy of He+ is 19.6 × 10–18 J atom−1. The energy of electron in the first stationary state
of Li2+ is
(A) 8.82 × 10–17 J atom–1 (B) –4.41 × 10−17 J atom−1
(C) 4.41 × 10–17 J atom−1 (D) 21.2 × 10–18 J atom−1
Ans (B)
IE = – E1
E1 for He+ = –19.6 × 10–18 J atom–1
( E1 )He (Z )
2
+ +
= He 2
( E1 )Li 2+
( ZLi ) 2+

−18
−19.6 × 10 4
=
( E1 )Li2+ 9
−19.6 × 9 × 10−18
( E1 )Li 2+ =
4
= –4.41 × 10−17 J atom−1
28. If the energy of an electron in a H-atom is of −78.4 kcal mol−1, then the orbit of the electron is
[1 kcal mol–1 = 0.043 eV]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Ans (B)
13.6 z 2
En = − eV
n2
−13.6 (1)
2

n2 =
−3.37
2
n = 4.03
n=2
29. According to Bohr’s atomic model, total number of spectral lines of different energies obtained when an
electron jumps from 4th orbit to 1st orbit in a H-like species is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
Ans (B)

Total number of spectral lines = 2

( n − n1 )( n 2 − n1 + 1) = (4 − 1)(4 − 1 + 1) = 6
2 2
30. The speed of a proton is one hundredth of the speed of light in vacuum. The de Broglie wavelength is
(A) 13.31 × 10−3 Å (B) 1.32 × 10−3 Å (C) 13.13 × 10−2 Å (D) 1.31 × 10−2 Å
Ans (B)
1
Velocity of proton = × speed of light
100
1
= × 3 × 108 ms −1 = 3 × 106 ms −1
100
h 6.626 × 10−34
λ= = −27
= 1.318 × 10−3 Å
mv 1.672 × 10 × 3 × 10 6

31. If wavelength is equal to the distance travelled by the electron in one second, then
h h h h
(A) λ = (B) λ = (C) λ = (D) λ =
p m p m
Ans (D)
v = λ (given)
h h
λ= =
mv m ⋅ λ
h h
λ2 = ∴ λ=
m m
32. Considering the wavelengths of electron and proton to be equal, the ratio of their velocity is
[Given: mass of electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg, mass of proton = 1.67 × 10−27 kg]
(A) 1.6 (B) 91 (C) 15.20 (D) 1835
Ans (D)
λelectron = λproton
 h   h 
  = 
 mv e  mv  p
meve = mpvp
ve mp 1.67 × 10−27 1.67
= = −31
= × 104 = 1835.16
vp me 9.1 × 10 9.1

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

33. An electron of velocity ‘v’ is found to have a certain value of de Broglie wavelength. The velocity
possessed by neutron to have the same de Broglie wavelength is
v 1840
(A) 1820 v (B) (C) 3 v (D)
1840 v
Ans (B)
h h
λe = … (1), λn = … (2)
me ⋅ v 1840 m e v n
h h v
Since λ is the same, = ; vn =
me ⋅ v 1840me vn 1840

34. The uncertainty in the velocities of two particles, A and B are 0.05 and 0.02 ms−1 respectively and the
 ∆x 
mass of B is five times of that of A. The ratio of uncertainty  A  is
 ∆x B 
(A) 2 (B) 0.25 (C) 4 (D) 1
Ans (A)
h
∆x A = ... (1)
4πm A ⋅ ∆v A
h
∆x B = ... (2)
4πm B ∆v B
∆x A m B .∆v B 5m A .∆v B 5 × 0.02
= = = =2
∆x B m A .∆v A m A .∆v A 0.05
35. The uncertainty in the position of a bullet weighing 20 g is ±10–4 m. The uncertainty in its velocity is
(A) 2.63 × 10−29 cms−1 (B) 2.63 × 10−29 ms−1 (C) 0.263 × 10−29 cms−1 (D) 0.263 × 10−29 ms−1
Ans (B)
h 6.62 × 10 −34 kgm 2s −2s
∆v = = = 2.63 × 10–29 m s−1
4πm ∆x 4 × 3.14 × 20 × 10−3 kg × 10 −4 m

36. The number of spherical node, angular node and nodal planes for 3pz orbital are
(A) 3, 1, 0 (B) 1, 1, 1 (C) 2, 0, 1 (D) 2, 1, 1
Ans (B)
No. of spherical node of 3pz = n − l − 1 = 3 − 1 – 1 = 1
No. of angular node of 3pz = l = 1
No. of nodal plane for 3pz = l = 1
37. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p respectively are
(A) 2 and 0 (B) 1 and 2 (C) 0 and 2 (D) 2 and 1
Ans (A)
Number of radial nodes = n −l − 1
For 3s, radial nodes = 3 − 0 − 1 = 2
For 2p, radial nodes = 2 − 1 − 1 = 0
38. The subenergy level that allows the hydrogen atom to absorb energy but not emit energy is
(A) 3s (B) 2p (C) 2s (D) 1s
Ans (D)
1s subenergy level has lowest energy. This electronic level would allow only absorption of energy.

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

39. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electron of Rubidium (Z = 37) is
(A) 5, 0, 0, + 1/2 (B) 5, 1, 0, + 1/2 (C) 5, 1, 1, + 1/2 (D) 6, 0, 0, + 1/2
Ans (A)
Electronic configuration of Rb (Z = 37) : [Kr]36
Valence electron = 5 s1
n = 5; l = 0; m = 0; s = ± ½
40. The element in which the last electron of the outermost orbit has m = 0 is
(A) Na (B) O (C) Cl (D) N
Ans (A)
n l m
2 2 6 1
Na (Z = 11) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3 0 0
2 2 4
O (Z = 8) 1s 2s 2p 2 1 +1, 0, – 1
2 2 6 2 5
Cl (Z = 17) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3 1 +1, 0, –1
2 2 3
N (Z = 7) 1s 2s 2p 2 1 +1, 0, –1
41. The set of four quantum numbers of a 4d – electron is represented as
1 1 1
(A) 4, 3, 2, + (B) 4, 2, 1, 0 (C) 4, 3, − 1, + (D) 4, 2, 1, +
2 2 2
Ans (D)
42. The maximum number of orbitals that can be identified with the following quantum number
n = 3, l = 1, m = 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans (A)
n = 3, l = 1, m = 0
It is 3p orbital with magnetic quantum number = 0
So, it should be 3pz
43. An electron with highest energy in the set is
1 1 1 1
(A) 3, 2, 1, (B) 4, 2, − 1, (C) 4, 1, 0, − (D) 5, 0, 0,
2 2 2 2
Ans (B)
(n + l) ∝ energy
44. Higher the (n + l) value, more the energy of electron. The number of electrons with the azimuthal
quantum numbers l = 1 and 2 of Cu atom (Z = 29) in the ground state respectively are
(A) 12 and 10 (B) 12 and 5 (C) 16 and 4 (D) 16 and 5
Ans (A)
2 2 6 2 6 10 1
29Cu = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

l = 1 means p-subshell and l = 2 means d-subshell

l = 1 is for 2p6 and 3p6
∴ Total electrons = 12
l = 2 is for 3d10
∴ Total electrons = 10

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

45. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated is

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
Ans (B)
According to aufbau principle, filling of electrons in various subshells of an atom takes place in the
increasing order of energy.
Order of energy of orbitals : 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s
Filling of 2p-orbital begins only after filling 2s-orbital.
Incorrect

Correct

46. The (n + l) value for the orbital A is 2 + 1 = 3 and for B is 3 + 0 = 3. The energy of
(A) A > B (B) B > A
(C) A = B (D) A and B cannot be predicted
Ans (B)
47. The incorrect electronic configuration among the following is
(A) [ Ar ] 3d 4 4s 2 (B) [ Ar ] 3d 5 4s1 (C) [ Ar ] 3d 6 4s 2 (D) [ Ar ] 3d10 4s1
Ans (A)
Due to the stability of half-filled (d5) orbitals
48. Consider the ground state of Cr atom, the number of electrons with azimuthal quantum number
l = 1 and l = 2 respectively
(A) 12 and 4 (B) 16 and 5 (C) 15 and 4 (D) 12 and 5
Ans (D)
Cr (Z = 24): = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
Total number of electrons in l = 1 i.e., p-subshell = 6 + 6 = 12
Total electron of electrons in l = 2 i.e., d-subshell = 5
49. In the ground state of Cu+, the number of shells occupied, subshells occupied, filled orbitals and
unpaired orbitals respectively are
(A) 4,8, 15 and 0 (B) 3, 6, 15 and 1 (C) 3, 6, 14 and 0 (D) 4, 7, 14 and 2
Ans (C)
Cu+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
Number of shells = 3; Number of subshells occupied = 6; Number of orbitals = 14;
Number of unpaired electrons = 0
50. The following pairs of ions having the same electronic configuration is
(A) Cr3+, Fe3+ (B) Fe3+, Mn2+ (C) Fe3+, Co3+ (D) Sc3+, Cr3+
Ans (B)
Fe3+ and Mn2+ : [Ar] 3d5

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Assignment MCQs
1. The ratio of charge to mass is higher for
(A) Proton (B) Electron (C) Neutron (D) Alpha
Ans (B)
Lower the mass of the species, higher the e/m ratio.
2. The ratio of mass of proton and electron is
(A) infinite (B) 1.8 × 103 (C) 1.8 (D) 1.8× 10–3
Ans (B)
Mass of proton 1.67 × 10−27 kg
= −31
= 1.835 × 103
Mass of electron 9.1 × 10 kg
3. The neutron was discovered later because
(A) it is present in the nucleus (B) it is a fundamental particle
(C) it does not move (D) it does not carry any charge
Ans (D)
39 40
4. The species 19 K and 20 Ca are called
(A) Isosters (B) Isobars (C) Isotones (D) Isodiaphers
Ans (C)
Atoms of different elements having the same number of neutrons are called isotones.
39
19 K  n = 39 – 19 = 20
40
20 Ca  n = 40 – 20 = 20
5. Isotopes of a given element have the same
(A) Chemical properties (B) Physical properties
(C) Number of neutrons (D) Nuclear mass
Ans (A)
Isotopes have different physical properties. The number of neutrons and mass number is different.
35 37
6. The incorrect statement regarding Cl 17 and 17 Cl is
(A) Both have the same atomic number (B) Both have the same number of electrons
(C) Both have the same number of neutrons (D) Both have the same number of protons
Ans (C)
35 37
Isotopes 17 Cl 17 Cl

No. of neutrons 35 – 17 37 – 17
= 18 = 20
7. Isobars are atoms of
(A) same atomic number (B) same elements having same atomic mass
(C) different elements having same atomic mass (D) different elements having different atomic mass
Ans (C)
8. The frequency of a photon of wavelength 4000 Å is
(A) 7.5 × 1014 s−1 (B) 7.5 × 1016 s−1 (C) 8 × 10−14 s−1 (D) 6.5 × 10−15 s−1
Ans (A)
c
ν= λ = 4000 Å = 4 × 10–7 m
λ
3 × 108
= −7
= 0.75 × 1015 = 7.5 × 1014 s–1
4 × 10

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

9. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.63 × 10−34 Js and the velocity of light is 3.0 × 108 m s−1. The value
closest to the wavelength in nm of a quantum of light with frequency 8 × 1015 s–1 is
(A) 2 × 10−25 (B) 5 × 10−18 (C) 4 × 101 (D) 3 × 107
Ans (C)
c 3 × 108 ms −1
λ= = = 3.75 × 10−8 m = 37.5 × 10−9 m ≈ 40 nm
ν 8 × 1015 s −1
10. The order of the wave number of the given radiations: IR, UV, radio waves, X-rays and visible light is
(A) X-rays > IR > visible > UV > radio waves (B) radio waves > IR > visible > UV > X-rays
(C) X-rays > UV > visible > IR > radio waves (D) UV > visible > IR > radio waves > X-rays
Ans (C)
1
ν∝
λ
11. Of the following elements, photoelectric effect in the presence of candle light is shown by
(A) P (B) Ra (C) Li (D) Cs
Ans (D)
Due to low ionisation enthalpy
12. According to photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is directly proportional to
(A) Wavelength of light (B) Intensity of light
(C) Frequency of light (D) Velocity of incident radiation
Ans (C)
Higher the frequency of incident radiation, more the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.
13. The best suited metal for photoemission is
(A) K (B) Cs (C) Na (D) Li
Ans (B)
Cs has low ionisation energy.
14. In the Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, when the electron is moving in the same stationary orbit
(A) Velocity of the electron is fixed and no emission of energy takes place
(B) Velocity changes continuously but no emission of energy takes place
(C) Energy is emitted but the velocity does not change
(D) Energy is emitted and velocity also changes
Ans (A)
15. On moving away from the nucleus, the energy of the orbit
(A) decreases (B) increases
(C) remains unchanged (D) may increase or decrease
Ans (B)
13.6 z 2
Energy of the electron in the nth shell is given by E = − eV
n2
∴ As the value of ‘n’ increases energy also increases.
16. In the Balmer series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the electronic transition which corresponds to the
third line from the red end is
(A) 5 → 2 (B) 4 → 1 (C) 2 → 5 (D) 3 → 2
Ans (A)

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

17. The series of lines in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum is called
(A) Lyman series (B) Balmer series (C) Pfund series (D) Paschen series
Ans (B)
18. In hydrogen spectrum, least energetic transitions of electrons are observed in
(A) Lyman series (B) Balmer series (C) Brackett series (D) Pfund series
Ans (D)
The spectral lines of Pfund series have the longest wavelength and hence, least energy.
19. The electronic transition corresponding to the fourth line in the Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is
(A) 3 → 1 (B) 5 → 1 (C) 5 → 2 (D) 6 → 2
Ans (D)
For Balmer series
n1 = 2
∴ for 4th line n2 = n1 + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6 ∴ The electronic transition is from 6 → 2
20. Spectral lines similar to hydrogen atom are given by
(A) He, Li (B) He, Li+ (C) He+, Li+ (D) He+, Li2+
Ans (D)
He+ and Li2+ are one electron species
21. The ionization energy of H atom is 13.6 eV. The ionization energy of Li2+ ion is
(A) 54. 4 eV (B) 122.4 eV (C) 13.6 eV (D) 27.2 eV
Ans (B)
I.E = I.E(H) × Z2
I.E Li2+ = 13.6 × 9
= 122.4 eV
22. If velocity of an electron in the first orbit of H atom is V, then the velocity of electron in the third orbit
of Li+2 is
V
(A) V (B) (C) 3 V (D) 9 V
3
Ans (A)
For hydrogen like species,
Z 1
V = 2.188 × ; VH = 2.188 × = 2.188
n 1
3
V of Li2+ in 3rd orbit = 2.188 × = 2.188 V
3
23. In a hydrogen atom, the wavelength of the radiation emitted when electron falls from infinity to
stationary state 1 is [Given : Rydberg constant = 1.097 × 107 m–1]
(A) 91 nm (B) 192 nm (C) 406 nm (D) 9.1 × 10–8 nm
Ans (A)
1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107  2 −  m −1 = 1.097 × 107 m −1
λ 1 ∞ 
1 1
ν= m= = 9.1× 10−8 m = 91 nm
1.097 × 10 7
1.097 × 10 7

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

24. The first emission line in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen in the Balmer series appears at
9R 7R 3R 5R
(A) cm −1 (B) cm −1 (C) cm −1 (D) cm −1
400 144 4 36
Ans (D)
1 1 1
ν = =R 2 − 2
λ  n1 n 2 
For the first line of the Balmer series, n1 = 2 and n2 = 3.
1 1
=R 2 − 2
2 3 
1 1  9 − 4  5R
= R  −  = R = cm −1
4 9  36  36
25. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is
13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6
(A) − 4 eV (B) − 3 eV (C) − 2 eV (D) − eV
n n n n
Ans (C)
26. The energy of the first electron in helium ion (He+) is
(A) –13.6 eV (B) –54.4 eV (C) –5.44 eV (D) –1.36 eV
Ans (B)
z2 z2
E = −2.18 × 10−18 J × 2 = 13.6 eV × 2 [∵ 1 eV = 1.6022 × 10–19 J]
n n
22
= −13.6 eV × 2 = –54.4 eV
1
27. The ionization enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 J mol–1. The energy required to excite the
electron in the atom from n = 1 to n = 2 is
(A) 9.84 × 105 J mol–1 (B) 6.56 × 105 J mol–1 (C) 7.56 × 105 J mol–1 (D) 8.51 × 105 J mol–1
Ans (A)
 1 1  1 1 
E = (IE) H  2 − 2  = 1.312 × 106 J mol −1  2 − 2  = 9.84 × 105 J mol–1
 n1 n 2  1 2 

28. Band spectrum is given by

(A) Gaseous ions (B) Gaseous atoms (C) Gaseous molecules (D) Radicals
Ans (C)
The energy levels of molecules are so close to each other that they combine to form a band.
29. Bohr’s theory is not applicable to
(A) Be3+ (B) Li2+ (C) He2+ (D) H
Ans (C)
Bohr’s theory is applicable for unielectron atom/species. It is not applicable for He2+ which does not
contain any electron.
30. If a ball of mass 25 g moves with a velocity of 6.6 × 104 cm s−1, then de Broglie wavelength is
(A) 4 × 10−33 cm (B) 0.4 × 10−31 cm (C) 0.4 × 10−30 cm (D) 0.4 × 1020 cm
Ans (A)
h 6.626 × 10−34
λ= = = 4 × 10−33 cm
mv 25 × 10−3 × 660

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

31. The mass of an electron moving with the velocity of light is

(A) zero (B) infinity (C) 9.1 × 10−31 kg (D) m.c
Ans (B)
According to Einstein, if an object travels exactly at the speed of light, then it would possess infinite
mass.
32. If kinetic energy of an electron is 2.8 × 10−23 J, then de Broglie wavelength is [Given: me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg]
(A) 9.28 × 10−4 m (B) 9.28 × 10−7 m (C) 9.28 × 10−8 m (D) 9.28 × 10−10 m
Ans (C)
1
K.E = mv 2 = 2.8 × 10−23 J
2
2 × 2.8 × 10−23
v2 = = 61 × 106
9.1× 10−31
v = 61 ×103
v = 7.8 × 103 ms −1
33. The velocity of two particles A and B are 0.05 and 0.02 ms−1 respectively. The mass of B is five times
the mass of A. The ratio of their de Broglie wavelength is
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 1
Ans (C)
λ1 m 2 v2 5 × 0.02
= = = 2 :1
λ 2 m1v1 1× 0.05
h 6.626 ×10−34
λ= = = 9.3 × 10–8 m
mv 9.1×10−31 × 7.8 ×103
34. If numerical value of mass and velocity are equal then de-Broglie wavelength in terms of K.E is
mh vh
(A) (B)
2KE 2KE
(C) both (A) and (B) are correct (D) none of (A) and (B) is correct
Ans (C)
h h 1
Given: m = v ∴ λ = = 2 Also KE = mv 2
mv v 2
2KE h mh
v2 = λ= =
m  2 KE  2 KE
 
 m 
35. The mathematical expression for uncertainty principle is
h h h
(A) ∆x.∆p ≥ (B) ∆x.∆p ≥ (C) ∆x.∆p ≥ h (D) ∆x.∆v ≥
2π 4π 2
Ans (B)
h
Uncertainty principle is ∆x ⋅ ∆p ≥
4π
36. The number of nodal planes in the px orbital is
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) zero
Ans (A)
For the px orbital, l = 1
Number of nodal planes = l = 1

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37. The angular node as well as spherical node is not present in

(A) 1s (B) 2s (C) 2p (D) 3d
Ans (A)
Angular node for 1s = l = 0
Spherical node for 1s = n − l − 1 = 1 − 0 − 1 = 0
38. The d-orbital that does not have four lobes is
(A) d x 2 −y2 (B) dxy (C) dyz (D) d z 2
Ans (D)
39. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s-orbital is
h h h
(A) (B) zero (C) (D) 2
4π 2π 2π
Ans (B)
h
Orbital angular momentum = l(l + 1)
2π
For s-orbital l = 0
h
∴ Orbital angular momentum = 0(0 + 1) =0
2π
40. The correct set of quantum numbers of a 4d electron is
1 1 1
(A) 4, 3, 2, + (B) 4, 2, 1, 0 (C) 4, 3, − 2, + (D) 4, 2,1, −
2 2 2
Ans (D)
1
n = 4; l = 2; m = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2; s = ±
2
41. When the azimuthal quantum number value is 2, the number of orbitals possible are
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 7 (D) 5
Ans (D)
42. The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an element are given below as n = 2, l = 0, m = 0,
1
s = + . The atom is
2
(A) lithium (B) beryllium (C) hydrogen (D) boron
Ans (A)
1
The set of quantum number n = 2, l = 0 m = 0 s = + corresponds to 2s1.
2
2s1 corresponding to the outermost configuration of lithium.
43. The set of quantum numbers which represents the 19th electron of chromium is
n l m s
1
(A) 3 0 0
2
1
(B) 3 2 –2
2
1
(C) 4 0 0
2
1
(D) 4 1 –1
2

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Ans (C)
Electronic configuration of Cr [Z = 24]: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
The 19th electron of Cr has configuration [Ar] 4s1
44. The set of quantum numbers that represents the highest energy of an atom is
1 1
(A) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + (B) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = +
2 2
1 1
(C) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + (D) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 2
Ans (C)
Applying (n + l) rule, (C) has highest (n + l) value and hence has highest energy.
Alternatively, the subshells represented are 3s, 3p, 3d and 4s
The order of energy is 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d
45. The orbital which does not exist is
(A) 6f (B) 3f (C) 7s (D) 5f
Ans (B)
46. When 4f level of an atom is completely filled, the next electron enters into
(A) 5s (B) 6s (C) 5d (D) 5p
Ans (C)
47. If the ground state electron configuration of a certain atom is written as shown in the figure, then the rule
which is violated is (y-axis represents energy axis)
(A) n + l rule
(B) Pauli’s principle
(C) aufbau principle ↑ 4p4
(D) Hund’s rule E 4s1
4s
3d5
Ans (A)
n + l rule is violated since 4s orbital with n + l = 4 + 0 = 4 is shown to have higher energy than 3d
orbitals with n + l = 3 + 2 = 5.
48. The species which contains maximum number of unpaired electrons among the following is
(A) Mg2+ (B) Ti3+ (C) V3+ (D) Fe2+
Ans (D)
49. A gaseous metal ion M2+ has 5 unpaired electrons. The atomic number of the element is
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) 26 (D) 27
Ans (B)
M2+ has 5 unpaired electrons, electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5.
Hence, neutral atom has 23 + 2 = 25 electrons.
50. The number of d electrons with l = 2 in an atom of element with atomic number 23 is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Ans (B)
For ‘d’ subshell, l = 2
Z = 23 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
∴ Number of d electrons = 3

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

JEE Main

1. Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light of 4500 Å. If one quantum of radiation is
absorbed by each molecule, then the kinetic energy of iodine atoms is (Bond energy of I2 = 240 kJ mol−1)
(A) 4.4 × 10−9 J (B) 2.165 × 10−20 J (C) 2 × 10−19 J (D) 3.98 × 10−9 J
Ans (B)
Bond energy of I2 = 240 kJ mol−1
240 × 103
Bond energy of I 2 mol−1 = J atom −1 = 3.98 × 10−19 J atom−1
6.022 ×1023
hc 6 ⋅ 626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
Energy absorbed from the photon E = =
λ 4500 × 10−10
E = 4.417 × 10−19 J
The extra energy absorbed is converted to KE of iodine atoms.
One molecule of I2 dissociates to form two iodine atoms
Absorbed energy − Bond energy
K.E of each atom =
2
4 ⋅ 4173 × 10 − 3 ⋅ 984 × 10−19
−19
= = 2.165 × 10−20 J
2
2. The threshold frequency for photoelectric emission of electrons from platinum is 1.3 × 1015 s−1.
The incorrect statement among the following is
(A) the number of electrons ejected from the metal surface depends upon the intensity of radiation
having frequency ≤ 1.3 × 1015 s−1
(B) the radiation having energy 1 × 10−20 J to causes photoelectric effect
(C) if radiation having frequency 1.3 × 1014 s−1 strikes the platinum surface, photoelectrons are not
ejected.
(D) the kinetic energy of the emitted electron increases with increase in frequency provided it is greater
than 1.3 × 1015 s−1.
Ans (B)
Energy required for photoelectric emission = hυ = 6.6 × 10–34 × 1.3 × 1015 = 8.58 × 10–19 J
3. Light of wavelength λ shines on a metal surface with intensity x and the metal emits y electrons per
second of average energy z. If x is doubled, y and z change as
(A) y doubles and z becomes half (B) y remain same and z doubles
(C) both y and z doubles (D) y doubles but z remain same
Ans (D)
When intensity is doubled, number of electrons emitted per second is also doubled but average energy of
photoelectrons emitted remains the same.
4. The orbit among the following which has the same radius as that of the first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen
atom is
(A) He+ (n = 2) (B) Li2+ (n =2) (C) Li2+ (n =3) (D) Be3+ (n = 2)
Ans (D)
0 ⋅ 529 2
Radius of an orbit = n Å For H atom (Z = 1), r1 = 0.529 Å
Z
0 ⋅ 529 × 22
For Be3+ (Z = 4), r2 = Å = 0.529 Å
4

83
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

5. The Bohr’s radius of Li2+ ion for n = 2 is (Bohr’s radius of H-atom = a0) [JEE Main 2020]
3a 4a 0 a 16a 0
(A) 0 (B) (C) 0 (D)
4 3 3 9
Ans (B)
a n2
r= 0
Z
a (2) 2 4a 0
For Li2+ r = 0 =
3 3
6. The wavelength of electron in 4th Bohr’s orbit is [JEE Main 2020]
(A) 4 πa0 (B) 2 πa0 (C) 8 πa0 (D) 6 πa0
Ans (C)
2πr = nλ
n2
2 π × a 0 = nλ
z
42
2 π × a 0 = nλ λ = 8 πa 0
1
7. The fraction of volume occupied by the nucleus of an atom is [Given : ratom = 10−8 cm and
rnucleus = 10−13 cm ]
(A) 10–20 (B) 10–15 (C) 10–12 (D) none of (A), (B), (C)
Ans (B)
4
Radius of atom, r1 = 10−8 cm; Volume of atom = πr13
3
4
Radius of nucleus, r2 = 10−13 cm; Volume of nucleus = πr23
3
4 2
πr3  10−13 
3
3 r23
∴ Fraction of volume occupied by nucleus = = =  −8  = (10−5)3 = 10−15
4 3 r13  10 
πr1
3
8. In a hydrogen atom, the electron is at a distance of 4.761 Å from the nucleus. The angular momentum of
the electron is [Given : r0 = 53 pm]
h 3h h 2h
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2π 2π π π
Ans (B)
n2
rn = r0 .  rn = 4.761 Å = 476.1 pm
Z
r 476.1
∴ n= n = = 9 =3
r0 53
h 3h
Angular momentum, mvr = n =
2π 2π
9. The ratio of wave number of two transitions in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen is 108 : 7. These lines
correspond to
(A) first Lyman and first Brackett transition (B) first and second Lyman series transition
(C) first Lyman and first Balmer transition (D) first Lyman and first Paschen transition

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 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

Ans (D)
1 1
υ=R − 2 
 n2 n2 
1 1  3
For 1st Lyman transition, υ=R 2 − 2= R
1 2  4
1 1  3
For 1st Balmer transition, υ=R 2 − 2= R
1 2  4
1 1 7
For 1st Paschen transition, υ=R 2 − 2= R
 3 4  144
1 1 9
For 1st Brackett transition, υ=R 2 − 2= R
4 5  400
3 7 7
Lyman : Paschen = : = 3: = 108 : 7
4 144 36
1 1
10. Given, for H-Atom, v = R H  2 − 2 
 n1 n 2 
Select the correct options regarding this formula for Balmer series.
(i) n1 = 2
(ii) Ionization energy of H atom can be calculated from above formula.
(iii) λmaximum is for n2 = 3
(iv) If λ decreases then spectrum lines will converse. [JEE Main 2020]
(A) (i), (ii) (B) (iii), (iv) (C) (i) and (iii) (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans (C)
Theory based.
11. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 ms–1 with an accuracy of 0.005%. The certainty
with which the position of the electron can be located is
(A) 1.52 × 10−4 m (B) 5.10 × 10−3 m (C) 1.92 × 10−3 m (D) 3.84 × 10−3 m
Ans (C)
0 ⋅ 005
∆v = × 600 = 3 × 10−2 ms −1
100
h
x ⋅ m∆v =
4π
h
∆x =
4πm∆v
6 ⋅ 626 × 10−34
∆x =
4 × 3 ⋅ 14 × 9 ⋅ 1 × 10−31 × 3 × 10−2
∆x = 1.92 × 10−3 m
12. The uncertainty in the velocity of two particles A and B are 0.05 and 0.02 ms–1. The mass of B is five
 ∆x 
times to that of the mass of A. The ratio of uncertainty  A  in their positions is
 ∆x B 
(A) 2 (B) 0.25 (C) 4 (D) 1
Ans (A)
∆x A m A ∆v A = ∆x B m B ∆v B

85
1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

 ∆x  mB ∆VB 5 × 0.02
∴  A = = = 2:1
 ∆x B  mA ∆VA 1× 0.05
13. A 3p orbital has
(A) two non-spherical nodes (B) two spherical nodes
(C) one spherical and one non-spherical node (D) one spherical and two non-spherical nodes
Ans (C)
Radial node / spherical node = n − l − 1
Angular node / non-spherical node = l
14. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
n l m
(A) 2 1 0
(B) 2 1 1
(C) 3 1 1
(D) 3 0 0
Ans (C)
2 5
17Cl : [Ne] 3s 3p

For the last electron, n = 3, l = 1, m = −1, 0, +1

1
15. The number of orbitals possible for n = 5, m s = + is [JEE Main 2020]
2
(A) 25 (B) 30 (C) 50 (D) 35
Ans (A)

Numerical problems
16. What is the ratio of energy of a proton of 120 nm to that of λ = 480 nm?
Ans 4
1
E∝
λ
E1 480
= =4
E 2 120
17. Calculate the energy (kJ mol–1) of electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm sufficient to ionise
sodium.
Ans 494
Energy required to ionise sodium
hc 6.022 × 1023 × 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= NA ⋅ = −9
= 494 kJ mol−1
λ 242 × 10
18. The energy of one mole of photons of radiation of wavelength 300 nm is [JEE Main 2022]
−34 −1 −1
(Given : h = 6.63 × 10 Js, NA = 6.02 × 10 mol , c = 3 × 10 ms )
23 8

(A) 235 kJ mol−1 (B) 325 kJ mol−1 (C) 399 kJ mol−1 (D) 435 kJ mol−1
Ans (C)
hc 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
Energy of one mole of photons = × N A = × 6.02 × 1023
λ 300 × 10−9

86
 1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

= 399.13 × Joule mole−1

= 399 kJ mole−1
19. The wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy 4.50 × 10−29 J is _________ × 10−5 m. (Nearest integer)
Given: mass of electron is 9 × 10−31 kg, h = 6.6 × 10−34 Js [JEE Main 2023]
Ans 7
h 6.6 × 10−34 6.6 × 10−34 6.6 66
λ= = = −30
= × 10−4 = × 10−5 = 7.33 × 10−5
2mKE 2 × 9 × 10−31 × 4.5 × 10−29 9 × 10 9 9

20. What is the maximum number of spectral lines formed when an electron moves from n = 6 to the ground
state?
Ans 15
n(n − 1) 6(6 − 1)
No. of spectral lines formed = = = 15
2 2
21. The minimum uncertainty in the speed of an electron in an one dimensional region of length 2a0 (Where
a0 = Bohr radius 52.9 pm) is _____ km s−1. [JEE Main 2022]
−31 −34
[Given : Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10 kg, Planck’s constant h = 6.63 × 10 Js]
Ans 548
h
∆x.∆v ≥
4πm
∆x = 2 × 52.9 × 10−12 m
6.63 × 10−34
∆v ≥
4 × 3.14 × 9.1 × 10−31 × 2 × 52.9 × 10−12
∆v ≥ 5.48 × 10−4 × 109 ms−1
∆v ≥ 548 km s−1 (Rounded off to the nearest integer)
22. What is the total number of possible values of the magnetic quantum for l = 3?
Ans 7
l = 3; m = −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 i.e., 7 values
23. Find the atomic number of element whose valence shell electronic configuration is 6s2 6p2.
Ans 82
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
Sum of electrons = 82 = Z

NEET

1. The species having more number of electrons than neutrons is

(A) F (B) Na+ (C) O2− (D) Mg2+
Ans (C)
(8O16) O2− has 8 neutrons and 10 electrons.
2. Be2+ is isoelectronic with
(A) H+ (B) Li+ (C) Na+ (D) Mg2+
Ans (B)
Both Be+2 and Li+ have two electrons.

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3. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.63 × 10−34 Js. The speed of light is 3 × 1017 nm s−1. The value that is
closest to the wavelength in nanometre of a quantum of light with frequency 6 × 1015 s−1 is [NEET 2013]
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 75 (D) 10
Ans (B)
c c 3 × 1017
ν= λ= = = 50 nm
λ ν 6 × 1015
4. If the energy of second Bohr’s orbit in H atom is −328 kJ mol−1, then the energy of fourth Bohr’s orbit is
(A) −82 kJ mol−1 (B) −41 kJ mol−1 (C) −1312 kJ mol−1 (D) −164 kJ mol−1
Ans (A)
E −328
E 4 = 22 = kJ mol−1 = −82 kJ mol−1
2 4
5. The ionisation energy of a species having only one electron is 11810 kJ mol−1. The number of protons in
its nucleus is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans (C)
1312
I.E = 2 × Z2
n
For unielectron species in the ground state, n = 1
1312 × Z2 = 11810  Z = 3
6. Energy levels A, B, C of a certain atom corresponds to increasing values of energy, EA < EB < EC. If λ1,
λ2, λ3 are the wavelengths of radiations corresponding to the transitions C to B, B to A and C to
A respectively, then the correct relation is C
λ1λ 2 λ1
(A) λ3 = λ1 + λ2 (B) λ 3 = B
λ1 + λ 2
λ2 λ3
(C) λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 0 (D) λ 32 = λ12 + λ 22 A

Ans (B)
hc hc hc
E3 = E1 + E2 ; = +
λ 3 λ1 λ 2
7. The transition corresponding to minimum wavelength is
(A) n4 → n1 (B) n2 → n1 (C) n4 → n2 (D) n3 → n1
Ans (A)
∆E = E4 − E1 is maximum. Hence, λ is minimum.
8. Which of the following series of transitions in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in visible region?
[NEET 2019]
(A) Lyman series (B) Balmer series (C) Paschen series (D) Brackett series
Ans (B)

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9. The incorrect statement among the following is [NEET 2017]

h
(A) de Broglie’s wavelength is given by λ = , where m = mass of the particle, v = velocity of the
mv
particle
h
(B) uncertainty principle is ∆E × ∆t ≥
4π
(C) half filled and completely filled orbitals have greater stability due to greater exchange energy,
greater symmetry and more balanced arrangement
(D) energy of 2s orbital is lesser than the energy of 2p orbital of hydrogen like species
Ans (D)
For single electronic species like H, He+, Li2+ etc., energy depends on value of n only.
Energy of 2s and 2p orbitals are the same.
10. If n = 6, then the correct sequence for filling of electrons is
(A) ns → np → (n − 1)d → (n − 2)f (B) ns → (n − 2)f → (n − 1)d → np
(C) ns → (n − 1)d → (n − 2)f → np (D) ns → (n − 2)f → np → (n − 1)d
Ans (B)
11. The maximum number of electrons that can be associated with the following set of quantum numbers is
(n = 3, l = 1, m = − 1) [NEET 2013]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 10
Ans (C)
n = 3, l = 1; its a 3p sub shell, m value is − 1.
Each of orbital can accommodate only two electrons.
12. The pair of d-orbitals having electron density along the axis are [NEET 2016]
(A) d xy , d x 2 − y2 (B) d z2 , d xz (C) d xy , d yz (D) d Z2 , d x 2 − y2
Ans (D)
13. The number of orbitals possible for the quantum numbers n = 3, l = 2, m = + 2 are
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans (A)
‘m’ has one value corresponding to one orbital.
14. The orbital diagram in which aufbau principle is violated is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Ans (B)
s subshell must be filled first as it possesses lower energy than p subshell.
15. Of the following, the permitted configuration for four electrons in a p-subshell is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Ans (A)
Based on Hund’s rule of maximum mutiplicity.

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16. Among the following the incorrect statement is [NEET 2018]

(A) Total orbital angular momentum of electron in ‘s’ orbital is equal to zero.
(B) An orbital is designated by three quantum numbers while an electron in an atom is designated by
four quantum numbers.
(C) The electronic configuration of N atom is

(D) The value of m for dz is zero

Ans (C)
17. 4d, 5p, 5f and 6p orbitals are arranged in the order of decreasing energy. The correct option is
(A) 5f > 6p > 5p > 4d (B) 6p > 5f > 5p > 4d
(C) 6p > 5f > 4d > 5p (D) 5f > 6p > 4d > 5p [NEET 2019]
Ans (A)

Self Assessment Test 2.1

1. The incorrect statement about Rutherford’s scattering experiment is
(A) Most of the α-particles passed through the gold foil undeflected
(B) A small fraction of the α-particles was deflected by small angles
(C) A large number of the α-particles were bounced back
(D) A very few α-particles (~1 in 20,000) were bounced back
Ans (C)
2. The radius of the second Bohr orbit, in terms of the Bohr radius, a0, in Li2+ is
4a 0 4a 0 2a 0 2a 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 3 9
Ans (A)
n2
r = 0.529 Å
Z
Bohr’s radius for hydrogen atom (a0) = 0.529 Å
n 2 4a 0
Bohr’s radius of Li+2 ion for n = 2 = a 0 =
Z 3
3. What will be the wavenumber of yellow radiation having wavelength 240 nm?
(A) 1.724 × 104 cm–1 (B) 4.16 × 106 m–1 (C) 4 × 1014 Hz (D) 219 × 103 cm–1
Ans (B)
Wavelength of yellow light = 240 nm = 240 × 10–9 m
1 1
Wave number ( v ) = = −9
= 4.16 × 106 m −1
λ 240 × 10 m
4. The energy difference between the ground state of an atom and its exited state is 3 × 10–19 J. What is the
wavelength of the photon required for this transition?
(A) 6.6 × 10–34 m (B) 3 × 10–8 m (C) 1.8 × 10–7 m (D) 6.6 × 10–7 m
Ans (D)
hc
∆E =
λ

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6.6 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 m s −1

λ= = 6.6 × 10−7 m
3 × 10−19 J
5. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two stationary state with
energies E1 (lower) and E2 (higher) is given by
E + E2 E − E2 E × E2 E − E1
(A) v = 1 (B) v = 1 (C) v = 1 (D) v = 2
h h h h
Ans (D)
6. Different lines in Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum lie in
(A) Ultraviolet (B) Infrared (C) Visible (D) Far infrared
Ans (A)
7. Number of visible lines when an electron returns from 5th orbit to ground state in hydrogen spectrum is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 10
Ans (C)
Spectral line corresponding to visible wavelength belong to Balmer series. This happens when electron
falls from high energy level to n = 2
When an electron transits from n = 5 to n = 2, there are 3 possible lines in visible region
5 → 2, 4 → 2, 3 → 2
8
8. The wave number of the spectral line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen will be equal to times the
9
Rydberg’s constant if the electron jumps from ________
(A) n = 10 to n = 1 (B) n = 3 to n = 1 (C) n = 2 to n = 1 (D) n = 9 to n = 1
Ans (B)
Wave number of spectral line in emission spectrum of hydrogen,
 1 1  8
v = RH  2 − 2  v = RH
 n1 n 2  9
8  1 1 
RH = RH  2 − 2 
9  n1 n 2 
8 1 1
= 2− 2
9 (1) n2
8 −1
−1 = 2
9 n2
1 1
= ∴ n2 = 3
3 n2
Hence, electron jumps from n2 = 3 to n1 = 1
9. Splitting of spectral lines under the influence of magnetic field is called
(A) Stark effect (B) Zeeman effect (C) Photoelectric effect (D) Screening effect
Ans (B)
10. The work function of sodium metal is 4.41 × 10–19 J. If photons of wavelength 300 nm are incident on
the metal, the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons will be (h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s; c = 3 × 108 m s–1)
(A) 2.22 × 10–20 (B) 223 × 10–34 (C) 222 × 10–21 (D) 222 × 1021

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Ans (C)
hc
According to photoelectric effect = w + KE
λ
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= 4.41 × 10−19 + KE
3 × 10−7
6.63 × 10–19 = 4.41 × 10–19 + KE
KE = 222 × 10–21 J
11. If wavelength of photon is 2.2 × 10−11 m and h = 6.6 × 10−34 J s, then momentum of the photon is
(A) 3.33 × 10−22 kg m s−1 (B) 1.452 × 10−44 kg m s−1
(C) 6.89 × 10+43 kg m s−1 (D) 3 × 10−23 kg m s−1
Ans (D)
h 6.6 × 10−34 kg m 2s −1
p= = = 3 × 10−23 kg m s−1
λ 2.2 × 10−11 m

12. A body of mass 10 mg is moving with a velocity of 100 m s−1. The wavelength of de Broglie wave
associated with it would be (Given: h = 6.63 × 10−34 Js)
(A) 6.63 × 10−37 m (B) 6.63 × 10−31 m (C) 6.63 × 10−34 m (D) 6.63 × 10−35 m
Ans (B)
h
De Broglie wavelength λ =
mv
6.626 × 10−34
λ= [h = 6.626 × 10–3 J s–1; m = 10 mg = 10 × 10–6 kg]
10 × 10−6 × 100
λ = 6.626 × 10–31 m
13. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with ‘A’ is 33.33 nm, the wavelength
1
associated with ‘B’ whose momentum is rd of ‘A’ is
3
−7 −7
(A) 1.25 × 10 m (B) 1.0 × 10 m (C) 1.0 × 10−8 m (D) 2.5 × 10−8 m
Ans (B)
λA pB
=
λ B pA
1
33.33 3
=
λB 1
λB = 99.99 nm = 0.99 × 10−7 m
14. What will be the mass of a particle if uncertainty in its position is 10–8 m and velocity is
5.26 × 10–25 m s–1?
(A) 0.01 kg (B) 0.1 kg (C) 10 kg (D) 0.001 kg
Ans (A)
h
∆x ⋅ m∆v =
4π
6.626 × 10−34
10−8 × m × 5.26 × 10−25 =
4 × 3.14
6.626 × 1034
m= = 0.01kg
4 × 3.14 × 10−8 × 5.26 × 10−25

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15. The graph between |Ψ|2 and r(radial distance) is shown below. This represents

(A) 1s orbital
(B) 2s orbital
(C) 2p orbital
(D) 3s orbital

Ans (B)
The given probability density curve is for 2s orbital because it has only one radial node. Among other
given orbitals, 1s and 2p do not have any radial node and 3s has two radial nodes.
16. Which orbital does not possess angular node?
(A) s (B) p (C) d (D) f
Ans (A)
l = 0 for s orbital
17. The incorrect statement among the following is
(A) Angular quantum number signifies the shape of the orbital
(B) Energies of stationary states in hydrogen-like atoms is inversely proportional to the square of the
principal quantum number
(C) Total number of nodes for 3s orbital is three
(D) The radius of the first orbit of He+ is half that of the first orbit of hydrogen atom
Ans (C)
Total number of nodes for 3s orbital is 2 only
18. The number of angular and radial nodes in 3p orbital respectively are
(A) 3, 1 (B) 1, 1 (C) 2, 1 (D) 2, 3
Ans (B)
Number of angular nodes = l
Number of radial nodes = n − l − 1  s p d f
∴ For 3p orbital, angular nodes = 1 l = 0 1 2 3
 
For 3p orbital, radial nodes = 3 − 1 − 1 = 1
19. A certain orbital has no angular nodes and two radial nodes. The orbital is
(A) 3p (B) 2p (C) 3s (D) 2s
Ans (C)
Angular nodes = l
Radial nodes = n − l − 1
For 3s, n = 3, l = 0.
Angular nodes(l) = 0
Radial nodes = 3 − 0 − 1 = 2
So, 3s is the orbital which has no angular nodes and two radial nodes.
20. The 3d-orbitals having electron density in all the three axes is
(A) 3dxy (B) 3d z2 (C) 3dyz (D) 3dzx

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Ans (B)
In d z2 orbital two lobes are lying along z-axis and it contains a ring of negative charge surrounding the
nucleus in xy-plane.
21. The orbital nearest to the nucleus is
(A) 4f (B) 5d (C) 4s (D) 7p
Ans (C)
22. The configuration of valence orbital of an element with atomic number 22 is
(A) 3d5 4s1 (B) 4s2 3d2 (C) 4s1 4p1 (D) 3d2 4s1 4p1
Ans (B)
Atomic number 22 has the following configuration: 22 X =1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2
23. The set of quantum numbers for the outermost electron for copper in its ground state is
(A) 3, 2, 2, + 1 (B) 4, 1, 1, + 1
2 2
(C) 4, 2, 2, + 1 (D) 4, 0, 0, + 1
2 2
Ans (D)
24. Consider the following pairs of electrons
1 1
(a) (i) n = 3, l = 1, m l = 1, m s = + (ii) n = 3, l = 2, m l = 1, m s = +
2 2
1 1
(b) (i) n = 3, l = 2, m l = −2, m s = − (ii) n = 3, l = 2, m l = −1, ms = −
2 2
1 1
(c) (i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = 2, m s = + (ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 2, m s = +
2 2
The pairs of electrons present in degenerate orbitals is/are:
(A) Only (a) (B) Only (b) (C) Only (c) (D) (b) and (c)
Ans (B)
For degenerate orbitals, only the value of ml must be different. The value of ‘n’ and ‘l’ must be the same.
Hence, the pair of electrons with quantum numbers given in (B) are degenerate.
25. Of the following sets of quantum numbers: Which of the below setting is not permissible arrangement of
electrons in an atom?
n l m s
1
(A) 5 3 0 +
2
1
(B) 3 2 –3 +
2
1
(C) 4 0 0 −
2
1
(D) 3 2 –2 −
2
Ans (B)
n l m s
3 2 −3 +1/2
m can have values = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2

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26. Given below are the quantum number for 4 electrons, the correct order of increasing energy is
1 1
(a) n = 3, l = 2, m l = 1, m s = + (b) n = 4, l = 1,m l = 0, m s = +
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 4, l = 2, m l = −2, ms = − (d) n = 3, l = 1, m l = −1, ms = +
2 2
(A) d < b < a < c (B) d < a < b < c
(C) b < d < a < c (D) b < d < c < a
Ans (B)
Energy of the sub-shell is given by (n + l) rule.
(n + l)
For, A 5
B 5
C 6
D 4
Hence, the correct order of increasing energy is D < A < B < C
27. The two electrons have the following set of quantum numbers
1 1
P = 3, 2, −2, + ; Q = 3, 0, 0 +
2 2
Which of the following statement is true?
(A) P and Q represent same electron (B) P has lesser energy than Q
(C) P has greater energy than Q (D) P and Q has same energy
Ans (C)
For P, (n + l) = 3 + 2 = 5
For Q, (n + l) = 3 + 0 = 3
The sum (n + l) is more for P than for Q. Thus, P has more energy than Q.
28. The (n + l) value for 4f electron is
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 8
Ans (C)
l = 3 for f -subshell.
29. According to (n + l) rule, after completing ‘np’ level the electron enters to
(A) (n − 1)d (B) (n + 1)s (C) nd (D) (n + 1)p
Ans (B)
After filling up of electron in np, the next electron occupies (n + 1)s level.
30. In absence of aufbau principle, the electronic configuration of Li in ground state may be
(A) 1s2 2s2 (B) 1s3 (C) 1s1 2s2 (D) 1s2 2s1 2p1
Ans (C)

Self Assessment Test 2.2

1. Cathode rays have the same charge to mass ratio as
(A) α particles (B) β rays (C) anode rays (D) protons
Ans (B)
β rays are comprised of electrons

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1PBDBECS-Structure of Atom

2. The incorrect statement about electromagnetic spectrum is

(A) infrared radiations have longer wavelength than cosmic rays
(B) the frequency of microwaves is lesser than ultraviolet rays
(C) X rays have higher wave number than microwaves
(D) velocity of X rays is more than that of microwaves
Ans (D)
The velocity of X rays is same as that of microwaves as the velocity of all the electromagnetic waves in
a given medium is same
3. The energy of one mole of photons each of frequency 250 s−1 is
[Given: 1 J = 107 erg, 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J]
(A) 1 erg (B) 1 joule (C) 1 eV (D) 1 MeV
Ans (A)
Total energy = NA hυ
= (6.02 × 1023) (6.6 × 10−34 Js) (250 s−1) = 0.99 × 10−7 J = 0.99 erg ≈ 1 erg
4. X rays and microwaves (all electromagnetic waves) travel with the velocity of light. If 10–17 J of energy
is required by the human eye to see an object, then the number of photons of green light (λ = 550 nm)
needed to generate this minimum amount of energy is
(A) 14 (B) 28 (C) 39 (D) 42
Ans (B)
Let number of photons required be n
(E × λ ) 10−17 × 550 × 10−9
n= = = 28
hc 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
5. If the threshold frequency of a metal for photoelectric effect is ν0, then the incorrect statement is
(A) frequency of the incident radiation is ν0, the kinetic energy of the electrons ejected is zero
(B) frequency of incident radiation is ν, the kinetic energy of the electrons ejected is hν–hν0
(C) frequency is kept same at ν but intensity is increased, the number of electrons ejected increases
(D) frequency of incident radiation is further increased, the number of photoelectrons ejected increases
Ans (D)
Intensity ∝ Number of photoelectrons ejected; Frequency of incident radiation ∝ kinetic energy of the
ejected electron
6. In photoelectric effect, the energy of the emitted electron is
(A) higher than the incident photon (B) same as that of the incident photon
(C) lower than the incident photon (D) proportional to the intensity of incident photon
Ans (C)
K.E. of emitted electron = hν− hν0 (i.e., lower than hν)
7. An electron from an excited hydrogen atom jumps from higher energy levels of n = 6, 7, 8 to ground
state. This results in emission of
(A) IR radiation (B) UV radiation (C) visible radiation (D) microwaves
Ans (B)

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8. The incorrect statement about spectral series in hydrogen spectrum is

(A) lines in the Balmer series corresponds to electron transitions from energy levels higher than
n = 2 energy level
(B) Paschen series appears in the infrared region
(C) lines of Lyman series appear in the visible region
(D) transitions from higher energy levels to 4th energy level produce brackett series which falls in the
infrared region
Ans (C)
Lyman series lies in the ultraviolet region.
9. Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states because
(A) electrons in them are stationary
(B) their orbits have fixed radii
(C) the electrons in them have fixed energy
(D) the protons remain in the nuclei and are stationary
Ans (C)
Stationary states means orbits with fixed energy.
10. When an electron moves from infinity to the ground state of the hydrogen atom, energy is
(A) absorbed (B) emitted
(C) not effected (D) depends on surrounding
Ans (B)
11. The energy of an electron in a hydrogen like species is proportional to
n2 Z Z2 Z2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D)
Z n n n2
Ans (D)
mZ 2 e 4 Z2
E= − = a constant ×
8 ∈02 n 2 h 2 n2

12. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy required to remove an electron from the
second orbit of hydrogen atom is
(A) 27.2 eV (B) 13.6 eV (C) 6.8 eV (D) 3.4 eV
Ans (D)
1 1
Energy required to remove an electron from orbit (n = 2) = 13.6  2 − 2 
 n1 n 2 
1 1  13.6
= 13.6  2 − 2  = = 3.4 eV
2 ∞  4
13. If H atom is supplied with 12.1 eV energy and electron returns to the ground state after excitation, then
the number of spectral line in Balmer series is [Given: energy of ground state of H atom = −13.6 eV]
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 4
Ans (B)
Energy of the electron = −13.6 + 12.1 = −1.5 eV
−13.6 2 −13.6
En = ;n = =9
n2 −1.5
n=3

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14. The frequency of radiation emitted when the electron falls from n = 4 to n = 1 in a hydrogen atom is
[Given: ionization energy of H = 2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1 and h = 6.625 × 10–34 Js]
(A) 1.03 × 1015 s–1 (B) 3.08 × 1015 s–1 (C) 2.00 × 1015 s–1 (D) 1.54 × 1015 s–1
Ans (B)
E 1( H ) = − I. E.( H ) = −2.18 × 10 −18 J atom −1
2.18 × 10 −8
E 4( H ) = − J
42
1 1  15
∆E = E 4 − E1 = 2.18 × 10−18  2 − 2  J = 2.18 × 10−18 × J
1 4  16
∆E = hν
∆E 2.18 × 10 −18 × 15
ν= = − 34 = 3.08 × 1015 s −1
h 6.625 × 10 × 16
15. The order of wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5 m h–1 is
(A) 10–10 m (B) 10–20 m (C) 10–30 m (D) 10–40 m
Ans (C)
Mass = 200 g = 0.2 kg
5
Velocity = 5 mh−1 = ms–1
3600
h 6.63 × 10−34 kg m 2 s −1
λ= = ≈ 10−30 m
mv  5  −1
0.2 kg ×  ms
 3600 
16. The wavelength associated with a proton moving with a velocity of 1 × 103 ms−1 is
(A) 0.032 nm (B) 0.40 nm (C) 2.5 nm (D) 14 nm
Ans (B)
h 6.624 × 10−34
λ= = −27
= 0.399 × 10−9 m
mv 1.66 × 10 × 1 × 10 3

17. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with the particle A is 5.0 × 10–8 m,
then the wavelength of particle B having momentum half of A is
(A) 2.5 × 10–8 m (B) 1.25 × 10–8 m (C) 1.0 × 10–7 m (D) 1.0 × 10–8 m
Ans (C)
h λ p 1
λ= ∴ A = B = or λB = 2 × λA = 2 × 5 × 10−8 m = 10−7 m
p λ B pA 2
18. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, then the uncertainty in its momentum is
(A) zero (B) greater than h/4 π (C) less than h/ 4 π (D) infinity
Ans (D)
h 1 h
∆x ∆p = h / 4π or ∆p = ⋅ = =∞
4π ∆x 0
19. The measurement of the electron position is associated with an uncertainty in momentum which is equal
to 1 × 10–18 g cm s–1. The uncertainty in electron velocity is [Given: mass of an electron is 9 × 10–28g]
(A) 1 × 109 cm s–1 (B) 1 × 106 cm s–1 (C) 1 × 1011 cm s–1 (D) 1 × 1012 cm s–1
Ans (A)
∆p = m × ∆v ∴ 1 × 10–18 g cm s–1 = 9 × 10–28 g × ∆v or ∆v = 1 × 109 cm s–1

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20. The lowest angular momentum that a electron of hydrogen atom can have is
h h h h
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
π 2π π 4π
Ans (B)
nh
Angular momentum = , for the lowest value, n = 1
2π
21. The number of electrons in Krypton having m = 0 is
(A) 16 (B) 12 (C) 10 (D) 18
Ans (A)
22. Electronic energy is negative because
(A) electron carries negative charge
(B) energy is zero near the nucleus and decreases as the distance from the nucleus increases
(C) energy is zero at infinite distance from the nucleus and decreases as the electron comes closer to the
nucleus
(D) there are interelectronic repulsions
Ans (C)
At infinite distance energy of an electron is zero. As it comes closer to nucleus, due to exerted the
nucleus, energy of the electron decreases (as energy is emitted by the electron).
23. In H atom, energy of electron is determined by
(A) only n (B) n, l
(C) n, l, m (D) all the four quantum numbers
Ans (A)
24. For any ‘f ’orbital, the values of m are
(A) −2, −1, 0 +1, +2 (B) −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, + 2, +3
(C) −1, 0, +1 (D) 0, +1, +2
Ans (B)
For ‘f ’ orbital l = 3, m = −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3
25. The impossible arrangement of quantum numbers among the following is
1 1
(A) n = 2, l = 1, m = –1, s = − (B) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0 s = +
2 2
1 1
(C) n = 3, l = 2, m = –2, s = + (D) n = 3, l = 2, m = –3, s = +
2 2
Ans (D)
The value of m ranges from −l, through 0 to +l.
26. The least stable species among the following is
(A) Li− (B) Be− (C) B− (D) C−
Ans (B)
Be has fully filled s-subshell. Hence, addition of single electron in 2p orbital make it less stable.
27. The orbital arrangement in which the aufbau principle is not followed is
(A) 1s2 2s2 2pX2 2py1 2pz1 (B) 1s2 2s1 2px2 2py1 2pz1
(C) 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 (D) 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz1
Ans (B)

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28. The set of quantum numbers associated with highest energy is

1 1
(A) n = 3; l = 2; m = 1; s = + (B) n = 3; l = 1; m = 1; s = +
2 2
1 1
(C) n = 3; l = 0; m = 0; s = + (D) n = 4; l = 0; m = 0; s = +
2 2
Ans (A)
n = 3 and l = 2 represents 3d sub energy level; 3d subenergy level has higher energy than 3p, 3s and
4s subenergy levels.
29. The electronic transition of hydrogen among the following which requires maximum amount of energy
is
(A) from n = 1 to n = 2 (B) from n = 2 to n = 3
(C) from n = ∞ to n = 1 (D) from n = 3 to n = 5
Ans (A)
For n = ∞ to n = 1, energy is released. For other cases, energy is required. Energy difference is maximum
between n = 1 and n = 2.
30. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p orbitals are respectively
(A) 0, 2 (B) 2, 0 (C) 2, 1 (D) 1, 2
Ans (B)
Number of radial nodes = n – l – 1
For 3s, n = 3, l = 0, number of radial nodes = 3 – 0 – 1 = 2
For 2p, n = 2, l = 1, number of radial nodes = 2 – 1 – 1 = 0

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