WATERPROOFING

COMPOUNDS
Ar. Ashish Saxena
Ar. Sonal Singh
Ar. Deeksha Singh

RAR-802
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
 CONTENT
A. INTRODUCTION
B. NEED
C. TYPES OF WATERPROOFING COMPOUNDS
• BUTYL
• EPDM
• NEOPRENE
• PVC
• POLYURETHANE
D. APPLICATIONS
• KITCHEN & TOILETS
• BASEMENTS
• TERRACE
• JOINTS
 WHAT IS WATERPROOFING?

• BUILDING WATERPROOFING IS A
PROCESS TO PREVENT WATER
FROM PENETRATING A BUILDING.

• IT IS A METHOD OF CREATING A
PROTECTIVE LAYERING AROUND
THE BUILDING PREVENTING THE
WATER FROM SEEPING INTO THE
BUILDING.
 WHAT IS WATERPROOFING?

• IT PREVENT WATER INTRUSION &

PROTECT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE.
• FLOODING, WATER DAMAGE &
MOLDS (DUE TO HIGH MOISTURE
LEVELS) CAUSES DAMAGE
CONSTRUCTION.
• DONE INSIDE / OUTSIDE THE
BUILDING, BOTH OVER OR BELOW
THE GROUND LEVEL.
 NEED OF WATERPROOFING

WATER INGRESS OR DAMPNESS CAN BE CAUSED

BY FOLLOWING MEANS:

a. CONSTRUCTION: Trapped Moisture due to

construction
b. INTRUSION: Leakage due to structural
Defects, Cracks, Voids, etc.
c. CONDENSATION: Due to usage / storage of
water inside the building
d. OCCUPATIONAL CAUSES: Due to use of water
by inhabitants with time.
 WATERPROOFING: LOCATIONS

a. GROUND MOISTURE: Earth Surface,

Foundations, Basement
b. BUILDING ENVELOP: Joints, Roof,
Cracks, Voids, etc.
c. WATER CONTAINMENT: Over Head
tanks, Water Reservoirs, Water body,
Swimming Pool, etc.
d. INTERNAL UTILITIES: Kitchen, Pantries,
Toilets, Plumbing & Sewage Faults, etc.
 IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD WATERPROOFING MATERIAL ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• IMPERMEABILITY
• MINIMAL WATER ABSORPTION
• GOOD BONDING WITH SUBSTRATE
• ELASTICITY TO RESIST CRACK & REMAIN FLEXIBLE IN DIVERSE CLIMATE CONDITIONS
• EASE OF APPLICATION
• RESISTANT TO TEMPERATURE & UV RAYS
• DURABLE: INERT TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS & RESISTANT TO WEAR & TEAR
• ACCEPT FLOOD TEST
• ECONOMICAL
 COMMON TECHNIQUES

COMMON PROCESS OR TECHNIQUE OF WATERPROOFING:

• DISMANTLING TILES, COATINGS, PLASTER (IN CASE OF RENNOVATION)
• REMOVE ALL DUST, LOOSE MATERIAL THROUGH WIRE BRUSH
• WASH SUBSTRATE (BASE OF THE ORIGINAL SURFACE)
• PREPARE SLOPE, CORNERS, CAVITIES, DEPRESSIONS
• TREAT SURFACE WITH PRIMER (IF REQUIRED, BASED ON MATERIAL SPECS)
• APPLY WATERPROOFING SYSTEM
• INSPECT BY FLOODING / PONDING
• PROTECT THE WATERPROOF LAYER BY CEMENT MORTAR, MUD PHUSKA, ETC.
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
TECHNIQUES
BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
a. GROUTING
• It is process of injecting fluid-like material (in suspension or solution form) in injected
into subsurface soil, concrete or rock for one or more purposes such as reduce
permeability, increase shear strength or reduce compressibility
• Good liquid grout: flowability, expansion, bleeding
• Hardened grout: strength, durability, density
• Materials: Cement Based, Polymer Based
• Hydrophobic Grout: use water as reacting agent, absorb very less water
• Hydrophilic Grout: Use large amount of water forming Gel, material swell by
absorbing water
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
TECHNIQUES
b. COATING (LIQUID MEMBRANE)

• The liquid coating technique use Polymeric Materials forming a water resistant membrane.
• Advantages: Effective on Joints, Corner, Applied in regular preventive maintenance.
• Types: Water Based Coatings (mono polymers or co-polymers such as SBR, SBS, PVA and
Acrylics); Polymer Modified Cementitious Coatings (PMCC); Epoxy Coatings, Polyurethane
Coatings.

c. PREFORMED SHEET MEMBRANES

• Waterproof Ply Membranes are developed based thermoplastic (Plastic based) &
elastomeric (Rubber based) categories
• Materials: PVC, Butyl, EPDM, Neoprene
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
TECHNIQUES

d. CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING

• Cement based Coatings are developed to stop passage of water under hydrostatic
pressure.
• Save time and Labour
• Doesn’t require Protective Layer
• Can be sprayed or Brushed
• Used as cement based damp proofers effective in interiors
 WATERPROOFING COMPOUNDS

WATERPROOFING COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE FORM OF SHEET, TAPE,

LIQUID COMPOUNDS, E.T.C.

FOLLOWING ARE THE VARIOUS MATERIALS / COMPOUNDS THAT ARE USED FOR
WATERPROOFING.
• BUTYL
• EPDM
• NEOPRENE
• PVC
• POLYURETHANE
 BUTYL

• BUTYL RUBBER ROLL MATERIAL IS A

HIGH STRENGTH RUBBER MATERIAL.
• Butyl rubber is used for the bladders in
sporting balls.
• KNOWN FOR ITS EXCELLENT
RESISTANCE TO OILS AND HIGH
VAPOUR CHEMICALS.
• BUTYL MEMBRANE IS A SHEET
APPLIED VULCANIZED ELASTOMER
COMPOUNDED TO THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES.
 BUTYL

ADVANTAGES
• EXCELLENT PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, excellent gas impermeability
• OUTSTANDING ELONGATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH.
• remains flexible at low temperatures and is suitable in all climatic zones
• resist ageing from heat, sunlight, and ozone.

LIMITATIONS
• NOT RECOMMENDED IN AREAS WHERE MEMBRANE WILL BE SUBJECT TO
CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT.
• DO NOT EXPOSE MEMBRANE AND ACCESSORIES TO A CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE ABOVE 82 DEGREE CELSIUS.
 BUTYL: USES

• BUTYL MEMBRANE SUITABLE FOR A WIDE

VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS SUCH AS: WALL &
FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING, EARTH SHELTER,
AND TUNNELS.

• WATERPROOFING BENEATH SHOWER PANS, THICK

SET MORTAR, KITCHENS, TOILET FACILITIES,
JANITORIAL ROOMS.

• WATERPROOFING LARGE DECKS. SPLIT-SLAB

WATERPROOFING OF MULTILEVEL PARKING
FACILITIES, ETC.

• WATERPROOFING OF SUB-GRADE
CONSTRUCTION: OVER MUD SLABS OR SAND
BEDS; RAILROAD BRIDGE DECKS; LINING INTERIOR
FOUNTAINS.
 BUTYL

• SIZES: FACTORY FABRICATED IN SHEETS UP

TO 20 FEET (6M) IN WIDTH BY 100 FEET
(30M) IN LENGTH, WITH FACTORY
VULCANIZED SPLICES.
• THICKNESSES OF 0.060 INCH (1.50MM),
0.090 INCH (2.28MM), AND 0.120 INCH
(3.05MM).
• PRECUT AND PREFABRICATED SHAPES AND
SPECIAL SIZES AVAILABLE ON SPECIAL
ORDER.
• AVERAGE WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT AT
0.060 INCH (1.50MM) THICKNESS IS 0.38
LBS. (.17KG)
 EPDM

• EPDM: Ethylene Propylene diene

monomer.
• ITS TWO PRIMARY INGREDIENTS,
ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE, ARE
DERIVED FROM OIL AND
NATURAL GAS.
• EPDM IS AN EXTREMELY
DURABLE SYNTHETIC RUBBER
MEMBRANE.
 EPDM

• Resistant to temperatures as high

as 150 °C,
• Can be used in outdoors for many
years or decades without
degradation.
• Good low-temperature
properties, with elastic properties
to temperatures as low as −40 °C
depending on the grade and the
formulation
 EPDM

• This synthetic rubber membrane

has also been used for flat roofs
because of its durability and low
maintenance costs.
• As a roofing membrane it does
not pollute the run-off
rainwater.
• Exhibits outstanding resistance
to heat, ozone, steam, and
weather.
 EPDM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• EXCELLENT WEATHERABILITY • COMES IN BLACK ROLL THAT
• IMPERMEABLE TO WATER CAN ABSORB HEAT AND LEAD
• DURABLE TO SUPERHEATING OF THE
• RECYCLABLE STRUCTURE
• ECONOMIC • LIGHT COLOUR MATERIAL ADDS
• SITE JOINING PROCEDURES ARE TO 30 % OF THE COST.
NOT MOISTURE SENSITIVE FOR
MECHANICALLY-FASTENED AND
BALLASTED SYSTEM
 EPDM: APPLICATION

STEP-1: Clean the Roof and adjoining

wall surfaces.
STEP-2: Using a paint roller, apply
Bonding Adhesive to the exposed
rubber, roof, and wall.
STEP-3: After the adhesive is dry,
carefully push back the
sheet. To prevent wrinkles, avoid
creasing in the leading edge.
 EPDM: APPLICATION

STEP-4: Using a large roller or push

broom, apply pressure to the surface
of the rubber to assure proper
bonding.
STEP-5: Screw Wall Termination Bars
through the rubber and Termination
Tape

FullForce EPDM Installation Training Video -

YouTube
 NEOPRENE

• NEOPRENE OR POLYCHLOROPRENE IS A FAMILY

OF SYNTHETIC RUBBERS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY
POLYMERIZATION OF CHLOROPRENE.
• NEOPRENE EXHIBITS GOOD CHEMICAL STABILITY AND
MAINTAINS FLEXIBILITY OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE
RANGE. NEOPRENE IS SOLD EITHER AS SOLID RUBBER OR
IN LATEX FORM.
• NEOPRENE POLYCHLOROPRENE HAS A LONG TRACK
RECORD FOR DELIVERING EXCEPTIONAL, LOW-
MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE.
• THE FLEXIBILITY OF NEOPRENE IN PRODUCTION HAS
MADE IT A FREQUENT CHOICE BY BUILDERS FOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS WHERE CUSTOM
PARTS ARE NEEDED WITH WEATHER-, WATER- AND FIRE-
RESISTANT PROPERTIES.
 NEOPRENE
• NEOPRENE FOR CONSTRUCTION CAN STAND UP TO
WEATHER, CHEMICALS AND HEAT.

• IT IS RESISTANT TO OIL, GREASE AND WAX, AND HAS

GOOD RESISTANCE TO BASES, DILUTE ACIDS AND SALT
SOLUTIONS.

• COMPOUNDS CAN BE FORMULATED TO RESIST

OZONE, WEATHERING, IMMERSION IN WATER, OR
EXPOSURE TO SOIL AND MICROORGANISMS, FOR
DECADES.

• NEOPRENE MAINTAINS PERFORMANCE AT A RANGE

OF TEMPERATURES, FROM -20°C (-4ºF) TO 95°C
(203ºF), AND CAN EVEN BE COMPOUNDED FOR MORE
EXTREME TEMPERATURES.
 NEOPRENE

MARKET SURVEY
• IT COMES IN ROLL IN WHICH BREADTH IS FIXED
AND LENGTH CAN UPTO 50 FEETS.
• SIZES CAN VARY ACCORDING TO USER
REQUIREMENTS.
• COST OF NEOPRENE SHEET IS ₹250-450 PER
METER.
• IT IS ALSO AVAILABLE ACCORDING TO THE
WEIGHT OF SHEET ₹ 200-300 PER KILOGRAM.
 NEOPRENE
MERITS DEMERITS
• EASILY AVAILABLE ▪ IRRESISTIBLE TO STRONG HEAT.
• INSTALLATION IS EASY
▪ GETS FADE AFTER TIME.
• EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN OUTDOOR
▪ ODOUR AN ISSUE IN PRODUCTS.
CONDITIONS
• AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT COLOURS ▪ UP TO 40% SHRINKAGE
 APPLICATION PROCESS

• CLEAN THE SURFACE THOROUGHLY AND MAKE IT DUST FREE

• WASH THE SURFACE WITH WATER
• APPLY FIRST COAT AND SHINE WITH BRUSH OR SPRAY
• UNFOLD THE MEMBRANE AND ALLOW TO RELAX
• BOND IS MADE BY APPLYING ADHESIVE ON THE MEMBRANE AND
ALLOWED TO DRY.
• ROLL THE ADHESIVE COATED MEMBRANE ONTO THE DECK WHERE
ADHESIVE IS APPLIED.
• WORK SLOWLY AND EVENLY TO REDUCE WRINKLES.
• USE PUSH BROOM TO SWEEP THE SURFACE AND REPEAT THE PROCESS.
 P.V.C. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

• PVC WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE IS A

MODERN ROOFING MATERIAL, WHICH IS MADE
OF HIGH QUALITY FLEXIBLE (PLASTICIZED)
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.
• REINFORCED WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
HAS A REINFORCING BASE IN THE FORM OF
POLYESTER MESH OR GLASS FIBER AND IT IS
USED FOR WATERPROOFING OF BUILDINGS &
ROOFS.
• EASY TO INSTALL, STRONG ENOUGH (IS OF
GREAT TENSILE STRENGTH), HAS LONG SERVICE
LIFE (30 YRS) DEPENDING ON THE
MANUFACTURER & QUALITY OF INSTALLATION.
 P.V.C. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
• UNREINFORCED MEMBRANES ARE MORE
FLEXIBLE, HAVE HIGH TEAR RESISTANCE AND
ARE USED FOR WATERPROOFING OF
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES, TUNNELS,
SWIMMING POOLS.
• DUE TO ITS STRUCTURE, THE PVC MEMBRANE IS
VERY STRONG AND SIMULTANEOUSLY FLEXIBLE
MATERIAL WHICH IS RESISTANT TO
PRECIPITATION, ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION,
CAPABLE TO WITHSTAND HEAVY SURFACE AND
TENSILE LOADS.
• IT CAN LET MOISTURE OUT OF ROOF SPACE OF
THE BUILDING. THUS THE BUILDING INSULATION
(IF APPLIED) DOES NOT BECOME WET AND DOES
NOT CONDENSE MOISTURE.
 P.V.C. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

AVAILABILITY
• MANUFACTURERS OF PVC MEMBRANES OFFER DIVERSE WIDTH AND
LENGTH OF THE MATERIAL.
• THE WIDTH OF THE MATERIAL RANGES FROM 3 TO 7 FT. THE ROLLS
CAN BE BETWEEN 60FT AND 75FT IN LENGTH. THE THICKNESS OF THE
PVC MEMBRANE IS 1.2 MM.
• DIVERSITY IN THE SELECTION OF PVC MEMBRANES ALLOWS LAYING
THE ROOF OF ANY COMPLEXITY WITH A MINIMUM OF SEAMS AND
LABOR COSTS.
 P.V.C. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
ADVANTAGES

• STRENGTH
▪ RESISTANT TO CHANGES IN
• ELASTICITY AND TIGHTNESS
TEMPERATURE
• STRENGTH OF THE WELDS AT THE
▪ RESISTANCE TO OXIDATION & UV RAYS
JUNCTION OF SHEETS
• ATMOSPHERE AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ▪ HIGH DURABILITY

• VAPOR PERMEABILITY AT 100% WATER ▪ FAST TO MOUNT

RESISTANCE
▪ FIRE RESISTANT;
• RESISTANCE TO WIND LOADS
• FROST-PROOF ▪ DIVERSITY OF COLORS.
 P.V.C. (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
INSTALLATION
• FOR WATERPROOFING OF STRUCTURES WITH PVC MEMBRANE SPECIAL HOT AIR
WELDING MACHINE AND BUILDING DRYERS ARE USED.

• WELDING IS CARRIED OUT BY HOT AIR USING AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT WHICH

OPTIMIZES THE TEMPERATURE, SPEED AND PRESSING FORCE.
• WELDING WITH THE MANUAL DRYER IS APPLIED AT THE JUNCTIONS AND AT THE
PLACES WHERE USE OF MACHINES IS NOT POSSIBLE.
• THIS TECHNOLOGY OF BONDING THE TWO WATERPROOFING SHEETS ENSURES
RELIABILITY OF THE SEAM AND FULLY SEALED SURFACE.

2/7 PVC Waterproofing Membranes: Joints - Texsa (English) - YouTube

 POLYURETHANE

• A SYNTHETIC RESIN IN WHICH THE

POLYMER UNITS ARE LINKED BY
URETHANE GROUPS USED CHIEFLY AS
CONSTITUENTS OF PAINTS,
VARNISHES, AND FOAMS.

• Polyurethane Waterproofing
Membranes show high resistance to
standing water, thus it can be used
on flat roofs without particularly
good slopes.
 POLYURETHANE

• It provides a simple, secure and easy

solution to difficult sealing points
(e.g. corners, edges, joints with roof
outlets, etc.).
• It creates a continuous, elastic
membrane with excellent mechanical
strength, without joints or seams,
and is used for both total sealing of
flat roof surfaces and for local
waterproofing of cracks.
• FORMS: LIQUID MEDIUM, SHEET.
 POLYURETHANE: APPLICATIONS

TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
RETAINING WALLS
PARKING DECKS
GARDENS ROOFS
COOLING TOWERS
TERRACE
BASEMENT
UNDERGROUND TANK
RESERVOIR
 POLYURETHANE: ADVANTAGE

FLAT ROOFS : IS IDEAL FOR FLAT ROOFS

WHERE PONDING OF WATER MAY OCCUR.

FLEXIBILITY: IT IS HIGHLY FLEXIBLE AND

CAN EASILY WITHSTAND NORMAL
EXPANSION/CONTRACTION OF SURFACES.

SEAMLESS: IT HAS NO JOINTS OR LAPS

WHICH ARE OFTEN THE CAUSE OF FAILURE
WITH SHEET AND BUILT UP
WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS.

DURABLE: LATEST POLYURETHANE

TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES EXCELLENT
ABRASION RESISTANCE AND WEATHERING
HYDROLYSIS.
 POLYURETHANE: ADVANTAGE

ADHESION: EXCELLENT ADHESION TO

ALMOST ALL SURFACES – CONCRETE,
METAL ETC.

EASY APPLICATION: BEING TWO

COMPONENT, IT IS SUPPLIED IN PRE-
WEIGHTED CONTAINERS, AND IS EASY TO
MIX AND USE AND REQUIRES RELATIVELY
SIMPLE TRAINING AND SEMI-SKILLED
LABOUR TO APPLY.

DISADVANTAGE: EXPENSIVE THAN

OTHERS
 POLYURETHANE: PREPARATION

• CLEAN ALL FOREIGN MATTER SUCH AS DIRT, DUST, GREASE, MORTAR DROPPING,
LOOSE AND FLAKING MATERIALS.

• MOSS AND FUNGUS MUST BE REMOVED USING SUITABLE FUNGICIDE SOLUTION

OR BLEACH OR DILUTE HCL SOLUTION, THEREAFTER WASH THOROUGHLY.

• NECESSARY REPAIRS OF DEFECTS MUST BE CARRIED OUT PRIOR TO COATING;

UNSTABLE OR HOLLOW SURFACES, MAJOR CRACKS, ANY PROTRUSIONS,
OUTLETS, CONSTRUCTION JOINTS ETC. FOR CRACKS AND JOINTS FILLED WITH PU
SEALANT.

• ALL SURFACES TO BE TREATED MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED, SOUND CLEAN,

DRY AND FULLY CURED AND READY. NEW CONCRETE TO BE CURED THOROUGHLY
FOR 28 DAYS PRIOR TO COATING.
 POLYURETHANE: PROCESS

• PRIMER REQUIRED IF RECOMMENDED FOR

AREAS WHICH CANNOT BE PREPARED.
• MIX THOROUGHLY THE RESIN AND HARDENER
AS SUPPLIED BEFORE USE. IMPROPER MIXING
RESULT IN SYSTEMS FAILURE.
• DUE TO LIMITED POT LIFE OF 6-8 HOURS, MIX
ENOUGH QUANTITIES THAT CAN BE USED
WITHIN THAT PERIOD.
• APPLIED BY BRUSH OR ROLLER OR AIRLESS
SPRAYING EQUIPMENT.
• APPLY FIRST COAT ON PREPARED SURFACE.
APPLY SECOND COAT WITHIN 6-8 HOURS AT
RIGHT ANGLE TO THE FIRST COAT.
 POLYURETHANE: PROCESS

● INTER-COATING INTERVAL SHOULD NOT

BE MORE THAN 8 HOURS.

● FINISHING SHOULD SIMULTANEOUSLY BE

APPLIED TO ALL OPENINGS,
PROTRUSIONS, OUTLETS, PARAPET
WALLS, COPINGS, GUTTER VALLEYS AND
EXPANSION JOINTS, FORMING A GOOD
SEAMLESS WATERTIGHT FINISH.

● TREATED SURFACE SHOULD BE ALLOWED

TO CURE FOR MINIMUM 72 HOURS.
 POLYURETHANE: PRECAUTIONS

• USE MIXED MATERIAL WITHIN 6-8 HRS.

• WORK IN WELL VENTILATED AREAS AND DO NOT SMOKE DURING

APPLICATION AND AWAY FROM OPEN FLAMES, LIGHTS ETC.

• AMBIENT TEMPERATURES SHALL NOT BE BELOW 5° C AND MORE THAN

45° C.

• AVOID WORKING DURING AFTERNOONS WHEN TEMPERATURE IS

MAXIMUM.

• DO NOT APPLY DURING IN CEMENT WEATHER OR WHEN RAIN APPEARS

IMMINENT.
 THANK YOU
REFERENCES:
• INTERNET:
Waterproofing of buildings: Material types & applications (+Prices) | Building and Interiors
POLYURETHANE WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE ROOF SLAB - The Constructor
Butyl Membranes (polygomma.com)
PVC waterproofing membrane: benefits and ways of application (houseunderconstruction.com)
• BOOKS:
GAHLOT P.S., SHARMA S. (2006), BUILDING REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GAMBHIR M.L., JAMWAL N. (2011), BUILDING MATERIALS

CREDITS: Ar. Raj Kumar Sharma, Ar. Priyanka Kanyal

AR. RAJ KUMAR SHARMA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 42