गुण

Property/Quantity

Vd. Roshani Prajapati

Assistant Professor,
Department of Ayurved Samhita & Siddhant,
Nootan Ayurvedic College and Research Centre,
Visnagar

Dr.
Dr. Roshani
Roshani R.
R. Prajapati,
Prajapati, Assistant
Assistant Professor,
Professor, Dept.
Dept. of
of Samhita
Samhita &
& Siddhant,
Siddhant, NACRC,
NACRC, 1
1
SPU, Gujarat
SPU, Gujarat
Guna Vijnaneeyam 4/6
• 4.1 Etymological Derivation, Classification and Enumeration according
to various Darshana and Charaka
• 4.2 Lakshana and Classification of Sartha Guna, Gurvadi Guna, Paradi
Guna, Adhyatma Guna (41 Guna)
• 4.3 Gunapradhanyata (Importance/Superiority of Guna)
• 4.4 Practical/clinical application of each Guna in Ayurveda
• 4.5 Principles and examples in contemporary sciences that will
enhance understanding concept of Guna.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 2
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna Vijnaneeya – Learning Objectives of
Theory
- Define Guna and classify Guna according to various Darshanas and Charaka
Samhita: Must: Lecture /Demonstration
- Explain the Lakshana of Indriyartha Gunas with examples: Must: L/Group
- Discuss the Lakshana of Gurvadi Guna with examples: Must: L/S/Group
- Explain the Lakshana of Paradi Guna with examples: Must: L/S/Group
- Describe the Lakshana of Adhyatma Guna with examples: Must: L/S/Group
- Appreciate the importance of Guna (Gunapradhanyata): Must: Discussion
- Describe the practical application of Indriyartha Gunas in diagnosis of disease
and Treatment: Must: Lecture / Demonstration/ Case based learning

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 3
SPU, Gujarat
Guna Vijnaneeya – Learning Objectives of Theory
- Describe the practical application of Gurvadi Guna in diagnosis of
disease and Treatment: Must: Lecture / Demonstration/Case based
learning
- Describe the practical application of Paraadi Gunas: Must: Lecture /
Demonstration/ Activity based learning
- Describe the practical application of Adhyatma Guna: Must: Lecture /
Demonstration/ Problem Based Learning
- Recite the concern verses from Tarka Sangrah and Charak Samhita:
Desirable: Audio clip/ classroom recitation
- Discuss Principles and examples in contemporary sciences which will
enhance understanding the concept of Guna: Nice: Lecture/
Discussions/Self-learning activity
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 4
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Etymological Derivation

-Quality/property/attribute inherently existing in a Dravya.

-Derived from root Gun which means to attract.
गुण आमन्त्रणे, गुण्यते आमन्त्र्यते लोक अनेन इ त गुण |
Guna indicated Amantrana(invite, invoke, attract, to call),
Guna is one which attracts people(in to it).

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 5
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Definition
द्रव्याश्रयगुणवान ् संयोग वभागे वकारणमनपेक्ष इ त गुणलक्षणम ् |
(वै.सू.1/1/16)
- It has 3 parts:
1. Guna depends on Dravya, because alone it cannot exist. It is
inherently related to Dravya. Sweetness of sugar.
2. Guna cannot possess other Guna. Dravya is the thing that possess
Guna and Karma.
3. Guna is not the essential cause for Samyoga(Conjunction) and
Vibhaga (Disjunction). This is differentiate the Guna from Karma.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 6
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Definition
गुणाश्च गुणान्तरम ् आरभते |
(वै.सू.1/1/10)
-It is the cause of the origin of similar attributes as mentioned
by Vai. Dar.
-Samanya, Vishesha and Samavaya are these 3 Akarana(not
the cause of anything). They are only the concepts and
??expect the deliberations in the treatise to comprehend
them.
-Guna is the Asamavayi Karana(Non-material cause).
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 7
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Definition
समवायी तु नश्चे ट: कारणं गुण:| (च.सू.1/51)
Guna is Samavayi (inherent, in Dravya) and is a Nishcheshta
Karana(non-performing cause) of the origin of similar attribute.

Karma = Sacheshta Karana(performing cause), Performing

feature
Guna = Nishcheshta Karana(non-performing cause), Expressive
feature
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 8
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Definition
वश्व लक्षणा: गुणा:| (रस वैशे षक)
Guna is one having ‘n’ numbers of definitions/characteristics.

गुणत्व जा तमत्वं गुणत्वम ् | (प्रशस्तपाद)

That which possesses Gunatva Jati(Genus) is the Guna.

अथ द्रव्या श्रता: ज्ञेया: नगुण

र्य ा: नि क्रिया गुणा:| (का रकावली)
Guna are based in Dravya, is Nirguna and Nishkriya.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 9
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration
-Vaisheshika Darshan of Kanada: 17
-Prashastapada: 24
-Tarka Samgraha: 24
-Charaka Samhita: 41

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration as per Vaisheshika
Darshan
- Also known as Kanthokta Guna(verbally enumerated properties): 17
रूप-रस-गन्ध-स्पशार्य:-सङ्ख्या-प रणाम-पृथक्त्वं-संयोग- वभागौ परापरत्वे बुध्दय: सुख-
दु:खे इच्छा-द्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणा: (वै.सू. १/१/१६)
1. Rupa-Color 2. Rasa-Taste 3. Gandha-Smell
4. Sparsha-Touch 5. Sankhya-Number 6. Parimana-Dimension
7. Pruthakatva-Distinctiveness 8. Samyoga-Conjunction
9. Vibhaga-Disjunction 10. Paratva-Proximity 11. Aparatva-posteriority
12. Sukha-Pleasure13. Dukha-Pain 14. Ichcha-Desire
15. Dvesha-Aversion 16. Buddhi-Knowledge 17. Prayatna-Effort
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 11
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration as per Vaisheshika
Darshan
- As per Prashastapada and Tarka Samgraha(Nyaya-Vaisheshika):
17 + 7 = 24
गुणाश्च रूप-रस-गन्ध-स्पशार्य:-सङ्ख्या-प रणाम-पृथक्त्वं-संयोग- वभागु
परापरत्वे बुद् ध:-सुख-दु:ख-इच्छा-द्वेष-प्रयत्न-गुरुत्व-द्रवत्व-स्नेह-संस्कार-धमर्य-
अधमर्य-शब्दाश्तु वर्यश तगुणा: | (Prashastapada Bhashya)

18. Gurtva-Heaviness 19. Dravatva-Liquidity 20. Sneha-Moistness

21. Samskara-Impression 22. Dharma-Merit 23. Adharma-Demerit
24. Shabda-Sound
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 12
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration as per Vaisheshika
Darshan
- Guna classification as per Prashastapada and Tarka
Samgraha(Nyaya-Vaisheshika): Mutra, Amurta and Ubhaya.
- Murta Guna(attribute of formed substance):
रूपरसगन्धस्पशर्यपरत्वापरत्वगुरुत्वद्रवत्वस्नेहवेगा: मूतग
र्य ुणा:|
- Amurta Guna(attribute of non-formed substance):
बुद् धसुखदु:खेच्छाद्वेषप्रयत्नधमार्यधमार्यभावनाशब्दा अमूतर्य गुणा:|
- Ubhaya Guna(attributes of all substances):
सङ्ख्याप रमाणपृथकत्वसंयोग वभागा उभयगुणा: |

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 13
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration as per Charaka Samhita
-Charaka add more 17 in above 24 Guna=41; he substituted
last 2, Dharma and Adharma with Yukti(Application) and
Abhyasa(Practice) respectively.

साथार्य गुवार्यदयो बुद् धः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः |

गुणाः प्रोक्ताः ... ||४९|| - C. Su. 1
Artha 5 + Guru, etc. 20 + Buddhi to Prayatna 6 + Para, etc. 10

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 14
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Enumeration as per Charaka Samhita
-Charaka: 41
23. Laghu(Light) 24. Manda(Dull) 25. Tikshna(Sharp)
26. Shita(Cold) 27. Ushna(Hot) 28. Ruksha(Dry)
29. Shlashna(Smooth) 30. Khara(Rough) 31. Sandra(Viscid)
32. Mrudu(Soft) 33. Kathina(Hard) 34. Sthira(Stable)
35. Sara(Unstable) 36. Sukshma(Subtle) 37. Sthula(Gross)
38. Vishada(Clear) 39. Pichchila(Sticky) 40. Yukti
41. Abhyasa

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 15
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification as per C.S.
Sharira/Gurvadi
Samanya Guna - 20
Guna - 30 Paradi Guna -
Vishesha 10
Guna - 41
Guna - 5
Adhyatmika
Guna - 6
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 16
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification - Sartha Guna
1. Artha/Vishesha/Vaisheshika Guna/Indiyartha Guna
(Specific Properties): 5
अथर्वे सह वतर्यमाना: साथार्य: | अथर्वेन स हता: साथार्य: | (Ref. VD)
5 in Numbers ad they represent a particular attribute perceived
by the senses. Karana Guna as they produces other Guna.
SHABA, SPARSHA, RUPA, RASA, GANDHA
Special properties of Mahabhuta
Special Objects of the 5 Senses

महाभूता न खं वायुरि नरापः क्ष तस्तथा |

शब्दः स्पशर्यश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः ||२७|| - C. Sha. 1
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 17
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification - Gurvadi Guna
2. Gurvadi Guna(Biological/Physical Properties): 20
-Karmanya Guna(resulting in activity)
-Samanya Guna
-Sharira Guna - Ganghadhara as utility and present in the body.
-Vimshati Guna, 10 pairs of apposite
-They works in the body following the Samanya-Vishesha
Siddhant… Sharira Guna
-Drug action can be explained by these Guna.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 18
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification - Gurvadi Guna
गुरुमन्द हमिस्न धश्लक्ष्णसान्द्रमृदिु स्थराः|
गुणाः ससूक्ष्म वशदा वंश तः स वपयर्ययाः||१८|| (A. H. Su. 1)

Guru-Laghu(Heavy-light) Manda-Tikshna(Slow-Pungent)
Shita-Ushna(Cold-Hot) Snigdha-Ruksha(Unctuous-Dry)
Shlakshna-Khara(Smooth-Rough) Sandra-Drava(Concentrate-Dilute)
Mrudu-Kathina(Soft-Hard) Sthira-Sara(Stable-Mobile)
Sukshma-Sthula(Minute-Gross) Vishada-Pichchila(Clear-Slimy)
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 19
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification - Adhyatmika Guna
3. Atma/Adhyatmika Guna(Spiritual Properties): 6
- Properties that living organism possesses/suggest the liveliness
of creature
- BUDDHI-SUKHA-DVESHA-ICHCHA-DVESHA-PRAYATNA
- Specific attributes of Atma
- Objects of Mana

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 20
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Classification - Paradi Guna
4. Paradi Guna(Para-pharmacological Properties): 10
-Para(Superior)- Apara(Inferior)-Yukti(Proper application)-
Sankhya(Number)-Samyoga(Combination)-Vibhaga(Separation)-Pr
uthakatva(Distinctness)-Parinama(Measure)-Samskara(Processing)
-Abhyasa(Repetition)
-Useful in drug administration/Tools of success of the physician

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 21
SPU, Gujarat
 Karmanya Guna
-Rasa Vaisheshika Sholk from VD
-10 Guna as mentioned above are the Karmanya Guna as they are
mostly used in the Ayurved treatment procedures and therefore
termed as Virya(Potency/Active Principle).

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 22
SPU, Gujarat
Lakshana and Classification of Sartha Guna -
Shabda
श्रोत्रग्राह्यो गुण: शब्द: | आकाशमात्रवृ त्त |
स द् व वध: - ध्वन्यात्मको वणार्यत्मकश्चे त |
ध्वन्यात्मको भेयार्यदौ | वणार्यत्मक: संस्कृ तभाषा दरूप: | (त.सं. 33)
Shabda is property perceived by Shrotra. It is present only in
Akasha. It is of 2 types Dhvanyatmaka and Varnatmaka.
Former produces by Bheri(Drum), etc. and later is in the form
of languages like Sanskrit, etc.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 23
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna - Shabda
अ टौ स्थाना न वणार्यनां उर: कण्ठ: शरस्तथा |
िजह्वामूलं च दन्ताश्च ना सको ठौ च तालु च ||
Organs related to sound are 8 in numbers.
Urah, Kantha, Shira, Jihva-mula, Danta, Nasika,
Aushtha and Talu.

-Noise: sound having no meaning

-Speech: for pronouncing words in form of language.
-Phonation: production of voice
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 24
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna – Shabda - Utility
-Diagnostic Tool: Various of the sound indicates Pathology.
Ashthavidha Pariksha includes the Pathology.
-Stethoscope, Fetoscope
-Heat sound, Lung sounds
-As indication od Arishtha (Immediate death): Specific
various of sound indicates death.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 25
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna - Sparsha

त्व गिन्द्रयमात्रग्राह्यो गुण: स्पशर्य: |

स त्र वध: - शीतो णानु णाशीतभेदात ् | पृ थवीजलतेजोवायुव ृ त्त: |
तत्र शीतो जले | उ णस्तेज स | अनु णाशीत: पृ थवीवाय्वो | (त.सं. 22)
Sparsha is the property known only through Tvagendiya. It is of 3
types: Shita, Ushna and Anushna-Ashita. It exists in Pruthvi, Jala,
Teja and Vayu. Shita found in Jala; Ushna in Agni; Anushna- Ashita
in Pruthvi and Vayu.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 26
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna – Sparsha -Utility

- Medicine Nomenclature: many plants named as per their touch of

leaves, flowers, etc. e.g. Kharasparsha, Dusparsha, etc.
- Trividha Rogi Pariksha: Sparshan (Palpation) –
Shita-Ushna-Mrudu-Khara-Snigdha-Ruksha, etc.; Touch perce[tion in
the skin diseases.
- Arishtha Lakshana: Loss of natural touch sensation;
Parimarshaniyendriya Adhyaya- Pulsation, Coldness.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 27
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna - Rupa

चक्षुमार्यत्रग्राह्यो गुणो रूपम ् |

तच्च शुक्ल-नील-पीत-रक्त-ह रत-क पश- चतभेदात ् सप्त वधम ् |
पृ थवीजलतेजोवायुव ृ त्त | तत्र तत्र पृ थव्यां सप्त वधम ् |
आभास्वरशुक्लं जले | भास्वरशुक्लं तेज स | (त.सं. 22)
Rupa is the property appreciated only through Eyes. It has 7
shades: Shukla-Nila-Pita-Rakta-Harita-Kapisha-Chitra(Multicolor).
Pruthvi exhibits all the 7 colors. Shukla is of 2 types: Bhasvara
Shukla that resides in Teja and Abhasvara is in Jala.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 28
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna – Rupa - Utility

- As a diagnostic Tool: Utility of Rupa in C. Vi. 4 as it detects Varna,

Samsthana, Pramana, Shadow, other vital organs and symptoms.
- Darshana:
- Ass a Prognostic tool: Varnagata arishtha; Vranasvarinedriya

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 29
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna - Rasa

रसनमात्रग्राह्यो गुणो रस: |

स च मधुर-अम्ल-लवण-कटु -कषाय- तक्तभेदात ् षड् वध: | पृ थवीजलवृ त्त: |
पृ थव्यां षड् वध: | जले मधुर एव | (त.सं. 20)
Rasa is the property appreciated by Rasana(tongue). It is of 6
types:
Madhura(sweet)-Amla(sour)-Lavana(salty)-Katu(spicy)-Tikta(bitter
)-Kashaya(astringent). Rasa exists in Pruthvi and Jala. Pruthvi
exhibits all the 6 Rasa. Jala has Madhura only.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 30
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna – Rasa - Utility

-As health promoter and Maintainer: All rasa in take or as per

Prakruti and Rutu promotes health. Rasa related t Dosha,
Mahabhuta, Upakrama that affects the Whole process of Disease
and heath.
-As Diagnostic Tool: Tiktasyata: Pitta and Lavanasyata: Rakta
Vitiation; it should be inferred.
-Prognostic Parameter: The attraction or the repulsion of the flies
suggests the immediate death.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 31
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna - Gandha

घ्राणग्राह्यो गुणो गन्ध: | स च द् व वध: | सुर भरसुर भश्च |

पृ थवीमात्रवृ त्त | (त.सं. 21)

Ganda is the property appreciated by Nose. It has 2 types:

Surabhi(fragrant) and Asurabhi(non-fragrant). It exists in
Pruthvi only.
- In the case of Gandha, if it is present in Vayu and Jala, It is
due to presence of Pruthvi in them.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 32
SPU, Gujarat
 Sartha Guna – Gandha - Utility

-Diagnostic Tool: Sama and nirama mala can be differentiate

with the smell. Excess sweat: Medovruddhi, Sveda Vruddhi;
Dushtha Vrana: Strong and irritant smell.
-Test of food and Medicine: Specifics smell of raw or
prepared drugs differentiate them from others and also this
is one of the parameter of the well prepared medicine.
-Prognosis: Pushpitaka Indriya Adhyaya: indicates the
frangences that comes out from the patients body suggests
death within given time.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 33
SPU, Gujarat
 Gurvadi Guna

-Vimshati Guna: 20 in numbers

-Sharira Guna: brings out different biological activities
-Karmamanya Guna: responsible for different Jaivika Karma
-Dvandva Guna: explained in pars.
-Samanya /Sharira Guna: general properties of the entities of
the body.
-Physical properties of the substances
-Dosha, Dhatu and Mala also possess these properties.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 34
SPU, Gujarat
 Lakshana and Classification of
Gurvadiguna
Reference for the action of each Guna:
Commentator Hemadri in Ayurved Rasayana Commentary of
Ashtanga Hruadya

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 35
SPU, Gujarat
 1. Guru-Laghu Guna (heaviness-lightness)
आद्यपतनसमवा य कारणं गुरुत्वम ् | (तकर्य संग्रह)
गुरुत्वं जलभूम्यो: पतनकमर्यकारणम ् |
अप्रत्यक्षं पतनकमार्यनुमेयं संयोगप्रयत्नसंस्कार वरो ध | (प्र.पा.भा.)
- There is no absolute guru or laghu both are relative. Gurutva is
described in philosophical schools and Ayurveda.
- Increase of Guru = Decrease of Laghu
- Increase of Laghu = Increase of Laghu

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 36
SPU, Gujarat
 Guru Guna
- Asamavayi (non-material) cause of the first fall is the Gurutvu.
Vaisheshika Darshana proposes that whenever a substance falls
down, it is not a single act but it includes a series of falls before
the substance touches the ground. The first/paramount cause of
the fall is called as Gurutva. After the first fall > vega comes into
play > bears the falling substance for some time in the air >
ultimately touches the ground.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 37
SPU, Gujarat
 Guru Guna in Ayurved
- Specified by Hemadri.
द्रव्यस्य बृहणे कमर्य ण: शिक्तगुरु
र्य : | (अ.हृ.सू. १/१८ टका)
- The attribute by which the substance nourishes the body is..
सादोपलेपबलकृ द्गुरुस्तपर्यणबृंहणः ||५१८||| - सु. सू. ४५
- Produces decrease in activity, covering or coating, gives strength
and satisfaction and nourishing.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 38
SPU, Gujarat
 Laghu Guna
- Vaisheshika Darshana on accepts as separate Guna.
- Opposite to Guru. Absence of Guru = Laghu.
- Dominant = Akash + Vayu
- Causative factor for Langhana; one of 6 Upakrama : लङ्घने लघु
(हे मा द्र)
लघुस्तद् वपरीतः स्याल्लेखनो रोपणस्तथा | - सु. सू. ४५/५१९
- As opposite to Guru; causes emaciation and wound healing.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 39
SPU, Gujarat
 Laghu Guna in Ayurved
- Process of Digestion: it can be taken in once satisfaction level if
Food item having Laghu Guna; it made up of Akasha, Vayu and
Agni Mahabhuta which increase the digestive power. After
consuming the Guru dravya and get diseases due to it, regular
consumption of the Laghu Dravya is the treatment.
- Laghu Guna is the main for production of Lightness in the body
which is Langhan; Guru-Gurutva/Bruhnatva-Bruhana.
- Apatarpana needs Laghu Guna; Santarpana Guru.
- Laghu dominancy in Vamana Dravya: Upward Movement; Guru in
Virechana: Downward Movement.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 40
SPU, Gujarat
 2. Snigdha-Ruksha Guna
(unctuous and dry attribute)
स्नेहोऽपां वशेषगुणा: | संग्रहमृजा दहे तु: | (प्र.पा.भा.)
- Snigdha: specific quality of the Jala mahabhuta.
- cause of the association of the separate entities/formation of a lump
and produces softness; Snigdha joins or bonds the entities(Ex.: Flour
Bolus).
- क्लेदने िस्न ध: | (हे मा द्र) – Substance due the Adrikarana.
स्नेहमादर्य वकृ त ् िस्न धो बलवणर्यकरस्तथा | - सु. सू. ४५/५१६
- Causative factor for the unctuousness and softness in the body along
with increase of strength and improvement in complexion.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 41
SPU, Gujarat
 Snigdha-Ruksha Guna
(unctuous and dry attribute)
- Vaisheshika Darshana not accepts Ruksha as separate Guna.
- Opposite to Snigdha.
- Dominant = Pruthvi + Vayu + Agni Mahabhuta
- Causative factor for Rukshana; one of 6 Upakrama : शोषणे रुक्ष: |
(हे मा द्र)
रूक्षस्तद् वपरीतः स्याद् वशेषात ् स्तम्भनः खरः ||५१६|| - सु. सू. ४५
- Immobility and roughness are the character for the Ruksha Guna.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 42
SPU, Gujarat
 Snigdha-Ruksha Guna In Ayurved
- Snigdha: Kapha Guna; Day Sleep and
Ruksha: Vata Guna: Ratri Jagarana;
in access they becomes Nidana and in opposite they works as
the Treatment. Balanced amount of above both is necessary for
health maintenance.
- Therapeutic Use: Ruksha for Rukshana Karma and Snigdha for
Snehana Karma. Snehana is the major and important poorva
karma before each Shodhana or Shastra Karma.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 43
SPU, Gujarat
 3. Shita-Ushna Guna
(Cold and hot attributes)
- Vaisheshika Darshana not accepts above both as separate Guna
counted as the types of Sparsha.
- Both are Karmanumeya, perceivable by Skin.
- Shita: Dominated by Jala mahabhuta;
- Ushna: Dominated by Agni mahabhuta
- Heat: Degree of coldness or hotness(Modern Science)
- Temperature for Body

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 44
SPU, Gujarat
 Shita Guna
- Causative factor for immobility/stasis:
स्तम्भने हम: | (हे मा द्र)

ह्लादनः स्तम्भनः शीतो मूच्छार्यतट्

ृ स्वेददाहिजत ् | - सु. सू. ४५/५१५
- Guna which mollifies the person pained by heat, produces stasis,
subsides unconsciousness, thirst, sweating and burning sensation.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 45
SPU, Gujarat
 Ushna Guna

- Causative factor for production of sweating/sudation:

स्वेदने उ ण: | (हे मा द्र)

उ णस्तद् वपरीतः स्यात्पाचनश्च वशेषतः ||५१५|| - सु. सू.

४५/५१५
- Ushna is opposite to Shita and have specific property as
digestive.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 46
SPU, Gujarat
 Ushna and Shita Guna in Ayurved
- Ayurved Pharmacology: Medicine works by their Virya/Active
participant: Shita and Ushna
उ णशीतगुणोत्कषार्यत्तत्र वीयर्थं द् वधा स्मृतम ् | - A.H.Su.1/17
the whole universe is made up of Agneya and Saumya Dravya as
Acharya Sushruta: द् व वधात्मक एवा नेयः, सौम्यश्च –Su. Su. 1/22
-Physiology and Pathology: Agni presents as Pitta –cause for
transformation. Decrease of Agneyatva treated with Ushna
Dravya. Same oppositely applied for the Shita Guna. All
diseases due to Agni Vitiation. Kaya = Agni + Chikitsa=KC.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 47
SPU, Gujarat
 Ushna and Shita Guna in Ayurved
- Treatment : Both are useful as per conditions in the body. For
Agnimandhya or decrease of Pitta Dosha; Ushna Guna is useful
while for the conditions related to Pitta Vruddhi, Greeshma rutu or
Ushnata Vruddhi in Sharira; Shita Guna is useful.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 48
SPU, Gujarat
 4. Manda & Tikshna Guna
(Slow & Pungent Attributes)
- Philosophies: Not mentioned
- शमने मन्द: | (हे मा द्र) Dravya performs pacification/Shamana.
- मन्दो यात्राकरः स्मृतः ||५२२|| - सु.सू. ४६ Sushruta &
Bhavaprakasha =
Yatrakara...carries forward to sustain the life. Ashukari/Ashu instead of
Tikshna
- शोधने तीक्ष्ण: | (हे मा द्र) Dravya performs purification/Shodhana.
- दाहपाककरस्तीक्ष्णः स्रावणो,…||५१८|| - सु.सू. ४६
- Dominant Mahabhuta: Agni
- Causes burning sensation, digestion and secretion.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 49
SPU, Gujarat
 Manda & Tikshna Guna
- Physiology: Tikshna= Pitta=Fast Action=Tikshnagni, excess hunger
and thirst which is unbearable, valour, frequent hunger
Manda=Kapha=Lethargic Action, delayed digestion, low digestion
and thirst and good tolerance of above both with compared less
hunger For Prakruti Assessment.
- Pharmacology and Treatment: Shodhana= Tikshna; Rasayana and
Vajikarana: Manda; Ahara is Manda while Aushadha is Tikshna.
Shalya= Shastra, Kshara and Agni= Tikshna for immediate effect.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 50
SPU, Gujarat
 5. Sthira & Sara/Chala Guna
(Stable and Mobile Attributes)
- Respectively suggests Stability and mobility
- A.H. and A.S.: Chala gun in place of Sara.
- धारणे िस्थर: | (हे मा द्र) Capacity of bearing or Stasis
They are long lasting and Pruthvi Guna Dominance.

- प्रेरणे चल: | (हे मा द्र) becomes the potent of initiating.

- सरोऽनुलोमनः प्रोक्तो - Su. Su. 46/522
Sara are Jala Dominant.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 51
SPU, Gujarat
 Sthira & Sara/Chala Guna

-Chala = Raja…Initiation & Active state of Mana; Sthira

=Tama…Control & Depressed state of Mana.
-Physiology: Vata = Chala/Sara; Kapha = Sthira; Prakruti
Assessment; Actively movement s of the body organs while
stability in the same both are due to Chala and Sthira Guna
respectively; Gambhira Buddhi towards work = Sthira Guna.
-Pharmacology: Over exposure to both Guna cures with
opposire; Shodhana Dravya dominated by Chala while its
Atiyoga managed by the Sthira Dominant Dravya.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 52
SPU, Gujarat
 6. Mrudu and Kathina Guna
(Soft and Hard Attributes)
- श्लथने मृद:ु | (हे मा द्र) Ability to soften
- Mrudu = Akasha + Jala Mahabhuta (Rasa Vaisheshika)
- दाहपाककरस्तीक्ष्णः स्रावणो, मृदरु न्यथा | Su.Su.46/518
which pacifies Burning, Digestion and Secretion.

- दृढने क ठन: | (हे मा द्र) Action of compactness

- Dominant Mahabhuta: Pruthvi

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 53
SPU, Gujarat
 Mrudu and Kathina Guna in Ayurved
-Embryology and Physiology: Mrudu Organs =Matruja Bhava;
Kathina Organs = Pitruja Bhava; Mrudu Anga= Kapha
Prakruti; Kathina = Vata Prakruti.
-Pharmacology: The choice of the Kalpana/Formulation
depends upon Mrudutva or Kathinya of the Ingredients Tests
for the Preparations like Snehapana and Parpati depends
upon Softness or Hardness of the final product.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 54
SPU, Gujarat
 7. Vishada and Pichchila Guna
(Clean and Slimy Attributes)
- क्षालने वशद: | (हे मा द्र) capable of clearing the moisture.
- वशदो वपरीतोऽस्मात ् क्लेदाचूषणरोपणः ||५१७||-Su. Su. 46
Opposite to Pichchila, dries away the moisture and heals the
wound. Dominate: Pruthvi +Jala?? +Teja+Akasha.
- लेपने पिच्छल: | (हे मा द्र) which capable of coating
- पिच्छलो जीवनो बल्यः सन्धानः श्ले मलो गुरुः | - Su. Su. 46
Vital for Life, Strengthening, Joins the fractures & Heavy.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 55
SPU, Gujarat
 Vishada and Pichchila Guna in Ayurved
- Physiology/Prkaruti: Vishad Guna of Vata is responsible for the
crepitus sound while activity in joining part of organs and sub
organs.
- Chikitsa: Vishada for treating Kapha disorders and Pichchila for
Vata.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 56
SPU, Gujarat
 8. Shlakshna and Khara/Karkasha Guna
(Smooth and Rough)
- श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छलवज्ज्ञेयः ककर्यशो वशदो यथा| - Su.Su. 46/521
- Sushruta: Karkasha in Place of Khara.
Shlakshna is similar to Pichchila and Karkasha is resemble in action
with Vishada that is rough in touch.
- रोपणे श्लक्ष्ण: | (हे मा द्र) Capability of wound healing.
- लेखने खर: | (हे मा द्र) Capability of Scrapping.
- A.S Indu: Khara as Parush Guna(परुष)

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 57
SPU, Gujarat
 Shlakshna and Khara/Karkasha Guna in
Ayurved
-Prakruti/Physiology: Vata = Khara; Kapha = Shlakshna that
responsible for the smoothness of the body parts/organs like
nails and teeth.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 58
SPU, Gujarat
 9. Sukshma and Sthula Guna
(Minute and Gross)
- सूक्ष्मस्तु सौक्ष्म्यात ् सूक्ष्मेषु स्रोतःस्वनुसरः स्मृतः ||५२४|| -Su.Su.46
That which penetrate the minutest of the Srota.
- ववरणे सूक्ष्म: | (हे मा द्र) The capacity to open/widen minute
channels/srotas
- Dominance: Agni + Vayu +Akasha

- संवरणे स्थूल | (हे मा द्र) Which obliterates(wipe out) the

channels.
- Dominance: Pruthvi
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 59
SPU, Gujarat
 10. Sandra and Drava Guna
(Concentrated/viscous and Dilute)
- सान्द्रः स्थूलः स्याद्बन्धकारकः | - Su.Su.46/520
Cause for the compactness of the body
- प्रसादने सान्द्र | (हे मा द्र) Sandra performs the purification.
- Dominance: Pruthvi

- Prasastapad Bhashya: Drava is the cause of flow.

- द्रवः प्रक्लेदनः | Su.Su.46/520 Moistens/wets the body.
- वलोडने द्रव: प्रक्लेदन: | (हे मा द्र) to spread/reach to other
place
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 60
SPU, Gujarat
 Sandra and Drava Guna in Ayurved
- Prakruti/Physiology: Sara is for Kapha that shows the proper and
well formed organs of the body(सान्द्रत्वादुप चतप रपूणस र्य वार्यङ्गा: |
च. व.८/९६). Pitta represents the looseness and softness in the
muscles and joints; excess of Sweat, urine and feaces. (द्रव्यत्वात ्
श थलमृदस ु िन्धमांसा:, प्रभूतसु टस्वेदमूत्रपुरीशाश्च | च. व.८/९७)
- Pathology: In Prameha, Bahu Drava Shleshma is the cause
(C.Ni.4/6) One of types of Kaphaja Prameha: Sandrameha. The of
of the types of Amlapitta is due to increasing of Dravtva of Pitta.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 61
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna - Buddhi/Knowledge/
Judgement
बुध ्(अवगमने/बोधने) + िक्तन ् प्रत्यय
बुध्यतेडनया इ त | Tool of knowledge or comprehension.
नश्चयाित्मकान्त:करणवृ त्त: | (वेदान्तसार)
Activity of internal tools of cognition leading to categorical
knowledge.
अध्यवसायो बुद् ध: | (साङ्ख्य का रका)
Buddhi is the cause of ‘Confirmation’ or ‘Ascertainment.’
Synonymous: Upalabdhi, Jnana

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 62
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna - Buddhi/Knowledge/
Judgement
सवर्यव्यवहारहे तुगण
ुर्य ो ज्ञानं बुद् ध: | (त.सं.34)
Buddhi is Jnana(Knowledge) which is the cause of employment
all discourses.
-In general the term denotes the meaning Jnana(Knowledge)
-Specifically the capacity to judge and decide.
-Functions of it are: Adhyavasaya(Comprehend) and
Nishchaya(Decision)

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 63
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna – Ichcha/Desire
- These are the 6 basic properties which signifies the presence of
Atma in organism.
इच्छा काम: | (त.सं.64) Ichcha is desire.
स्वाथर्थं पराथर्थं वा अप्राप्तप्राथर्यना इच्छा | (प्र.पा.भा.)
It is the longing towards an object which is not yet attained by
oneself or others.
- Apart form psychological manifestation, Ichcha has some
physiological expressions also. Thirst, Ingestion, absorption, etc.
are physiological forms of Ichcha.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 64
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna – Dvesha/Aversion
क्रिोधो द्वेष: | (त.सं.65)
प्रज्वलनात्मको द्वेष: | (प्र.पा.भा.)
Dvesha is Krodha(Anger) or Prajvalana(Irritation) (towards a
particular object).

- It present in different forms like Droha, Krodha, Manyu(Hidden

revenge), Akanksha, Amarsha(non-acceptance), etc.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 65
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna - Sukha/Pleasure

सवर्वेषामनुकूलवेदनीयं सुखम ् | (त.सं.62)

धमर्यजन्यमनुकूलवेदनीयं सुखम ् | (प्र.पा.भा.)
Sukha is the sensation of agreeability, known y all, produced
from Dharma.
-It is the cheerful state attained by association of Indriya with
desired objects.
-Sukhayu is one of 4 types of Ayu.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 66
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna – Sukha/Pleasure

सुखसञ्ज्ञकमारो यं, वकारो दुःखमेव च ||४|| - च.सु. 9

Arogya if termed as Sukha and Vikara as Dukha.

सुखाथार्यः सवर्यभूतानां मताः सवार्यः प्रवृत्तयः|

सुखं च न वना धमार्यत्तस्माद्धमर्यपरो भवेत ्||२०|| - अ.हृ.सू, 1

All the creatures aim at Sukha through all their activities.
Sukha is not there without Dharma. Hence, always be in path
of Dharma.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 67
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna – Dukha/Pain

सवर्वेषां प्र तकूलवेदनीयं सुखम ् | (त.सं.63)

उपाघातलक्षणं दु:खम ् | (प्र.पा.भा.)
Dukha is the sensation of disagreeability, known by all. It is
characterized by Upaghata(Injury or hurt)
-In ayurveda, Dukha is one of Diseases and Dukhayu is one
among four types of Ayu.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 68
SPU, Gujarat
 Adhyatma Guna – Prayatna/Effort
कृ त: प्रयत्न:| (त. सं. 66) Effort if Kruti.
- It also called Samrambha(Initiation) and Utsaha(Enthusiasm).
प्रयत्ना द कमर्य चेि टतमुच्यते | - च.सू.1/49
Karma is activity limited by Prayatna.
- 2 Types; Jivana Purvaka and Ichcha Dvesha Purvaka.
1. Jivana Purvaka(Instinctual effort): life sustaining vital activities of
living organism which are in voluntary.
2. Ichcha-Dvesha-Purvaka(voluntary effort, modulated by desire and
aversion): efforts by voluntary reactions towards a particular
things/events based on Ichcha and Dvesha
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 69
SPU, Gujarat
 Guna: Paradi Guna
- It has separate category in Ayurved and most of given in T.S.
- They are not exhibiting any actions but are responsible for
modifying the actions.
- In T.S. they are not given in therapeutic point of view.
परापरत्वे युिक्तश्च सङ्ख्या संयोग एव च |
वभागश्च पृथक्त्वं च प रमाणमथा प च ||२९||
संस्कारोऽभ्यास इत्येते गुणा ज्ञेयाः परादयः |
सद्ध्युपायािश्च कत्साया लक्षणैस्तान ् प्रचक्ष्महे ||३०|| - C. Su. 26

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 70
SPU, Gujarat
 Para and Apara

-Both are relative expressions.

-Paratva: Superior and prior to others
-Aparatva: inferior or Posterior
-It happens in to 2 References: Time(Kala) and Space(Disha).
-Ayurved: some other dimensions too…
दे शकालवयोमानपाकवीयर्यरसा दषु | - C. Su. 26/31

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 71
SPU, Gujarat
 Para and Apara as per T. S.

परापरत्वव्यवहारसाधारणकारणे परत्वापरत्वे |
पृथ्वा दचतु टयमनोवृ तनी | ते द् व वधे – दक्कृ ते कालकृ ते च |
दूरस्थे दक्कृ ते परत्वम ् | समीपस्थे दक्कृ तमपरत्वम ् |
ज्ये ठे कालकृ तं परत्वम ् | क न ठे कालकृ तमपरत्वम ् | (त.सं.29)
Para and Apara are existing in 4 Bhuta and Mana. It has 2 type: Kalakruta and
Dik-Kruta.
One which is farther has spatial paratva-which is nearer has spatial aparatva
One who is elder has temporal Paratva-who is younger has temporal aparatva

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 72
SPU, Gujarat
 Para and Apara
Factor Paratva Apartva
Geographical
Dry Land(Maru) Marshy Land(Anupa)
area(Bhumi/Desha)
Season Winter solstice Summer solstice
(Rutu/Kala) (Visarga kala) (Adana kala)
Processing(Paka) Suitable for application Unsuitable for application
Potency(Virya) Potent Less potent
Measurement/Anjali/
Proper Physiometry Defective Physiometry
Anguli(Panimana)
Age(Vaya) Youth Childhood, Old age
Taste(Rasa) Sweet in Vata Sweet in Kapha
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 73
SPU, Gujarat
 Yukti – Logical Planning

-Ayurved Context: Proper prescription of medicines in the

treatment, after considering different factors influencing
diseases.
युिक्तश्च योजना या तु युज्यते ||३१|| - C. Su. 26
Yukti is the application which is suitable for in a particular
situation/Systemic plan, which is executed.
-It is one of Pariksha among Chaturvidha Pariksha.
-It is the decision after consideration of multiple factors.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 74
SPU, Gujarat
 Yukti

- Accepted by Vaishesika Darshana and it is a special

contribution of Acharya Charaka.
तत्र यद् याद्रूप्येण यो यं भव त तत्र तस्य ताद्रूप्येण योगो युिक्तनर्य तु तकर्य:| युकत्या
ह द्रव्यं संयुज्यते प रमीयते संिस्क्रियते |

(गङ्गाधर च.सू. 26/31)

Yukti is the association/contact is a desirable/suitable manner.
The utility, measurement and transformation of a Dravya occurs
on the basis of Yukti.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 75
SPU, Gujarat
 Yukti – Importance in Ayurved
मात्राकालाश्रया युिक्तः, सद् धयुक् र्य तौ प्र ति ठता |
त ठत्युप र युिक्तज्ञो द्रव्यज्ञानवतां सदा ||१६|| - C. Su. 2
Siddhi on Yukti on Matra and Kala
Yuktijna > Dyavyajanavan

योगमासां तु यो वद्याद्दे शकालोपपा दतम ् |

पुरुषं पुरुषं वीक्ष्य स ज्ञेयो भषगुत्तमः ||१२३|| - C. Su. 1
-Ayurved accepts Yukti each individual as an individual unit
and therefore advices a physician to exam each individual as
a separate entity and according a unique plan should be
prepared.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 76
SPU, Gujarat
 Samkhya

- It issued to quality materials by numbering them as one, two, etc.

सङ्ख्या स्याद्ग णतम ्... | – C. Su. 26/32
Sankhya is counting.
- In Ayurved many principles are explained by suffixing the numbers like
Tridosha, Panchamahabhuta, Sapta Dhatu, Shada Rasa, etc.
- Accuracy, Certitude and precision of a science is contributed by
Sankhya.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 77
SPU, Gujarat
 Samkhya

एकत्वा द व्यवहार हे तु: सङ्ख्या: | नवद्रव्यवृ त्त: | एकत्वा दपराथर्यपयर्यन्ता |

एकत्वं नत्यम नत्यं च | नत्यगतं नत्यम ् | अ नत्यगतम नत्यम ् |
द् वत्वा दकं तु सवर्यत्रा नत्यमेव | (त.सं. 24)??(VD)
It starts from one and ends in Padartha(100000 billion), It exist in all
9 Dravya. Ekatva is Nitya and Anitya. Oneness of Nitya Dravya =
Nitya
Oneness to Anitya Dravya = Anitya
Numbers from 2 onwards are always Anitya.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 78
SPU, Gujarat
 Samkhya

एकत्वा द व्यवहार हे तु: गुण: सङ्ख्या | सा नव द्रव्य वृ त्त: |

एका ध पराधर्य पयर्यन्त: | (त.सं.) (VD)
The number attribute is the counting like the one, two, three, etc. It
is present in all 9 Karana Dravya and range from the one to
Parardha(10 7).
-IMPORTANCE: Facts supported by the figures = Research.
-Division of body organs with the measurements.
-Dose fixation mainly with the mineral drugs
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 79
SPU, Gujarat
 Samyoga(Combination/association)

योगः सह संयोग उच्यते |

द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसवर्वैककमर्यजोऽ नत्य एव च ||३२||- C. Su. 26
सहे त म लतानां द्रव्याणां योग: प्रािप्त रत्यथर्य: | - चक्रि.
Samyoga is Combining together; Yoga of 2 or more substances.
Chakra.: Saha is availability in combination of the Dravya.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 80
SPU, Gujarat
 Samyoga

संयुक्तव्यवहारसाधारणो हे तु: संयोग: | सवर्यद्रव्यवृ त्त | (त.सं.27,28)

Samyoga is the Guna responsible for describing( 2 or more things
to be) joined. It resides in all Dravya.

संयोग: संयुक्तप्रत्यय न मत्तम ् | (प्रशस्तपाद भा य)

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 81
SPU, Gujarat
 Samyoga - Types

Samyoga happens into 3 ways:

अप्राप्तयो: प्रािप्त: संयोग: | स च त्र वध: - अन्यतरकमर्यज:
उभयकमर्यज संयोगश्च | (प्र.पा.भा.)
- Anyatarakarmaja(One participant is Active):
Charak Samhita: Ekakarmaja; happens when the one participant is
active and other is passive. Ex.: Bird on Tree
- Ubhayakarmaja(Both participants are active):
Charak Samhita: Dvandvakarmaja; happens when the both participants
are active. Ex.: Participants of Games like Chess. Badminton, etc.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 82
SPU, Gujarat
 Samyoga - Types

- Samyogaja(Combination of already associated):

Vaisheshika mentions specific type of Samyoga: Samyogaja
Samyoga; means the combination between the substances which
are already in associated form.
Ex.: Combination of 2 Panchamula to form Dashmoola
Charaka Samhita: Sarvakarma Samyoga where all the participants
or components are actively responsible for the action. It is
important for the compound formulations where all the
ingredients are works together for the medicinal effect.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 83
SPU, Gujarat
 Samyoga - Importance

- Ayu is the combination of 4

- Sharira is the combine form of 5 Bhuta and Atma.
- All the Dravya are the fruit of the combination of the
Panchmahabhuta
- The combination produces the various in vivo and in vitro
substances like Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Rasa, Guna, etc.
- The combined formulations are importance for getting novel,
advance or better effect.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 84
SPU, Gujarat
 Vibhaga

वभागस्तु वभिक्तः स्याद् वयोगो भागशो ग्रहः | - C. Su. 26/33

Vibhaga is separation, Fragmentation and division in to parts.

संयोगनाशको गुणो वभाग: | सवर्यद्रव्यवृ त्त | (त.सं.27,28)

The one which destroys Samyoga is Vibhaga that also
resides in Dravya.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 85
SPU, Gujarat
 Vibhaga - Types
प्रािप्तपू वर्यकाडप्रािप्त वर्यभाग | स च त्र वध: - अन्यतरकमर्यज: उभयकमर्यज:
वभागजश्च वभाग इ त | (प्रशस्तपाद भा य)
The knowledge of the separation of two substances which were
hitherto(prior) associated is the Vibhaga.
- ANYATARAKARAMAJA: Dissociation occurs when one participant is active
and another is passive. Ex.: Inactive tree from active bird.
- UBHAYAKARMAJA: Both participants are active. Ex.: 2 Participants in game
- VIBHAGAJA: Vibhajaga Vibhaga; Separation of the substances which
themselves are result of some other separation. Ex.: Ghee from butter
separated from Curd.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 86
SPU, Gujarat
 Vibhaga – Importance
- Patient Examination: Body examine in separate parts
- Anshansha Kalpana: Base upon any specific attribute of each
Dosha.
- Kala and Disha: 1 in numbers but making it practically applicable
they are divided in to further types.
- Development of the new formulatin depends upon the Samyoga
and Vibhaga.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 87
SPU, Gujarat
 Pruthakatva
Distinction/Separation/Plurality
पृथक् व्यवहारसाधारणकारणं पृथकत्वम ् | सवर्यद्रव्यवृ त्त | (त.सं.26)
The specific cause of perception of the one object to be different
from another is the Pruthakatva Attribute.
It is a Guna which a specific cause to describe things as distinct or
separate. It occurs in all Dravya.
- Samyoga with another thing have Pruthakatva like water in Jug,
both of them are in state of Samyoga. But, always water is
distinct from Jug. This distinctiveness is the reason for identifying
them as different. This is called Vishesha thus Pruthakatva comes
from Vishesha.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 88
SPU, Gujarat
 Pruthakatva/Distinction

पृथकत्वं स्यादसंयोगोवैलक्षण्यमनेकता | (च.सू. २६/३३)

Asamyoga(Himalaya and Vindya);
Vailakshanya(Like Ajanta Caves); Anekata(Plurality-give rise of
multiple things.)

पृथकत्वमपोद्धारव्यवहारकारणम ् | तत्पुनरे कद्रव्यमनेकद्रव्यं च |

(प्रशस्तपाद भा य)??

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 89
SPU, Gujarat
 Pruthakatva - Utility
- In Ayurved, it comes under the Vishesha category.
- It is useful for the differential diagnosis and for the characteristic
features of the substance which is either medicine of diseases.
- In some diseases the separate Nidana are given which are
Pruthaka from generalized Nidana.
- Charaka Samhita: All the persons are unique and thus treatment
of each should also unique.
योगमासां तु यो वद्याद्दे शकालोपपा दतम ् |
पुरुषं पुरुषं वीक्ष्य स ज्ञेयो भषगुत्तमः ||१२३|| - Cha. Su. 1

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 90
SPU, Gujarat
 Parimana - Measurement
मानव्यवहारकारणं प रमाणम ् | नवद्रव्यवृ त्त |
तच्चतु वर्यधम ् – अणु-महद्-दीघर्थं-ह्रस्वं चे त | (त.सं.25)
It is the expression responsible for measurement. It exists in all the 9
Dravya. It has the following categories: Anu(small), Mahat(large),
Hrasva(short) and Dirgha(long).
- 2 group: Volumetric - Anu and Mahat & Linear – Hrasva and Dirgha
- Two contexts it is useful in medicine: more measurements of different
normal value within the body like Hb, BS, etc. and for dose of
medicine.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 91
SPU, Gujarat
 Parimana - Measurement
प रमाणं पुनमार्यनम ् | (च.सू. २६/३४)
मानव्यवहारकारणं प रमाणम ् | प रमाणं चतु वर्यधं अणु-महद्-दीघर्थं-ह्रस्वं चे त | तत ् महद्
द् व वधं – नत्यम नत्यं च | नत्यमाकाशकाल दगात्मसु परममहत्वं अ नत्यं
त्रयणुकादावेव | तथा चाण्व प द् व वधं – नत्यम नत्यं च | नत्यं परमाणुमनस्सु तत्तु
पा रमाण्डल्यम ् | अ नत्यं द्वयणुक एव |
(प्रशस्तपाद भा य)
Both Mahat and Anu have 2 division; Nitya and Anitya
1. Nitya(Eternal) & Mahat(Biggest): Akasha, Kala, Dik and Atma +Anitya(Transient)
and Big: Trayanuka
2. Nitya and Anu: Paramanu and Manas which are circular and round + Anitya and
Anu: Dwayanuka
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 92
SPU, Gujarat
 Parimana – Measurement -Types
Akasha, Kala,
Nitya
Dik & Atma
Mahat
Anitya Trayanuka
Parimana
Mana and
Nitya
Paramanau
Anu
Anitya Dwayanu

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 93
SPU, Gujarat
 Parimana - Utility
- The definition of Ayurved contains ‘Mana.’
- Charaka Samhita: Vimana Sthana specified for the Mana where the
methodology for the measurement of the Dosha-Dhatu-Mala are given
which is too important for the diseases and healthy status.
न ह्यमानज्ञो दोषादीनां भषग ् व्या ध नग्रहसमथर्थो भव त |
तस्माद्दोषा दमानज्ञानाथर्थं वमानस्थानमुपदे क्ष्यामोऽि नवेश! ||३||
- Prescribed dose of poison act as nectar while improper dose of the food
turns in to poison that differentiation is based upon the measurement.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 94
SPU, Gujarat
 Samskara
Impression/Tendency/Transformation/Processing
संस्कार: करणं मतम ् | - च.सू. २६/३४
संस्कारो ह गुणान्तराधानमुच्यते ||२२|| - C. Vi. 1

It is the Transformation or Processing. This implies the generally increasing

the quality or inhibiting new attributes hitherto absent. Which used in
positive senses.
Samskara is that which induces change in Guna.
It is the processing (of food and medicine).

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 95
SPU, Gujarat
 Samskara
Impression/Tendency/Transformation/Processing
- It is the property responsible for retaining a particular state of affair.
संस्कार: त्र वध: - वेगो भावना िस्थ तस्थापकश्चे त |
वेग: पृ थव्या दचतु टयमनोवृ त्त | अनुभवजन्या पुन: तदवस्थापक:
िस्थ तस्थापक: | कटा दपृ थवीवृ त्त | (त.सं.71(VK)/PPB(VD))
Vega(Momentum) is present in 4 Bhuta starting with Pruthvi and Manas.
Bhavana(Mental Impression/Memory) is one which is produced from
Anubhava. This is seen in Atma only.
Sthiti Sthapakatva (Elasticity/bounciness) is the tendency to re-attain
previous position when a thing is subjected to change in position. It resides
in Pruthvi such as in rolled Kata(mat).
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 96
SPU, Gujarat
 Samskara - Utility

संस्कारो ह गुणान्तराधानमुच्यते | ते गुणास्तोयाि नसिन्नकषर्यशौच

मन्थनदे शकालवासनभावना द भः
कालप्रकषर्यभाजना द भश्चाधीयन्ते ||२२|| - C. Vi. 1
Karana is the transformation nature/attributes of the substance.
This alteration can be done with
Water-Fire-cleaning-churning-place of
storage/preparation-passage of time-addition of essence-by
impregnation-strength of time-quality of vessel.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 97
SPU, Gujarat
 Samskara - Utility
- Parada Samskara: The poisonous mercury transformed in to
medicinal material by the various Samskara procedures along
with various metals, plant and animal origin drugs which is the
main subject of the Rasa Shastra.
- Food Processing: Transformation from raw material in to usage
from. It makes it pure and make the palatable form.
- Pharmacy: Various combination of the formulations transformed
in to desirable form by the various Bhaishajya Kalpana.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 98
SPU, Gujarat
 Abhyasa – Repetition/Practice
भावाभ्यसनमभ्यासः शीलनं सतत क्रिया ||३४|| - C. Su. 26
Abhyasa is the practice of particular thing, habituation and
repeated use.
Abhyashan=Repetition of Activity; Shilana=Continuity in action
-Harmful things become harmless through repeated use.
-Repeated use of drugs produces drug resistance that changes
its action in the body.
-Regular Practice in education, research and treatment.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 99
SPU, Gujarat
 Abhyasa – Utility
- Ayurved Teaching Methodology: regular citation of the Shloka
until attains perfection; some examples are as below:

वाक्सौ ठवेऽथर्य वज्ञाने प्रागल्भ्ये कमर्यनैपुणे |

तदभ्यासे च सद्धौ च यतेताध्ययनान्तगः ||५६|| - Su. Su. 3/56
Vak Saushtava: Good Communication Skill

अभ्यासात्प्राप्यते दृि टः कमर्य सद् धप्रका शनी|

रत्ना दसदसज्ज्ञानं न शास्त्रादे व जायते||५६|| - A.H. Su. 12/56

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 0
 Abhyasa – Utility
-Efficacy of Substance/Drug: Regular intake of all 6
Rasa=Promoter of health and Regularly Vega Dharana=Cause
of disease Production; Increase /Decrease of the
Dosha/Dhatu/Mala is not the instantaneous activity but it
happens gradually based upon the Nidana.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 1
Miscellaneous Guna – Dharma and Adharma
- Dharma and Adharma(Merits and Demerits): by Vaisheshika
Darshana. First Sutra: अथातो धमर्य व्याख्यास्याम:| and define the
Dharma यतोऽभ्युदय न:श्रेयस सद् ध: स धमर्य: |
- Prashastapada Bhashya: Adharma and Dharma as Adrashta.
धमर्य: पुरुषगुण: | व हतकमर्यजन्यो गुणो धमर्य: |(Good/Advised Deeds)
अधमर्थोऽप्यात्मगुण: न षद्धकमर्यजन्यो गुणोऽधमर्य: |(Bad/Forbidden)

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 2
 Miscellaneous Guna - Utility
- Root cause of Prajnaparadha is the Adharma; Sukha is the cause for
Dharma…
सुखाथार्यः सवर्यभूतानां मताः सवार्यः प्रवृत्तयः|
सुखं च न वना धमार्यत्तस्माद्धमर्यपरो भवेत ्||२०|| - A.H.Su. 2/20
सुखाथार्यः सवर्यभूतानां मताः सवार्यः प्रवृत्तयः |
ज्ञानाज्ञान वशेषात्तु मागार्यमागर्यप्रवृत्तयः ||३५|| - C.Su. 28/35

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 3
 Gunapradhanyata – Gunamahatva
(Importance/Significance/Necessity/
Dominance of Guna)

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 4
 Gunapradhanyata
(Importance/Superiority of Guna)
-रसा भभव: Works beyond the Rasa so Guna is superior.
-वीयर्य कारणत्वम ्: Guna are also accepted as Virya.
-बाहु ल्य: गुण > वीयर्य > वपाक;Numbers of the Guna are more.
-बहु उपयोगात ्: Procedure depends upon the Guna.
-अनेक कारणत्वात ्: Guna are the responsible for the various
actions like Langhana, Bruhana, Lekhana, etc.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 5
 Gunapradhanyata
(Importance/Superiority of Guna)
-गुण & रस: Every Rasa has Specific Guna, Aushadha has
specific quantity: Bahuguna.
-उपदे श/शास्त्र प्रमाण/आगम: Most of the texts have separate
description for the Guna with important position in the text.
-अपदे श: Guna are repeatedly and commonly used in day to
day life.
-अनुमानात ्: Based upon the Guna, the action f any Dravya can
be understood and thus used.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 6
 Gunapradhanyata
(Importance/Superiority of Guna)
Given in RAS VAISHESHIKA SUTRA of Acharya Nagarjuna.
-Rasanugraha: The selection of the Rasa for the certain cause is
entirely depends upon Guna factor alone. Among the Madhura
Dravya Ghruta is best which entirely depends upon the Guna.
-Rasabhibhava: Guna suppress action of Rasa < exhibits it
Guna. Madhura Rasa of Jala; Ushna Jala pacifies Kapha.
-Vipakakaranatva: Particular Guna < Particular Vipaka, Vipaka
decided by Guna

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 7
 Gunapradhanyata
(Importance/Superiority of Guna)
-Bahulyat: More in numbers.
-Prayogabahulya: Rasa by Rasana while Guna assessed through
dif. Methods; in form of procedures like Snehana, Svedana.
-Karmabahulya: Exhicute various effects by association with
Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, etc.
-Vishaya Bahulya: Various Guna through various sense organs.
-Upadesha & Anumanat
-Apadesha: helpful to identify the individual. e.g. Soft Song.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 8
 Practical/clinical application/Important of
each Guna in Ayurveda
- It should be taken from each Guna slide.

Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 10
SPU, Gujarat 9
References
- Vd. Kishor Satani, Padartha Vijnana, Fundamentals principles of
Ayurved and Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Varanasi,
Chaukhambha Prakashana, 2023.
- Dr. Vaibhav Dadu, Padartha Jijnasa, Fundamentals principles of
Ayurved and Quantum Mechanics, 1st Edition. Varanasi,
Chaukhambha Classica, 2023.
- Prof. Dr. Vinod Kumar MV, Essentials of Padartha Vijnana, Revised
Edition, Kottakal, Kruti Publications, 2023.
- Dr. P. Mallikarjuna Rao, A Textbook of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. 1, 1st
Edition, Varanasi, Cahukhambha Vishvabharati, 2021.
- Dr. Vinayak A., Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. 1, 1st Edition, Varanasi,
Cahukhambha Vishvabharati, 2022.
Dr. Roshani R. Prajapati, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita & Siddhant, NACRC, 11
SPU, Gujarat 0