Global Perspectives and Project Work Guide

II Term
______________________________________

NIS Aktobe
2022

1
Today, people around the world are inter-connected. Conflict, environmental
destruction, poverty and injustice affect everyone. We have to work in
common cause for our common humanity. All parents want a better life for
their children. All religions value peace. All communities thrive when they
value diversity. At Model UN, you broaden your horizons. By learning and
networking, you can be part of the UN’s efforts to establish peace, secure
human rights and enable all people to live in dignity. I have called for a surge
in diplomacy for peace – and for a new emphasis on preventing conflicts.
We are also working to improve living conditions everywhere through the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In all these areas, we can benefit
from your enthusiasm and your ideas. I hope you follow our social media
accounts and stay fully engaged in your communities. The United Nations
stands with you as you stand up for our shared values. Together, let us create
a more compassionate, inclusive and peaceful world.

António Guterres (2017)

9th Secretary-General of the United Nations

2
Everything that happens nowadays is interconnected. All people dream about
bright and peaceful future for their descendants, but it is impossible if
nothing is done in the present. All issues will remain pressing if society does
not make the decision to end this chapter of disasters. Modern problems
require modern solutions. At Model UN you can show what you can do to
make this world better, unleash your potential and be the part of the UN’s
work. United Nations try to solve not only the global issues all around the
world, but to improve the living conditions of people with disabilities or
families from poor countries. United Nations work with thousands of
international organizations to save the environment from natural disasters
and human actions. United Nations cooperate with scientists all around the
world to prevent problems with shortages of natural resources and energy
fuel.
United Nations and the whole world are waiting for YOU and YOUR
extraordinary ideas, because with the help of each other we can create a
better future for us and the planet.

Amangeldi Sandi (2019)

st
1 Secretary-General of the Model United Nations club in NIS Aktobe

3
 United Nations
What is the United Nations (UN) organisation and why was it created?
The UN is an international organisation that was created in 1945 as the world emerged
from the World War II. Its founders were shocked by the destruction of the war and the
horrors of the Holocaust. They wanted to create an organisation that they hoped would be
able to prevent such catastrophes from happening in the future and improve the lives of
the world’s people.
What are the aims of the UN?
The main aims of the UN are to solve international conflicts and prevent war; fight
poverty and promote sustainable economic development; and protect human rights.
Who runs the UN and how does it work?
The purpose of the UN is to bring all nations of the world together to work towards these
aims. It consists of 193 countries, known as ‘member states’. These countries finance the
UN’s work and govern its activities. They are like the shareholders of a company. The
UN Secretary-General is like the company’s director – he or she looks after the day-to-
day running of the organisation.
What is the structure of the UN?
The UN is made up of many important parts. Each part works on different aspects of the
UN’s aims. You will find out more about the different parts of the UN on the next page.

4
 Committees

After reading information about main organs of UN system, sum up in just ONE
word the main role/focus of it.
The General Assembly is where all 193-member states of the UN meet to discuss global
problems. The General Assembly is the closest thing we have to a world parliament. Each
country, large, small, rich, or poor, has one vote. Their decisions are written in documents
called ’resolutions’.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
The Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and tries to settle conflicts that
threaten international security. All UN member states must respect and abide by its
decisions. It can set up peacekeeping operations in countries. These operations protect
civilians and help warring parties to resolve their differences peacefully. The Security
Council has 15 members five are permanent: China, France, Russia, the UK, and the USA.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
UNIСEF (UN Children’s Fund) works for children’s rights, their survival, development,
and protection. UNICEF works to ensure all children, everywhere in the world, enjoy the
same human rights. UNICEF focuses on ensuring children have access to education and
healthcare, and making sure, they are free from problems such as child labour, abuse, and
neglect.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
UNDP (UN Development Programme) works to eliminate poverty. One of its main tasks is
to coordinate global efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The
MDGs are eight targets that were agreed by world leaders in 2000. They include halving
world poverty, promoting equality between men and women, fighting diseases like
HIV/AIDS, and protecting the environment.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________

5
World Health Organisation (WHO) is the authority on matters of global health and works
to ensure all people are free from preventable diseases like malaria and HIV/AIDS. WHO
works to strengthen healthcare systems in every country so that all citizens can stay healthy
and live longer, happier lives.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
UNESCO is the UN’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Its role is to
promote international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication and
information. UNESCO is working to make sure all children in the world have the
opportunity go to school. UNESCO also helps protect special cultural and natural places
around the world by giving them World Heritage status.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
WFP is the UN World Food Programme – the largest humanitarian agency fighting
hunger. It feeds over 90 million people a year, saving the lives of those affected by conflict
and natural disasters.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
The Human Rights Council (HRC) is an inter-governmental body within the United
Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights
around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make
recommendations on them.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
In July 2012, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United
Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. In doing so, UN
Member States took an historic step in accelerating the Organization’s goals on gender
equality and the empowerment of women.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN Habitat, is the United Nations
agency for human settlements. UN-HABITAT's programmes are designed to help
policymakers and local communities get to grips with the human settlements and urban
issues and find workable, lasting solutions.
Now sum it up in one word_________________________________________________

6
 What is MUN?

Model United Nations (MUN) conferences are

academic simulations of the United Nations. Students
take on the roles of diplomats and simulate the work of
the United Nations and its various committees. Usually,
the participants of MUN conferences discuss
challenging and educational topics, negotiate, and
finally write resolutions by offering their
recommendations.

The practice of running MUN conference is becoming more and more popular in NIS
schools. MUN conferences are based upon the diplomatic work ethic and procedure of the
United Nations and the UN Charter. Conferences are generally held in English, but they
might be held in Russian or Kazakh too.

The main reason for organizing MUN conference at NIS is one of the opportunities to show
that our students are becoming global citizens. They discuss global issues, do research on past
international actions related to the issue and write their own recommendations based on the
information they have found. Thus, participating in MUN conferences enables students to
broaden their understanding of the United Nations system and its intercultural dialogue.
Furthermore, it allows them to experience complex processes of international politics and
provides training in research, rhetoric, negotiation, and language skills.

MUN conference is a new experience for NIS community, whereas worldwide there are more
than 400 MUN conferences. The largest and most well-known simulation for students is the
yearly National Model United Nations Conference (NMUN) in New York City. We hope that
we could facilitate mainstream high schools to adopt the practice of conducting MUN (What
is MUN, 2016).

7
 Why MUN?
As it has been written previously, the practice of MUN conferences is becoming more and
more popular all over the world. One of the main benefits of participating in MUN
conference is a fascinating and engaging way of learning something new on a global arena. In
the era of globalization being globally aware is more important than ever. Moreover, it is
crucial to building awareness about “different cultures and helps to decrease the amount of
bigotry and stereotypes that build up due to prejudices” and to continue building a good
rapport with the representatives of other countries. In addition, it leads to a better
understanding of a globalized society and “fostering greater interconnectedness” (AMP
Global Youth, 2018).
Another reason for conducting MUN is enhancing leadership skills. MUN is an exercise in
research, public speaking, and teamwork. These skills are necessary throughout the careers of
our students, and MUN gives them such an opportunity.

Finally, participating in MUN conference as a delegate could show student’s leadership

qualities due to which he or she could pretend to enter the university easily by sharing the
experience with the commission (Best delegate, 2018).

8
 Glossary

Model UN is full of different terms that may be unfamiliar to a person who first visited the
conference.

Abstain: Chose not to vote. Neither for nor against.

Agenda: The order in which session topics will the discussed.
Amendment: Any change to the tabled draft resolution. MUN conferences distinguish two
types of amendments: Friendly Amendments are supported by the original draft resolution's
sponsors, and Unfriendly Amendments are not supported by the sponsors and must be voted
upon by the committee.
Caucus: A form of the debate in which states may effectively discuss topics. There two types
of caucuses: Moderated caucus, where delegates are able to exchange their opinions
according to the topic, sub-topic in freer form then in a formal debate, and Unmoderated
caucus in which delegates leave their seats to mingle and speak freely, often used by
delegates to sort into blocks and write draft resolutions.
Chair: A moderator for the conference, who rules of points and motions, keeps time and
enforces the rules of procedure.
Delegate: A student who is acting as a representative or an observer of a country.
Draft resolution: A written document by one or more delegates that addresses the issue of
the conference. If passed, it becomes a resolution.
Motion: A request made by a delegate. Motions are made for different topics, such as a
caucus, introducing a draft resolution, moving into the voting procedure, and etc.
Observer: A delegate that is not a member of the committee. Observers can be a state, an
international organization, NGO, national organization or an individual and they are only
allowed to vote in procedural matters.
Operative Clause: The second part of a resolution, which describes how the
committee/nations will address the issue being discussed. Each clause begins with an action
verb (e.g., urges, recommends, calls upon, affirms and etc).
Placard: The sign with the country name tagged on. Placards are used to identify the delegate
and to sign the chair that the delegates wish to address the floor if raised.

9
Points: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an act relating to that delegate.
Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege.
Position paper: A summary of a country’s position and intentions and plan of action on a
given topic. The position paper should be presented to the chairs before the conference.
Preambulatory Clause: The first part of a resolution that names and describes the previous
action taken by the committee recognizes facts and identifies motives for the resolution. Each
clause begins with an adjective or participle (e.g., fully aware, deeply regretting, declaring,
guided by, concerned, welcoming and etc).
Resolution: A document that has been drafted and passed by an international organization or
a body that addresses a particular issue.
Roll Call: Usually the first order of business of a committee. The chairs take the attendance
by naming all states’ name in alphabetical order. Member states answer with “present” or
“present and voting.”
Second: The action of a state to agree with a previous motion, often seconds are mandatory
for a motion to be recognized by the chair.
Signatory: A support of a member state that wishes a draft resolution would be put on the
floor. A signatory does not back the draft it only wishes to have it on the floor so it can be
discussed by the whole committee.
Speakers' List: A list of nations wishing to speak during the formal debate. When a new
topic is open, the Chair will call for states wishing to be put on the speaker’s list. Once formal
debates start, delegates must send a note to the Chairs requesting to their country to be put on
the speaker’s list.
Sponsor: A state that has drafted a resolution and has authority on any clause addition.
The House: All the members (delegates) present, except the Chairperson.
Voting procedure: A formal voting time, which delegates must vote.

Cited from United Nations Association of the United States of America.

10
 Research
Your committee performance is directly based on good research. When you come prepared to
the conference, you feel confident talking about complex issues. Other delegates listen to
your words, claims, suggestions because you should be a delegate who knows all the details
about the topic. This helps you become a leader of
committee.
Research is the process of finding sources, establishing
facts, and reaching a conclusion. A source is anything
you use in research: websites, books, documents, and
even videos, audio recordings, and interviews that you
conduct personally. Sources range in quality. A “good”
source is credible, meaning it comes from an organization or person with expert-level
knowledge and an established reputation. A “bad” source is not credible, meaning it is
heavily biased or outright false. In Model UN, most of your research will be done online.

Credible Credible but biased Less credible

United Nations Governments Wikipedia
Universities Non-Governmental The News
Organisations (NGO’s) Blogs
Each term below is a “domain suffix” – you see them at the end of online links.

Figure 1. The table of credible sources list

Suffix Meaning Examples

.edu A site affiliated with a higher education https://cambridge.edu/

institution.

.gov A federal government site. https://2009-2017.state.gov/

.org An advocacy web site, such as a not-for- https://iearn.org/

profit organization.

.com A business or commercial site. http://bestdelegate.com/

11
 Collecting Country Information
When researching your position at a Model UN conference, you will first need to learn about
your country so you can address the issues raised at the conference as a real UN delegate
from that country would. To represent your country accurately, start by answering the
following questions:
• What sort of government does your country have?
• What types of ideologies (political, religious or other) influence your country's government?
• Which domestic issues might influence your country's foreign policy?
• What are some major events in your country's history? Why are they important?
• Which ethnicities, religions and languages can be found in your country?
• Where is your country located and how does its geography affect its political relationships?
• Which countries share a border with your country?
• Which countries are considered allies of your country?
• Which countries are considered enemies of your country?
• What are the characteristics of your country's economy?
• What is your country's gross domestic product (GDP)? How does this compare to other
countries in the world?
• When did your country become a member of the UN?
• Does your country belong to any intergovernmental organizations outside the UN system
such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or the Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)?
• Does your country belong to any regional organizations such as the European Union (EU),
the African Union (AU) or the Organization of American States (OAS)?

Suggested Websites
http://www.countryreports.org/
http://www.infoplease.com/countries.html
http://www.nationsonline.org/

Researching Conference Topics

Once you have learned about the country you represent and it's government, people, and
economy, you should develop an understanding of the issues that will be debated at your
committee. Many conferences send out background materials or issue briefs, which can help
jump start your research. You may want to look at the sources cited in these materials for
more in-depth information. If the conference background materials pose questions, you
should answer them with your country information in mind. Here are some additional
questions to help guide your research:
• What is the problem? How does it affect your country?
• What has your country done to combat the problem?
• What are the various "sides" in the debate?
• Which aspects of the issue are most important to your country?
• If your country is not involved with the issue, how can it become involved?
• How will your country shape the debate at the conference?
• What arguments will other countries make?
• How do the positions of other countries affect your country's position?
12
 Position Paper
The position paper is one of the main components throughout the conference. Each delegate
should submit one position paper about his/her country where the position of the country is
clearly seen. It is a hard and scrupulous work, which requires good knowledge of English,
skills of time management and high interest in the conference itself. Presumably, the Position
paper comprises five parts such as Topic Background, Past International actions, Country
policy, Possible Solutions, and Sources.

To begin with, Topic Background is the initial part of the paper where the discussed issue is
presented and scrutinised. Students are required to define the topic, i.e. to give the definitions
to the main terms and key points. Afterwards, they write about the main causes of the given
issue by referencing the sources and, finally, students need to describe the consequences and
effects on people and countries as a whole.

The second bigger part of the Position paper is Past International actions. It is usually three
paragraphs text with the information about the United Nations past actions in relation to the
discussed issue. It is worth noting that Past International Actions, as well as Topic
Background, are not stuck to the definite country of the delegate, vice versa, they are
considered generally. Sometimes this part of the position paper is formed due to SPEAR
(speeches, programmes, experiences, actions, and reports).

In Country policy part, students should clearly describe the perspectives of the country they
represent. It is the biggest part of the position paper that requires more time and effort to
write. If applying SPEAR is optional in Past International actions, but it is highly
recommended to be presented in this part.

In Possible Solutions, delegates explain their view on how the world community should “act”
to deal with the issue of the conference. Solutions are usually interconnected with previous
parts of Position paper.

Sources are the last but not least part of the Position Paper, where students should give
references they have used in their Position papers. It is worth noting that all used references
should be formed in APA style (American Psychological Association), created by the
psychologists an international style for formatting research works. The sample to position
paper is given in Appendix1.
13
 What is a Good Position paper?

 A brief introduction to a country and its history concerning the topic and committee;
 How the issue affects the presented country;
 Quotes from the country's leaders about the issue;
 Statistics to back up the country's position on the issue;
 Actions taken by the government with regard to the issue;
 Conventions and resolutions that the country has signed or ratified;
 UN actions that the country supported or opposed;
 What your country believes should be done to address the issue;
 How the positions of other countries affect your country's position (Position Papers,
2017).
Useful questions to write Position paper
Topic Background
• Define: What is the definition of the topic?
• Cause: Why is the topic still a problem?
• Effect: How does the topic influence different countries, including yours?
Past Actions
• Speeches: What has the UN said about the topic?
• Programs: What UN programs, funds, or agencies address the topic?
• Events: What major UN events have taken place related to the topic?
• Agreements: What are the major UN resolutions or agreements on the topic?
• Reports: What reports has the UN (or NGO’s) produced on the topic?
Country Policy
• Speeches: What has your government said about the topic?
• Programs: What government programs, funds, or agencies address the topic?
• Events: Has your government attended the major events on the topic?
• Agreements: Does your government support the major agreements on the topic?
• Reports: Has your government submitted any reports on the topic?
Possible Solutions
• What is an existing program that your government supports?
• How could your government expand this program with UN support?

14
 Country Policy: SPEAR Worksheet
This is a worksheet to help you find valuable sources for understanding your country policy.
Write a short paragraph in response to each question below. Use only websites hosted by the
United Nations or your government.

Speech: Search for

speeches your country’s
leaders have given on the
topic. Can you find a
quote that summarizes
your country policy?

Plans/Programs:
Search for plans,
programs, strategies, or
frameworks that outline
your country policy on
the topic.

Events: Identify major

events on the topic. Did
you country attend or
host these events? Did
your leaders give a speech
or agree to anything?

Agreements: Identify
major agreements on the
topic. Does your country
support these
agreements?

Report: Search for a

report describing how the
topic impacts your

15
country.
Possible Solutions

In Topic Background, Past International Action, and Country Policy, you identified problems
that are part of the topic.

Key Problem #1: What is the problem you are trying to address? Describe it in detail here.

Possible Solution: What is the solution you would propose? Make sure your government
would support your solution.

Impact: Whom does your Action: Who is Funding: Who is

solution impact? Where do responsible for delivering funding your solution?
they live? How will you or enforcing your How much funding is
know whether your solution? What are their required? Will funding
solution is working? targets and timelines? partners receive reports
What happens if those on whether your solution
targets are not met? is working?

16
 Conference

One of the first that comes to mind when we think of Model United Nations is the speeches.
Public speaking is one of the crucial skills students develop due to Model United Nations.
Experience in Public speaking fosters students’ performances not only at schools but also
throughout all their lives.

At a MUN conference, students have many opportunities to give speeches. As the

representative of the assigned country, students will be expected to speak about their
countries’ policies on the committee issues and offered solutions (Best delegate, 2018).

There are two main opportunities to make speeches in Model United Nations:

Opening Speech
in other words Country Statement

At the beginning of the committee, the chairs create the list of delegates according to each
representative will speak. These speeches are normally about the perspectives and attitude of
the presented country to the discussed issue, and the duration is 1-2 minutes long. This type
of speech is called Opening Speech. It is worth noting that such kind of speech should be
prepared beforehand (Best delegate, 2018). You can see the parts of Country Statement that
students should include in their speeches below in Figure 2. The sample of opening speech is
given in Appendix2.

Figure 2. The content of Opening Speech

Structure

Hook
What can you say to grab the committee’s attention? Try a question, quote, story, or
statistic. Be creative!

Point
Say one thing – what are you trying to communicate in your speeches?

Action
End your speech by asking the committee to take an action, such as supporting your
resolution.
17
 How to Make an Opening Speech

There are some useful statements and phrases to

· First, you should thank the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr./ Madame/
Honorable Chair/ President…"
· Then begin by providing a brief history on the issue as it relates to your country.
· Speak about how the issue is currently affecting your country.
· Provide your country's position on the issue. Include an explanation for your country’s
stance, such as economic or security concerns or political or religious ideology.
· You may choose to give an explanation of how your country's position relates to the
positions of other member states such as the major powers or countries in your
regional bloc.
· You should discuss some of the past actions taken by the UN, member states and
NGOs to address the issue.
· Present ideas for a resolution, stressing your country’s objectives for the resolution.
· Talk about the role that NGOs or regional organizations have to play in addressing the
issue.
· Indicate to the committee members whether your country is willing to negotiate.

18
 Moderated Caucus

Another part of Performance is participating in Moderated Caucuses. In comparison to the

Opening speech, a moderated caucus is about a specific aspect of the discussed issue. A
moderated caucus has no Speakers List as in the Opening speech; if delegates are eager to say
something or offer to discuss they ought to raise their placards and wait for the chair to call
on them to speak, where the delegates could offer bothered them sub-issues for discussion.
All delegates are given one extra point for participation in each moderated caucus. Each
delegate might take from 20 seconds to 1 minute to speak and have to focus on the topic of
the caucus (Best delegate, 2018).

During the conference, students are given the following template (Figure 3) below for
completion. Delegates write down the arguments that they plan to make for each sub-issue.

Figure 3. Moderated caucus sub-issue table

Sub-issue Arguments

19
An unmoderated caucus is a form of unofficial arguing where delegates can stand up, walk
around the room and negotiate matters with their fellow delegates. Those are often used when
some important positions are negotiated, or working papers and draft resolutions are coined.
After the time provided for this caucus is elapsed, the delegates return to seating and the
formal debate goes on (Kovacevic, 2014).

Resolution
The result of entire MUN procedure is writing a resolution, where delegates make
suggestions on the discussed topic. Delegates alone or with other representatives of the
countries write a draft resolution, which is voted on by the committee, and require a simple
majority to pass (1/2+1); the only exception comes to the Security Council (d’MUN JUNIOR
HANDBOOK, n.d., p.26). The draft resolution contains three main parts: the heading, the
preamble, and the operative section.
The heading is the first part of a draft resolution, where the committee, topic, the resolution
number are shown. Sponsors (authors of the resolution) and signatories (delegate who are
ready to discuss the resolution) are also listed in the draft resolution.
The preamble contains the background information and the argumentation to the issue that
was chosen. In order to write preamble delegates need references to former UN resolutions,
ratified conventions, and/or declarations. The provision of official figures to illustrate the
issue is effective. To begin the preambulatory clauses it is necessary with a present or a past
participle or an adjective. See the following list:
PREAMBULATORY PHRASES
Figure 6. Preambulatory phrases
20
 Acknowledging Expecting Noting with appreciation
Affirming Expressing its appreciation Noting with approval
Alarmed by Expressing its satisfaction Noting with deep concern
Approving Fulfilling Noting with regret
Aware of Fully alarmed Noting with satisfaction
Believing Fully aware Observing
Bearing in mind Fully believing Pointing out
Confident Further deploring Reaffirming
Congratulating Further recalling Realizing
Convinced Guided by Recalling
Declaring Having adopted Recognising
Deeply concerned Having considered Referring
Deeply conscious Having devoted attention Reminding
Deeply disturbed Having examined Seeking
Deeply regretting Having received Taking into account
Deploring Having studied Taking into consideration
Desiring Keeping in mind Viewing with appreciation
Emphasising Noting further Welcoming

The operative clauses contain the policy statements of the body making the resolution. The
clauses should be clear and unambiguous. It is presented by order of importance what the UN
should do or what attitude it should adopt. To write operative section it is very important to
ensure that proposals are workable and they fully reflect the existing policies of the country
or agency you represent. Delegates encourage, and/or invite countries to sign/ratify a
convention/declaration.
Figure 7. Operative phrases

Accepts Designates Regrets

Affirms Encourages Requests
Approves Endorses Resolves
Asks Expresses its satisfaction Seeks
Authorizes Expresses its hope Strongly affirms
Calls for Further recommends Strongly urges
Calls upon Hopes Suggests
Congratulates Invites Supports
Confirms Proclaims Trusts
Declares accordingly Proposes Transmits
Deplores Recommends Urges

Bringing a Resolution to the Floor for Debate

21
In order to bring a draft resolution to the floor for debate, many conferences require 20
percent signatures of the member states in the committee. Usually, sponsors (creators) work
on one resolution, while signatories (those who want to talk about the resolution) can sign
several resolutions.
Tips for Resolution Writing
· Follow the format. Different conferences may have their own formats. Get known them
before participating to the conference.
· Detailed resolution. If a resolution calls for a new program, provide information how it
funds and what body will manage it.
· Cite facts if it is possible.
· Be realistic. Do not create objectives that cannot be met.
· Preambulatory clauses are historic justifications, so use this part to cite past resolutions,
precedents, and statements about the purpose of the action.
· Operative clauses are policies that are designed to solve the issue, which must be explained
to the committee and are workable.
In Appendix 3, the sample of resolution is given.

Evaluating Position Papers

Position papers should be submitted in Times New Roman 10 or 12-point font on a memory
stick in Microsoft Word format or transmitted as an email attachment.
# Criteria Description 1 2 3
1 Format and Paper contains a header and four sections (50% on Policy
Language and Solutions
Grammar and punctuation is correctly used
Tone sounds professional and diplomatic
Works are cited and includes mostly primary and credible
sources
2 Topic The topic is clearly defined and includes Who, What, When
background and Where
Relevant statistics and facts are included
Root causes to the topic are explained (Why)
Sub-issues to the main topic that need to be addressed are
framed
3 Past Explains key UN resolution, treaty, or convention on this
international topic
actions UN programs and fund are mentioned for their
implementation efforts
22
 UN reports or other official reports are mentioned for
progress on actions
Other international actors like regional groups or NGOs are
mentioned
4 Country Explains how the topic has impacted the country or how it
policy is/can be relevant
Explains the country policy clearly (what country wants to
do about topic)
Includes supporting sources such as UN resolutions
adopted, events attended, voting records, speeches made,
etc.
Explains actions country has taken internationally or
domestically
5 Possible Addresses different sub-issues to the topic
solutions Explains the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed
solutions
Frames major thematic or political/regional group tensions
Solutions are consistent with country policy

Criteria for the performance at the conference

Criteria for assessing the performance at the committee

Criteria Descriptions Yes/No

#

1 Opening speech Presentation of one-minute speech according to the

(one point)
format: hook, point, action
Clear and loud speaking

2 Moderated caucus Participation in one moderated caucus

(from one to three
Participation in two moderated caucuses
points)
Participation in three or more moderated caucuses

3 Unmoderated caucus Participation in one unmoderated caucus

(one point)

4 Resolution Taking part in writing at least one resolution

(from one to two points)

23
 Presentation the resolution in front of the delegates

5 Questioning (one point) Participation in following discussion of resolutions

References

AMP Global Youth. (2018). Why Are Global Issues Important? Reflections from youth in
our community. Retrieved from https://ampglobalyouth.org/students/global-issues-
important-reflections-youth-community/
Best delegate. (2018). MUN Institute. Retrieved from http://bestdelegate.com/
d’MUN JUNIOR HANDBOOK. (n.d.). A doga generation grows.
Kovacevich M. (2014). What is the difference between moderated and unmoderated caucus?
Retrieved from https://www.munplanet.com/questions/rules-of-procedure/what-is-the-
difference-between-moderated-and-unmoderated-caucus-1
Position Papers, Model UN Preparation. (2017). United Nations Associations of the United
states of America. Retrieved from http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-
un/how-to-participate/model-un-preparation/position-papers
THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE. (2017). Ministry of Education and
Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research. Retrieved from:

24
 http://ministry-education.govmu.org/English/curricular/Documents/MUN2017/MUN
%20%20Information%20%20Booklet%202017.pdf
United Nations Association of the United States of America. (n.d). Model UN Glossary.
Retrieved from: http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-to-
participate/getting-started/model-un-glossary
What is MUN? (2016). The University of Erfurt. Retrieved from:
https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/mun/about/what-is-mun/

Appendices
Appendix1
Committee: General Assembly
Country: the USA
Topic: Food waste
Position Paper
Topic Background
Food waste is now one of the biggest environmental problems in the world about one-third of all
food produced for human consumption goes to waste. In terms of global disease, food wasted, or lost
number reaches 2,3 billion tonnes every year. It includes 630 million tonnes of wasted food products
in developing countries and 670 million tonnes in industrialized countries.
In the United States, one of third of all food is thrown away each year. It is worth US$48.3 billion.
50 percent of the water used to produce food. It wastes cause the agriculture sector mostly uses
water.
First, portion sizes have increased significantly from two to eight times bigger than USDA or Federal
Drug Administration (FDA) standard servings in the past 30 years. That is the reason food waste in
US restaurants generates an estimated 22 to 33 billion pounds each year (Dana, 2017).
Secondly, households are one of the largest portions of all food waste. Household’s waste 76 billion
pounds of food every year in the USA. It is half of all food waste in the country.
Thirdly, 43 billion pounds of food were wasted in US retail stores in 2010. Most of the loss
happening in retail operations such as baked goods, produce, meat, seafood, and prepared meals. The

25
main reason is a wide choice and many goods. According to USDA, supermarkets lose $15 billion in
not-sold fruit and vegetables (Buzby, Wells & Hyman, 2014).
Finally, Landfills and organic waste are burning with other garbage as the result produce 15,1
percent of methane emissions in the atmosphere in 2019 (EPA, 2019). Then increase the problem
with greenhouse. This problem can be considered from the point of view of over-producing,
extensive food product choices, and overbuying.
Past International Actions
The United Nations is the world’s largest and most authoritative international organization that is
concerned about the environment. In the Seventy-fourth Session of the United Nations was decided
to make International Day Awareness of Food Lost and Waste on 29 September each year (UN,
2020). It is a resolution A/RES/74/209. The Food Waste and Lost problem are stressing the risks
implied for climate change and human livelihoods. The main goal is to increase awareness about the
Food Waste problem at all levels and promote global efforts and collective actions toward achieving
SDG target 12.3. Additionally, in the 41st Session of the UN was recalling that Sustainable
Development Goal target 12.3 calls for 50 percent capita global food waste at the retail and
consumer levels. The UNEP stated that food waste influences climate change. They suggest that 8-
10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with Food Waste. The studies about the
Food Waste issue presents full analysis and modelling data about this problem and offer to countries.
(UNEP, 2021). It is produced by World Resources Institute with the French agricultural research
agencies CIRAD and INRA, the World Bank, UN Environment, UN Development Programme, and
decided to create o a menu of solutions of over-preparing and producing actions in the world to
ensure a sustainable food system. It includes actions such as reduce growth in demand by cutting
food loss and waste, eating healthier diets, and increase food production without expanding
agricultural land area via yield gains for crops and livestock by 2050. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the UN suggested an app to maximize the sale or donation of food. There is
one of such type of app named “Too Goof To Go”. It gives special discounts, sales, and food at
reduced prices in shops and restaurants (FAO, 2020).
Some Non-governmental organizations fight with Food Waste and Lost problems. One of them is the
“No Food Waste” food collection organization. It was started on October 16, 2014, in Coimbatore.
They are collecting clean, untouched food from events, parties, weddings, and other food sources to
feed hungry and needy people. The main mission is to end food waste and make World Hunger-Free.
NGO Registration Number: 71/BK4/2015.
Country policy
The USA is doing and participates in challenges and competitions on the Food Waste topic. The US
is doing actions and want to solve the problem with Food Waste and Lost. The country stated that
Food Waste and Loss problem should be solved. It affects to environment and climate change. The
problem of food waste is estimated at between 30-40 percent of the food supply in the US. It is about
133 billion pounds each year. Nowadays the USA has the mission to reduce Food Waste and Lost
problems. There are some international and national programs and challenges that take place to solve
the problem of Food Waste. One of them is U.S. 2030 Food Loss and Waste Reduction Goal. It was
created with Target 12.3 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) and EPA together made the first-ever domestic goal to solve the food loss and
waste (FLW) problem by 50 percent by the year 2030 in 2015. The reduction goal is to reduce the
problem with food waste at the retail and consumer level by 50 percent. It approximately 66 billion
pounds. Federal Government is working with communities, organizations, and businesses along with
partners in the state. It can help to save money for citizens, protect the environment and feed the
hungry. The USA is a member of the Zero Hunger program and reduces the problem with hunger
and food waste.
26
Additionally, there is EPA’s Food Recovery Challenge. It is a voluntary program in which
participate different organizations and businesses set goals, implement targeted strategies, and report
results to solve the problem of Food Waste. The challenge as a part of EPA’S Sustainable Materials
Management Program encourages organizations to use special materials where promote the value of
reducing wasted food and information about this issue.
Possible Solutions
Food waste is an ethical, environmental, economic, social, and nutrition problem, that should be
solved. The first solution is to set a limit for food preparation in restaurants, hotels, and other food
services according to their number of clients and their preferences. Most of the food industries tend
to over-producing food to make their menu more extensive. However, it often leads to wastage in
case food is not sold. This solution can reduce the number of Food Waste and make dishes fresh, but
it leads to little choice in the menu and food may not be available. Secondly, developing efficient
technologies and systems to better harvesting, storage, and distribution processes. This strategy can
help with supplying needy food products and reducing where is surplus. The next complementary
solution is to give untouched, edible food to people in need. It can reduce the number of Food Waste
and make World free from hunger. However, it needs cash and cash equivalents to send it. It can
increase the number of unemployed, because of an increasing number of charities and free food.
References
About. No Food Waste. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://nofoodwaste.org/about/.
Bloom, J. (2020, September 28). Three smart ways innovation is helping reduce food loss and waste.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1309567/.
Buzby, J. C., Wells, H.F., & Hyman, J. (2014). The Estimated Amount, Value, and Calories of
Postharvest Food Losses at the Retail and Consumer Levels in the United States. Economic
Research Service, USDA, February 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/43833/43680_eib121.pdf
Environment, U. N. (2021, March 4). UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2021. UNEP. Retrieved from
https://www.unep.org/resources/report/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021.
Environmental Protection Agency (2021, April 16). Basic Information about Landfill Gas. EPA.
Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, April 19). Learn About the Food Recovery Challenge.
EPA. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/learn-about-food-
recovery-challenge#aboutfrc.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, January 13). United States 2030 Food Loss and Waste
Reduction Goal. EPA. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/united-states-2030-food-loss-and-waste-
reduction-goal#goal.
FAO. (2021). Three smart ways innovation is helping reduce food loss and waste. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fao-
stories/article/en/c/1309567/.
Green Growing. (2019, November 19). Food Waste in America: Statistics, Causes and Solutions.
Green and Growing. Retrieved from https://www.greenandgrowing.org/food-waste-in-
america/.
Gunders, D. (n.d.) Wasted: How America is Losing Up to 40 Percent of Its Food from Farm to Fork
to Landfill. Natural Resources Défense Council, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from
https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/wasted-2017-report.pdf
Natural Resources Défense Council. (n.d.) Two-Thirds of Food Wasted at Home in Three Major
U.S. Cities is Edible. NRDC. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/media/2017/171024-0
27
Penguin, A. (2009). Facts: Uncovering the global food scandal. Retrieved from
https://www.unep.org/thinkeatsave/get-informed/facts-uncovering-global-food-scandal.
Rinkesh, A. (2020, May 12). Causes, effects, and solutions to growing problem of food waste.
Retrieved May 02, 2021, from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-
solutions-food-waste.php
UNEP. (2013). Worldwide food waste. ThinkEatSave. Retrieved from
https://www.unep.org/thinkeatsave/get-informed/worldwide-food-waste
United States Environmental Protection Agency Search. (2021, April 19). Learn About the Food
Recovery Challenge. EPA. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-
food/learn-about-food-recovery-challenge#aboutfrc
USDA. (2015). Food Waste FAQs. USDA. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/foodwaste/faqs

Assessment
# Criteria Description 1 2 3
1 Format and Paper contains a header and four sections (50% on Policy +
Language and Solutions)
Grammar and punctuation are correctly used +
Tone sounds professional and diplomatic +
Works are cited according to APA style (in-text citation +
and References) and includes credible sources
2 Topic The topic is clearly defined and includes Who, What, +
background When and Where
Relevant statistics and facts are included +
Root causes to the topic are explained (Why) +
Sub-issues to the main topic that need to be addressed are +
framed
3 Past international Explains key UN resolution, treaty, or convention on this +
actions topic
UN programs and fund are mentioned for their +
implementation efforts
UN reports or other official reports are mentioned for +
progress on actions
Other international actors like regional groups or NGOs +
are mentioned
4 Country policy Explains how the topic has impacted the country or how it +
is/can be relevant
Explains the country policy clearly (what country wants to +
do about topic)
Includes supporting sources such as UN resolutions +
adopted, events attended, voting records, speeches made,
etc.
Explains actions country has taken internationally or +
domestically
5 Possible solutions Addresses different sub-issues to the topic +
Explains the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed +
28
 solutions
Frames major thematic or political/regional group +
tensions
Solutions are consistent with country policy +
(12 points)

1.Topic Background
Food waste is defined as “the decrease in edible food across the food supply chain that
specifically leads to edible food for human consumption” (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2011).
Approximately 30% of all food produced becomes wasted in the world that is more than a
billion ton per year (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011). Food and Agriculture
Organization (2011) states that in the developed world most food is wasted at the beginning
of the food supply chain, while in second world countries majority is lost in the middle step
of the food supply.
Globally, the economic cost of food wastage is about USD 750 billion (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2013). These food wastes can have detrimental consequences on the income of
farmers and consumers because for most farmers that live on the margins of food insecurity, a
decrease in food waste can be very beneficial financially (Food and Agriculture Organization,
2011). According to studies, agriculture accounts for around 3 Gtonnes of CO2 (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013). Globally, the use of water for this
field is about 250 km3 (Hoekstra & Mekonnen 2012). Moreover, these researchers suggest
that food is responsible for more than 90% of water use.
2. Past International Actions
United Nations General Assembly began the negotiation on the post-2015 development
agenda (United Nations Environment Programme, 2016). The process culminated in the
adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core, at the
UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015. The SDGs contained aspects on
food waste: Goal 12. The purpose of it is to decrease food waste, promote a sustainable
lifestyle. United Nations state that global pandemic can increase social awareness regarding
food loss as on lockdowns people were reluctant to minimize their food waste.
The 74th United Nations General Assembly designated 29 September as the International
Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste in 2019. The General Assembly noticed a great
role of it in promoting efficient food production and nutrition (United Nations, 2020).
One of its resolutions “Prevention, reduction and reuse of food waste” with number 2/9 was
adopted on 27 May 2016 during the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United
Nations Environment Program Second session, in Nairobi (United Nations Environment
Programme, 2016). This assembly brings together countries to discuss the food loss problem
and to request the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other
international organizations, to contribute to resolving it. The purpose of other resolution
“Promoting sustainable practices and innovative solutions for curbing food loss and waste”
that was adopted on 15 March 2019 with number 4/2 during the United Nations Environment
Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme Fourth session, in Nairobi was to
urge the Member States to build algorithms to measure food waste, monitoring and
verification (United Nations Environment Programme, 2019).
3. Country Policy

29
Australia is very concerned about today’s issues related to Food Waste. Australia wastes
more than $20 000 million each year for food (Australian Government Department of the
Environment and Energy, 2019). For this reason, Australia has set a strategy to decrease its
food waste by 50% by 2030 targeting the UN’s SDG 12 (Australian Government Department
of the Environment and Energy, 2018). This is The National Food Waste Strategy. According
to the Commonwealth of Australia (2017), Australia has developed and organized ways for
the food supply chain. As they suggest, Australia has started considerable amounts of local
and national attempts to reach the goal. One of the recent conferences on the issue is the
“Waste 2020 Conference Program”, which was organized in 2020 (Coffs Harbour Waste
Management Conference, n.d.). More advances, regarding several questions, were discussed
there. Furthermore, this conference concerned more topics, namely the algorithm of reaching
Circular Economy, possible alternatives for Collection.
4. Possible Solutions
One of the actions is Establishing Stop Food Waste Australia. It makes sure that food waste is
reduced in all parts of the food supply chain (Australian Government Department of the
Environment and Energy, n.d.). According to the department, it will propose initiatives to
minimize food waste. Stop Food Waste works with all governments and all parts production,
and various internet sources. The other solution is the Voluntary Commitment Program. They
unite all parts of food production to decrease losses. In other words, they work with farmers
and companies, consumers and businessmen to maximize the effectiveness of production
(Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, 2020).
5. Sources
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. (n.d.). Establishing Stop
Food Waste Australia.
https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/waste/food-waste/establishing-national-
food-waste-partnership
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. (2018). National Waste
Report. https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/waste/publications/national-waste-
reports/2018?state=au
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. (2019). National Food
Waste Baseline. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/25e36a8c-3a9c-
487c-a9cb-66ec15ba61d0/files/national-food-waste-baseline-executive-summary.pdf?
state=au
Commonwealth of Australia. (2017). National Food Waste Strategy: Halving Australia’s food
Waste by 2030. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4683826b-
5d9f-4e65-9344-a900060915b1/files/national-food-waste-strategy.pdf
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. (2020). Voluntary Commitment
Program. https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/waste/publications/voluntary-
commitment-program
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2011). Global Food Losses and
Food Waste – Extent, Causes and Prevention. Rome.
http://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). Food Wastage Footprint.
Impacts on Natural Resources. http://www.fao.org/3/i3347e/i3347e.pdf
Hoekstra, A. & Mekonnen, M. (2012). The Water Footprint of Humanity. The Netherlands:
University of Twente. https://www.waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Hoekstra-
Mekonnen-2012-WaterFootprint-of-Humanity.pdf

30
 United Nations. (2020). End food waste day. https://www.un.org/en/observances/end-food-
waste-day
United Nations Environment Programme. (2016). Prevention, reduction and reuse of food
waste. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-
production/
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Promoting sustainable practices and
innovative solutions for curbing food loss and waste.
https://www.un.org/en/observances/end-food-waste-day
Waste 2020 - Opal Cove Resort. (n.d.) https://www.coffswasteconference.com.au/2020/the-
conference

Assessment
# Criteria Description 1 2 3

1 Format and Paper contains a header and four sections (50% on Policy
Language and Solutions)
Grammar and punctuation are correctly used +
Tone sounds professional and diplomatic +
Works are cited according to APA style (in-text citation +
and References) and includes credible sources
2 Topic The topic is clearly defined and includes Who, What, +
background When and Where
Relevant statistics and facts are included +
Root causes to the topic are explained (Why) +
Sub-issues to the main topic that need to be addressed are +
framed
3 Past international Explains key UN resolution, treaty, or convention on this +
actions topic
UN programs and fund are mentioned for their +
implementation efforts
UN reports or other official reports are mentioned for
progress on actions
Other international actors like regional groups or NGOs
are mentioned
4 Country policy Explains how the topic has impacted the country or how it +
is/can be relevant
Explains the country policy clearly (what country wants to +
do about topic)
Includes supporting sources such as UN resolutions
adopted, events attended, voting records, speeches made,
etc.
Explains actions country has taken internationally or +
domestically
5 Possible solutions Addresses different sub-issues to the topic +
Explains the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed
31
 solutions
Frames major thematic or political/regional group
tensions
Solutions are consistent with country policy +
(6.5)

Appendix 2
Sample Opening Speech
Topic: Internet censorship
Country: Mexico
Greetings Honourable chair and fellow delegates,
Hook Over 1 billion people are deprived of the right to all available knowledge,
hindering progress and innovation. 58-recorded killings of journalists
between 2006 – 2015, with no cases resolved. Arresting more bloggers than
ever as they struggle to cope with the threat posed by the internet.
Point Our government gives high priority in solving global issues. Mexico has
experienced dramatic improvements in both internet penetration and quality
of access over the last 25 years. For example, Congress included internet
access as a civil right in its 2013 reform of the Mexican Constitution.
Moreover, the Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders and
Journalists was passed in Mexico, establishing the Governmental
Mechanism of Protection.
Action Mexico believes for significant worldwide progress, mutual decisions and
agreements need to be established between countries defining what
information can be considered inflammatory when published on the Internet,
and what means of filtering/censorship technologies are appropriate. This
could be done through an international binding treaty or agreement. “The
same rights that people have offline must also be protected online.”
End Thank you
Appendix 2.1

32
Appendix 3
Sample Resolution
Committee: General Assembly
Topic: Education
Sponsor: Kuwait, Egypt, Croatia, Kenya, Lesotho, Ireland
Signatories: Libya, Somali, Romania
Resolution 1.1
“Providing adequate educational facilities to empower the population to alleviate poverty”

The General Assembly,

33
 Grieved by the fact that despite the advent of human rights, there is still gender
discrimination as far as education is concerned though it has been started by Human Rights
that everyone has the right to education,
Expressing deep concern in cases where the child labourers are likely to be from the
developing countries and moreover, some 8,4 million children were engaged in unconditional
worst forms of child labour,
Keeping in mind that in certain countries, poor children have numerous disadvantages
in relation to their better-off counterparts as they are generally less well equipped to
undertake a school programme,
Deeply disturbed by the fact that poor economic conditions in some countries are a
consequence of a lack of resources,
Noting with regret that despite continuous efforts, contemporary forms of racism
persist and is growing I magnitude even in educational establishments and that education as a
powerful and long-term method to combat racism and discrimination is being ignored,
1. Expresses its appreciation since UNICEF has been working on this issue as
part of the follow-up to the 1993 Ouagadougou Pan-African Conference on the Education of
Girls and other groups of children who deserve special attention and non-academic support to
contribute to their total well-being and success in life,
2. Emphasizes that education will help children to learn skills which are going to
help them earn a living that is education should not be solely an end in itself since education
is essential for the complete self-realization of man;
3. Requests that for eradication of poverty to take place, universal primary
education should be compulsory since it is a great importance in order to break the cycle of
poverty;
4. Seeks help from NGOs to provide financial support to reduce the problem of
lack of qualified citizens to train staffs and moreover adult education also responds to the
varied needs of the society and thus contributes further in reducing poverty;
5. Reminds that education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and
valuing diversity and it would be better if every educational establishment takes action so as
to prevent racism;

34
 6. Further reminds that some countries are attempting to design their education
systems so as to cater for children’s diverse needs and even to provide additional support
outside academic classes;
7. Considers that education of adults is of paramount importance as the adult
population has economic power since they have potentially the means of contributing to
development in a significant way as educated adults can be seen as a national asset playing a
crucial role in the eradication of poverty;
8. Strongly urges all the members states present in this committee to support this
resolution is the only way to truly alleviate poverty with the help of the following steps:
a. Education should be recognized as a fundamental human right and given
its due recognition;
b. Should ensure the enforcement of this right by various methods, for
instance by providing free education at least until secondary level;
c. Monitoring that is, ensuring that these operations are being carried out
successfully since they are going to help in curtailing poverty.

Dress Code
Dressing professionally and appropriately is an important aspect of MUN preparations. Just
like being polite and having proper manners, dressing appropriately is an important way to
show respect for the country a delegate represents, to other delegates and to the United
Nations. Delegates must ensure a tidy appearance.

Delegate’s Role and Function:

 Write, present, defend Resolutions  Act as diplomats
 Present Country Statement
35
 Are not allowed to bully other delegates  Must project an image of seriousness
at any point, either during the preparation  Must use proper language
for the conference, during and after the  Must project the best image of the
conference country being represented
 Remain strong but flexible, cooperate  Must always remember that national
and make compromise interest should have priority over personal
 Consider the suggestions proposed by interest
sponsors  Should be punctual
Ethical Behaviour
All MUN participants are expected to conform to high standards of ethical behaviour.
Cited from The Model United Nations Conference-2017
Chairing script
Opening Debate
1. Roll Call “If you are here, please say ‘Present and Vote”
2. Explain “Delegates may make points and yields:
Points, and  If you have a question for the Chair, please raise a
Yields Point of Inquiry.
 If you cannot hear the speaker, if the room temperature is
uncomfortable, please raise a Point of Personal Privilege.
 If you believe the Chair has made a mistake in procedure, please
raise a Point of Order.
 If you want to ask a question to another delegate, please raise a
Point of Information.
 If you finished the speech but have some time you may give the
remaining time to the Chair by saying “Yield to Chair”, to
another delegate by saying “Yield to the delegate of____” or
use the remaining time to answer the questions by saying
“Yield to the questions”
3. Open Debate “The chair recommends a motion to open debate.”
4. Set the “The agenda of this committee is [topic].”
Agenda “The chair recommends a motion to open the speakers list.”
5. Open the “Would the delegate who made the motion like to speak first?”
Speakers List “All those wishing to be added to the speakers list, please raise your
placards now.”
6. Motion to Set “The default speaking time is set at 1 minute. Are there any motions to
Speaking Time change the speaking time?

Debate
36
1. Points or “Are there any points or motions on the floor?”
Motions If none: “Seeing none, we will move on to our next speaker in the
Speaker’s list.”
If there is a motion, repeat the motion and ask, “Are there any other
points or motions?” Record and repeat all motions, then move to
Voting.
2. Speakers List “The delegate of ________is recognized for (time).”
If there are comments or questions: “We will now entertain
comments and questions.”
Re-order the motions by disruptiveness.
“We will first vote on [the most disruptive motion]. All delegates must
3. Voting vote on procedural motions.
All those in favor, please raise your placards now. [Record vote]
All those against, please raise your placards now. [Record vote]
This motion (passes or does not pass).”
4. Moderated Repeat for all motions.
Caucus Start: “We are now in a moderated caucus for (time) with (time)
speaking time for the purpose of_____.”
“All those wishing to speak, please raise your placards now”
End: “This moderated caucus has been exhausted.
5. Unmoderated Start: “We are now in an unmoderated caucus for (time).”
Caucus End: “This unmoderated caucus has been exhausted. Delegates,
please return to your seats.”

Closing debate
1. Present “Draft resolution ____ is available for debate. The chair would
Resolutions and recommend a motion to present this resolution.”
Amendments “Will the sponsors of draft resolution please approach the
(Formal Caucus) floor?”
“Delegates, you now have 5 minutes to read operative clauses and use
remaining time to speak on the resolution or yield to points of
information.”
End: “Thank you delegates, your time is exhausted, you may now take
your seats.”
2. Motion to “We are now in voting bloc. No one may enter or leave the room.
Close There
Debate will be no talking and no passing notes.”
3. Vote by “We will now vote on draft resolution [or amendment],
Placard sponsored by [sponsors list].
All delegates can vote yes, no, or abstain. A resolution shall pass if
there are more yes votes than no votes.

37
 Before we begin, are there any points or motions on the floor?”
If there is a motion, move to next box. If no motion, proceed:
All those in favor? [Record vote]
All those against? [Record vote]
All those abstaining? [Record vote]
With a vote of (yes) to (no) to (abstaining), this resolution [or
amendment] (passes or does not pass).”
6. End Voting “The chair recommends a motion to adjourn debate.”
Bloc [Take motion]

Actions of delegates
What do you want to do? You should… …and say…
Confirm your attendance Raise your placard. “Present and voting.”
during roll call
Make a motion to open Raise your placard. “Motion to open the
the speakers list speakers list.”
Join the speakers list Raise your placard. (nothing)
Ask the Chair a question Raise your placard. “Point of Inquiry:
__________?”
Ask to leave the Raise your placard. “Point of personal
classroom, open a privilege: ____?”
window, take a break etc.
Point out a mistake the Raise your placard. “Point of order:
Chair made (like missing a ______________?”
delegate on the Speakers
List)
Ask another delegate a Raise your placard. “Point of information:
question ______________?”
Start a Moderated Caucus Raise your placard. “Motion for a _ minute
Moderated Caucus with
_ minute speaking time
on the topic of___.”
Start an Unmoderated Raise your placard. “Motion for a _ minute
Caucus Unmoderated Caucus.”
Extend an Unmoderated Raise your placard. “Motion to extend
Caucus Unmoderated Caucus
for _ minutes.”
Give the remaining time Say after the “Yield to the Chair”
to the Chair speech
Give the remaining time Say after the “Yield to the delegate of
to another delegate speech ______”
Use the remaining time to Say after the “Yield to the questions”
answer the questions speech
Vote Raise your placard. (nothing)

38
Abstain (choose not to Don’t raise your (nothing)
vote) placard.

39
 DUE DATE Plan
1st week of the term What is MUN?
2nd week of the term Practice of MUN conference procedure
3d week of the term Collecting Country Information (SAU 1)
th
4 week of the term Opening speech
 Prepare an opening speech which follows the format:
 Start with “Honourable Chair and Fellow Delegates”
 Hook – a way to catch the audience
 Point - an important part of your country’s policy, which is supported by reasons and evidence
 Action – a section where you call tell the audience to do something to solve an issue
 Finish by thanking the audience
 The speech should last for one minute
 The speaker should have an eye-contact with the audience
Resolution
 Write and present a resolution according to format
 Header
 Committee, Topic, Submitter, Sponsors, Signatories, Title.
 Preambulatory Clauses
 Identify problems you plan to solve
 Recall past international actions
 Operative Clauses
 Describe a solution to the problem
 Present in front of an audience and answer to the questions
5th week of the term Position paper (SAU 2)
 Research and write a position paper according to the format:
 Topic background
 Definitions: Define the topic and key terms.
 History: Identify the causes that make this topic a global problem.
 Consequences: Describe the topic’s effects on people and countries.
 Past International Actions
 Speeches: What has the UN said about the topic?
 Programs: Does the UN have any programs that address the topic?
 Events: Has the UN hosted any major events related to the topic?
 Agreements: What are the major international agreements on the topic?
 Reports: Has the UN produced any major reports on the topic?
 Country Policy
 Two internal policies or pieces of legislature your nation has implemented that are relevant
to the issue at hand.
 Two programs your nation has supported or been involved in at the international level.
 Two resolutions your nation has voted for or against
 Identify at least two trends among the things your nation has or has not supported.
 An objective analysis of what you feel are the most important goals of your nation. Do you
believe in defending national sovereignty? What is your nation’s agenda?
 Possible Solutions
 Explain at least three solutions you want to develop or create.
 It is very necessary to make a connection with topic background, country policy, past
international actions
 Sources
 APA citation
Level of uniqueness must be at least 90%
6th week of the term Preparation for the conference
(Mon-Tue)
 Prepare an Opening speech and themes for Moderated Caucuses
6th week of the term Internal summative assessment
(Start from Wed)
MUN Conference

40