INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Springboard: Drawing Prior Knowledge

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Strength of Intermolecular Attractions

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Intramolecular forces (bonding forces) exist within
each molecule and influence the chemical properties
of the substance.
 Intermolecular forces (nonbonding forces) exist
between the molecules and influence the physical
properties of the substance.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
The strengths of intermolecular forces in different substances
vary over a wide range but are generally much weaker than
intramolecular forces—ionic, metallic or covalent bonds

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Intramolecular forces vs Intermolecular forces

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

 Ion-dipole forces
 Hydrogen bonding
 Ion-induced dipole
 Van der Waals forces
 Dipole-dipole
 Dipole-induced-dipole
 London dispersion

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
1. lon-Dipole Forces - forces which attract an ion
either a cation or an anion and a polar molecule
to each other.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Ion-dipole forces

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
2. Hydrogen Bond - a special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom and a small, highly
electronegative atom with lone electron pairs, such as
NH, OH, or FH,

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Hydrogen bonding

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Hydrogen bonding
Problem:
Which of the following substances exhibits H bonding?
For those that do, draw two molecules of the substance
with the H bond(s) between them.

(a) C2H6 (b) CH3OH (c)

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Hydrogen bonding
Solution:
(a) For C2H6 No H bonds are formed.
(b) For CH3OH. The H covalently bonded to the O in
one molecule forms an H bond to the lone pair on
the O of an adjacent molecule:

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Hydrogen bonding

(c) For Two of these molecules can form

one H bond between an H bonded to N and the O, or
they can form two such H bonds:

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
3. Dipole-Dipole Forces – polar-polar molecules lie near
one another, as in liquids and solids, their partial
charges act as tiny electric fields that orient them and
give rise to dipole-dipole forces: the positive pole of
one molecule attracts the negative pole of another

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Dipole-Dipole Forces

CHCl3 CHCl3

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
4. Ion-induced dipole - (ion - nonpolar)

δ+ δ-

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
5. Dipole-induced dipole - (polar - nonpolar)
δ- δ+ δ-
δ+

Xe Xe

δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
O H O
H

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
6. Dispersion forces (London forces) - (nonpolar-
nonpolar)
δ+ δ- δ+ δ-

H C H C

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between the
following pairs?

a) HBr and H2S

b) Cl2 and CBr4

c) I2 and NO3

d) NH3 and C6H6

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
a) Both HBr and H2S are polar molecules. Therefore,
the intermolecular present are dipole-dipole forces
as well as dispersion forces
b) Both Cl2 and CBr4 are nonpolar, so there are only
dispersion forces between these molecules
c) I2 is a homonuclear diatomic molecule and therefore
nonpolar, so the forces between it and the ion NO3
are ion-induced dipole forces and dispersion forces
d) NH3 is polar and C6H6 is nonpolar. The forces are
dipole-induced dipole and dispersion forces

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Intermolecular forces

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Molar Mass
and
Boiling Point
Molecular Shape and Boiling Point
 Activity 1. What’s the Word? That’s the word!

Note: Answers can be interchanged

Activity 2A. What is my Attraction?
Activity 2B. Tell Me Who Am I?
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT