Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari (BBSUL)

Digital Logic Design

Lecture Notes-3

By: Prof. Dr Taj Mohammad Baloch

Binary Counters
 Basically, a binary counter is a type of digital circuit which counts
the number of clock pulses that occur over a time period.

 The binary counters are built up of flip flops, where a flip flop is
a most elementary memory element that can store 1-bit of
information. In a binary counter, each flip flop represents one bit of
the binary number. The counter increases its count by one
whenever a clock pulse occurs.

 For example, a 3-bit binary counter can count from 000 to 111
(i.e 0 to7) before wrapping around to 000 again. We can design a
binary counter to count up or down. Also, a binary counter has
more advanced features such as ability to reset the count to zero, to
load a specific count, etc
Types of Binary Counters
There are many types of binary counters present. Some common types of binary
counters are defined as follows −
Asynchronous Counter − The type of binary counter in which the flip flops do not
receive the same clock pulse at the same time is called an asynchronous counter. The
asynchronous counter is also known as ripple counter.
In the case of asynchronous binary counter, each flip flop is triggered by the output
of the previous flip flop.
Synchronous Counter − The type of binary counter in which all the flip flops receive
the same clock pulse at the same time is known as a synchronous counter. Since, all
the flip flops of the synchronous counter are triggered by the same clock pulse,
therefore, their outputs change simultaneously.

Up Counter − The type of binary counter that counts upwards from zero to its
maximum count value is known as up counter. In the case of up counter, the count is
increased by one on each clock pulse.

Down Counter − The type of binary counter that counts downwards from its
maximum count value to zero is known as a down counter. In the down counter, the
count value of the counter is decreased by one on each clock pulse.
Up/Down Counter − The type of binary counter that can count in both upward and
downward directions is known as a up/down counter. In the up/down counter, the
direction of count is determined by a control input signal.
Mod-16 Counter
A binary counter is shown in Fig3.1 with four binareies D, C, B and A which can count
From 0000 to 1111 i.e 0 to 15 in decimal. It is called as 16-mod Counter
 It uses four JK Flip Flops. Each Flip Flop is in toggle position JK at 1..
Assume output are cleared to 0000, anf input to be added is 1101.
As the clock pulse “1” arrives at clock output of FF1, it toggles on negative edge and display
shows 0001.

 Clock pulse causes FF1 to toggle again, returning output Qo to “0” which causes FF2 output
to toggle to “1”. The counter display to 0001.
 It continues till all binaries are stored in outputs of Flip Flops i.e. 1101 displayed on output
LEDs.
Shift Registers

 Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data. The bits stored in
such registers can be made to move within the registers and in/out of the registers by applying
clock pulses.
 An n-bit shift register can be formed by connecting n flip-flops where each flip-flop stores a
single bit of data. The registers which will shift the bits to the left are called “Shift left
registers”.
 Flip flops can be used to store a single bit of binary data (1 or 0).
However, in order to store multiple bits of data, we need multiple flip-
flops. N flip flops are to be connected in order to store n bits of data.

 A Register is a device that is used to store such information. It is a

group of flip-flops connected in series used to store multiple bits of
data. The information stored within these registers can be transferred
with the help of shift registers.

Shift registers are basically of following types.

Types of Shift Registers
1. Serial In Serial Out shift register
2. Serial In parallel Out shift register
3. Parallel In Serial Out shift register
4. Parallel In parallel Out shift register
1. Serial In Serial Out shift register

The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data line)
and produces a serial output is known as a Serial-In Serial-Out shift register. Since there is
only one output, the data leaves the shift register one bit at a time in a serial pattern, thus the
name Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register.

The logic circuit given below Fig.3.1 shows a serial-in serial-out shift register. The circuit
consists of four D flip-flops which are connected in a serial manner. All these flip-flops are
synchronous with each other since the same clock signal is applied to each flip-flop.
Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register (SISO)
Fig.3.1
 2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (SIPO)
The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data
line) and produces a parallel output is known as the Serial-In Parallel-Out shift register.

The logic circuit given below Fig.3.2 ,shows a serial-in-parallel-out shift register. The circuit
consists of four D flip-flops which are connected. The clear (CLR) signal is connected in
addition to the clock signal to all 4 flip flops in order to RESET them. The output of the first
flip-flop is connected to the input of the next flip flop and so on. All th ese flip-flops are
synchronous with each other since the same clock signal is applied to each flip-flop.
Fig.2.2
3. Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register (PISO)

The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and in
a simultaneous manner) and produces a serial output is known as a Parallel-In Serial-Out
shift register. The logic circuit given below , Fig.3.3 shows a parallel-in-serial-out shift
register. The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected.

Fig.3.3
4. Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (PIPO)

The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and
in a simultaneous manner) and also produces a parallel output is known as Parallel-In
parallel-Out shift register.

The logic circuit given below , Fig.3.4, shows a parallel-in-parallel-out shift register. The
circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected. The clear (CLR) signal and clock
signals are connected to all 4 flip-flops. In this type of register, there are no
interconnections between the individual flip-flops since no serial shifting of the data is
required. Data is given as input separately for each flip flop and in the same way, output is
also collected individually from each flip flop
Fig.3.4
Applications of Shift Registers

1. The shift registers are used for temporary data storage.

2. The shift registers are also used for data transfer and data manipulation.

3. The serial-in serial-out and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers are used to
produce time delay to digital circuits.

4. The serial-in parallel-out shift register is used to convert serial data into parallel
data thus they are used in communication lines where demultiplexing of a data line
into several parallel lines is required.

5. A Parallel in Serial out shift register is used to convert parallel data to serial data
Digital memory storage
It is the process of storing data in a digital format, such as in an electronic
file. It's a fundamental component of computers and is used to record and retain
digital data.

How data is stored

Data is stored in bits, which are the most basic unit of computing. A bit is a single
binary value of 0 or 1, and eight bits make up a byte.

Storage devices
Data can be stored on physical devices like hard drives, disk drives, and USB
drives, or virtually in the cloud.

Storage units
Digital storage is measured in megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes
(TB). Gigabytes are the most common unit used for commercial devices.
Primary and secondary storage

Computers have both primary and secondary storage. Primary storage is like a
computer's short-term memory, while secondary storage is like its long-term
memory