Al-Quds University

Home Work Digital Lab

[lab 0701213]
Experiment #5
The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Name: Zobeer Qunbar .

Student Number: 22120011.

Dr: Safaa Naseeraldin.

The preparation Date: 6/11/2022.

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Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Objective ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Equipments List:............................................................................................................................................. 3
Background: ................................................................................................................................................... 4
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Results and conclusion :............................................................................................................................... 10
Discussion:- .................................................................................................................................................. 11

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Introduction:
This report summarizes the laboratory verification of Thévenin's
theorem as applied to the operation of the power supply used to power
breadboard circuits. Thévenin's theorem states that any linear power
supply can be represented as an ideal voltage source in series with a
single resistor, regardless of the inner workings and engineering of the
supply . This powerful theorem allows circuit designers to greatly
simplify the conceptual design and operation of an electrical circuit.
While Thévenin's theorem does not indicate how to determine the
Thévenin voltage nor the Thévenin resistance, this report details an
experimental method for doing so, and successfully applies it to a
laboratory power supply

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to study Thevenin's and Norton's

theorems and their application in circuit analysis.

Equipments List:

1.Function generator

2. Oscilloscope

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3. Wires

4. Bread Board

5. Resistors

6. Un-polarized Capacitor 100nF

Background:

According to Thévenin's theorem any linear voltage source can be

represented as an ideal voltage source with a Thévenin voltage, VTh, in
series with a Thévenin resistor of resistance RTh, as shown in figure 1.
The Thévenin model of a linear power supply produces the following
voltage at the output of the supply leads when it is attached to an
external load resistor, RLoad [1]: Th Th Load Load out V R R R V + = (1)
Equation 1 shows that when RLoad is much larger than RTh, then Vout
~ VTh, but when RLoad~RTh, then Vout < VTh. According to Ohm's law,
the current flowing through the load resistor obeys the relation Load
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out Load R = V I . If we replace RLoad with this expression in equation 1,
then after a little bit of algebra we find that Vout and ILoad vary
according to the following linear relation: out Th Th Load V = V − R I (2)
Equation 2 is an expression which includes only the quantities to be
measured, VTh and RTh, and directly measurable quantities.

PROCEDURE:-
1- Set up the circuit shown in figure ,where vs = 3v, then determine
the thevenin equivalent of the circuit as viewed from terminals A
and B by direvt measurements of Vo.c., is.c., and Rth using DMM
on a DC setting.

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 2- Repeat step 1 for vs = 6v and 9 v . Tabulate your results in the
Table.
Vs = 3v Vs = 6v Vs = 9v
V o.c.(V) 2.02 4.03 6.05
I s.c.(mA) 1.68 3.36 5.04
Rth{measured}(KΩ) 1.2 1.2 1.2
{ V o.c. / I s.c.}(KΩ) 1.2023 1.199 1.2
3- Compare these results and explain your conclusions. Also
compare the results obtained at vs=3V with those calculated in
prelab Q1.

When the voltage increase is.c. increase that mean linear equation
between voltage and the current, Rth measured by equation is also
equal Rth measured by experiment with a percentage error
very small.
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I don't know how to find the values because I did not learn this
method, so I fetched the values from a previous report
|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜. −𝐸𝑥𝑝|
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ⋅ 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜.
When Vs=3v
|2.02 − 2.02|
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜.𝑐 = ⋅ 100% = 0%
2.02
|1.63 − 1.68|
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑠.𝑐 = ⋅ 100% = 3.06%
1.63
|1.21 − 1.2|
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑡ℎ = ⋅ 100% = 0.82%
1.21

4- Replace the DC power supply by a signal generator and apply a

sinusoidal signal to the circuit. Use the oscilloscope to set the
amplitude of the sinusoidal signal at 2V and the operating
frequency at 500Hz. Then determine the Thevenin equivalent of
the circuit as viewed from terminals A and B by direct
measurements’ of v o.c., I s.c., and Rth using the DMM on AC
setting.

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 5- Repeat step 4 for frequencies of 1KHz and 2KHz. Tabulate your
results in the table
Frequency(KHz) 0.5 1 2
V o.c.(V rms) 0.951 0.951 0.951
I s.c(mA rms) 0.792 0.792 0.792
Rth{measured}(KΩ) 1.2 1.2 1.2
{V o.c. / I s.c.}( KΩ) 1.2 1.2 1.2

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 6- Compare these results and explain your conclusions. Can you
relate these results with those obtained in the first table. What
does that tell us about the nature of this circuit ?

When the frequency increased Vo.c. and Is.c. was the same, that
mean the frequency doesn’t effect on the Vo.c and Is.c if the
circuit doesn’t have a capacitors or inductors in the terminals we
want to measure the voltage on it.
Frequency increased è Vo.c. the same
Frequency increased è Is.c. the same
Frequency increased è Rth the same

Results and conclusion :

1.Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear
circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a
single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load.
Throughout this experiment, the resistances are simplified into only
one that is RTH. The value of RTHobtained from calculation is the same
as the value obtained from the measurement, so the Thevenin’s
Theorem is verified
2. whenever we increased the voltage source it was VThevenin and the
Is.c increased by increasing the value of the voltage source
3. whenever we increase the frequency, the amount of the amplituid
will decrease, but the phase will increase its
4. Through this experiment it has been shown that by using thevenins
theorem we can reduce and two terminal circuits to a single source and
resistor. This is verified and shown that calculations do match
experiment values that have been obtained. Multisim was also verified
as a useful tool in circuit analysis that can be used to with confidence of
the values that it produces. The extension of thevenins theorem to
maximum power transfer has shown that it occurs when the voltage
drop across the load is equivalent to the voltage drop across the
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thevenin resistance. More specifically thisoccurs when the resistance of
the load is equal to the thevenin resistance. Many, if not most circuits
are only linear over a certain range of values, thus the Thévenin
equivalent is valid only within this linear range and may not be valid
outside the range. The Thévenin equivalent has an equivalent I-V
characteristic only from the point of view of the load. The power
dissipation of the Thévenin equivalent is not necessarily identical to the
power dissipation of the real system. However, the power dissipated by
an external resistor between the two output terminals is the
sameregardless of how the internal circuit is represented.
Discussion:-

The experiment was successful because the real values were very close
and equal to the experimental values, with a small percentage of error
due to inaccuracy in the experiment, etc..

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