ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
--------------- MODULE 1B —---------------
—
DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
A. COMMON TYPES OF EXTERNAL SUPPORTS
SUPPORT TYPES # of Force Developed
eactions/
R
Unknowns
Cables 1 Tensional Force
ontacting
C 1 ormal Force
N
Surface (Smooth) (Perpendicular; Along y)
ontacting
C 2 Force x and Force y
Surface (Rough)
Roller Support 1 ormal Force
N
(Perpendicular; Along y)
Pin Support 2 Force x and Force y (Allow
rotation so no moment)
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
Slider/ 1 Normal Force
Constrained Pin (Perpendicular; Along y)
Fixed Support 3 Force x and y; Moment
developed
Ex. Cantilever Beam
B. DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY
Structure Planar Case 3D Case
Beam DI = R – 3 – C DI = R – 6 – C
Truss I = R + M –
D DI = R + M – 3J
2J
Frame DI = 3(No. of Loops) - No. of DOF
here:
W
DI – Degree of Indeterminacy
R – Number of Reactions
M – Number of Members
J – Number of Joints
C – Number of Releases (or equations of conditions)
DOF – Degrees of Freedom
D
● I = 0 Statically Determinate*
● DI > 0 Statically Indeterminate*
- The resulting number is the degree of indeterminacy
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
C. EQUATIONS OF CONDTIONS
Types of Connection Equations Known Condition/s
Internal Hinge Σ𝐹 ≠ 0 1
𝑥
Σ𝐹 𝑦
≠ 0
Σ𝑀 = 0
Internal Roller Σ𝐹 = 0 2
𝑥
Σ𝐹 𝑦
≠ 0
Σ𝑀 = 0
Internal Fixed Σ𝐹 ≠ 0 0
𝑥
Σ𝐹 𝑦
≠ 0
Σ𝑀 ≠ 0
Internal Slider Σ𝐹 ≠ 0 1
𝑥
Σ𝐹 𝑦
= 0
Σ𝑀 ≠ 0
or a Hinge:ec=n−1
F
For a Roller:ec=2(n−1)
here,
W
nis the number of members connected to the hingeor roller. For multiple hinges and rollers, the
totalecis the sum of the ec values from each pinor roller.
D. EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
- Σ𝐹 𝑥
= 0
-sums of x components
- Σ𝐹 𝑦 = 0
- sums of y components
- Σ𝑀 = 0
- sums of couple moments components
- 𝐹𝑥𝐷
- Where, F = force and D = distance
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
--------------- MODULE 2 —---------------
—
HEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS
S
A. DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE BEAMS
DETERMINATE:
1. Simply Supported Beam
2. Cantilever Beam
3. Overhanging Beam
INDETERMINATE
1. Propped Beam
2. Restrained Beam
3. Continuous Beam
a. Uniform Load
- LOAD:Get the area of the rectangle𝑏ℎ
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam
- h = w(N/m)
b. Uniformly Varying (Triangle)
1
- LOAD:Get the area of the triangle 2 𝑏ℎ
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam
- h = w(N/m)
1
- LOCATION:Get the centroid of the triangle 3
𝑏
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
A. SOLUTION 1 (SEGMENT METHOD)
1. Draw the beam and axes
2. Solve for the missing reactions
3. Write the equations for Shear and Moment in each segment
4. Draw the Shear Diagram
5. Get Moment values depending on the value of x
6. Plot Moment Diagram
7. Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)
B. SOLUTION 2 (DRAWING ONLY METHOD)
1. Draw the beam and axes
2. Solve for the missing reactions
3. Draw Shear Diagram
4. For the moment diagram, get the areas of the respective shear
5. Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)
Area Formulas:
Square 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
where,
b= base h= height
Triangle 1
𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ
Parabolic Section 2
𝐴𝑃𝑆 = 3 𝑏
ℎ
Spandrel 1
𝐴𝑆 = 3 𝑏
ℎ
Ratio and Proportion (R&P)
Similar Triangles 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑦1
= 𝑦2
Squared Property of Parabola (𝑥1)
2
(𝑥2)
2
𝑦1
= 𝑦2
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
Type of Stress:
a. Positive Moments = Positive Bending (Sagging)
i. Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Compression
ii. Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Tension
b. Negative Moments = Negative Bending (Hogging)
i. Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Tension
ii. Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Compression
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET
—--------------- MODULE 3 —---------------
Analysis of Trusses
Methods of Truss Analysis
A. Method of Joints
- To calculate the forces in the members of a truss, the equilibrium equations are
applied to individual joints (or pins) of the truss.
- The resulting FBDs of the joints will be a concurrent force system. Thus,
- ΣFX = 0
- ΣFy = 0
General Procedure:
. D
1 etermine allexternal forcesand support reactions.
2. Solve for axial forces/bar forces by isolating the FBD of the joint where bar force is
required by applyingequilibrium equations.
3. Apply sign convention. If the computed bar force is towards the joint in the FBD, the bar
is incompression.If the computed bar force is pointingaway from the joint in the FBD,
the bar is intension.
B. Method of Sections
- Cutting a truss into two sections at a point where the bar force is required