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Es3 Prelims Formula-Sheet

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47 views9 pages

Es3 Prelims Formula-Sheet

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© © All Rights Reserved
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‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭ --------------- MODULE 1B —---------------‬



‭DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF STRUCTURES‬

‭A.‬ ‭COMMON TYPES OF EXTERNAL SUPPORTS‬

‭SUPPORT TYPES‬ ‭# of‬ ‭Force Developed‬


‭ eactions/‬
R
‭Unknowns‬

‭Cables‬ ‭1‬ ‭Tensional Force‬

‭ ontacting‬
C ‭1‬ ‭ ormal Force‬
N
‭Surface (Smooth)‬ ‭(Perpendicular; Along y)‬

‭ ontacting‬
C ‭2‬ ‭Force x and Force y‬
‭Surface (Rough)‬

‭Roller Support‬ ‭1‬ ‭ ormal Force‬


N
‭(Perpendicular; Along y)‬

‭Pin Support‬ ‭2‬ ‭Force x and Force y (Allow‬


‭rotation so no moment)‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭Slider/‬ ‭1‬ ‭Normal Force‬


‭Constrained Pin‬ ‭(Perpendicular; Along y)‬

‭Fixed Support‬ ‭3‬ ‭Force x and y; Moment‬


‭developed‬

‭Ex. Cantilever Beam‬

‭B.‬ ‭DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY‬

‭Structure‬ ‭Planar Case‬ ‭3D Case‬

‭Beam‬ ‭DI = R – 3 – C‬ ‭DI = R – 6 – C‬

‭Truss‬ ‭ I = R + M –‬
D ‭DI = R + M – 3J‬
‭2J‬

‭Frame‬ ‭DI = 3(No. of Loops) - No. of DOF‬

‭ here:‬
W
‭DI – Degree of Indeterminacy‬
‭R – Number of Reactions‬
‭M – Number of Members‬
‭J – Number of Joints‬
‭C – Number of Releases (or equations of conditions)‬
‭DOF – Degrees of Freedom‬

‭‬ D
● ‭ I = 0 Statically Determinate*‬
‭●‬ ‭DI > 0 Statically Indeterminate*‬
‭-‬ ‭The resulting number is the degree of indeterminacy‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭C.‬ ‭EQUATIONS OF CONDTIONS‬

‭Types of Connection‬ ‭Equations‬ ‭Known Condition/s‬

‭Internal Hinge‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ ≠ ‭0‬ ‭1‬


‭𝑥‬
Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑦‬
≠ ‭0‬
Σ‭𝑀‬ = ‭0‬

‭Internal Roller‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ = ‭0‬ ‭2‬


‭𝑥‬
Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑦‬
≠ ‭0‬
Σ‭𝑀‬ = ‭0‬

‭Internal Fixed‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ ≠ ‭0‬ ‭0‬


‭𝑥‬
Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑦‬
≠ ‭0‬
Σ‭𝑀‬ ≠ ‭0‬

‭Internal Slider‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ ≠ ‭0‬ ‭1‬


‭𝑥‬
Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑦‬
= ‭0‬
Σ‭𝑀‬ ≠ ‭0‬

‭ or a Hinge:‬‭ec=n−1‬
F
‭For a Roller:‬‭ec=2(n−1)‬

‭ here,‬
W
‭n‬‭is the number of members connected to the hinge‬‭or roller. For multiple hinges and rollers, the‬
‭total‬‭ec‬‭is the sum of the ec values from each pin‬‭or roller.‬

‭D.‬ ‭EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM‬

‭-‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑥‬


= ‭0‬
‭-‬‭sums of x components‬
‭-‬ Σ‭𝐹‬ ‭𝑦‬ = ‭0‬
‭-‬ ‭sums of y components‬
‭-‬ Σ‭𝑀‬ = ‭0‬
‭-‬ ‭sums of couple moments components‬
‭-‬ ‭𝐹𝑥𝐷‬
‭-‬ ‭Where, F = force and D = distance‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭ --------------- MODULE 2 —---------------‬



‭ HEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS‬
S

‭A.‬ ‭DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE BEAMS‬

‭DETERMINATE:‬
‭1.‬ ‭Simply Supported Beam‬
‭2.‬ ‭Cantilever Beam‬
‭3.‬ ‭Overhanging Beam‬

‭INDETERMINATE‬
‭1.‬ ‭Propped Beam‬
‭2.‬ ‭Restrained Beam‬
‭3.‬ ‭Continuous Beam‬

‭a.‬ ‭Uniform Load‬


‭-‬ ‭LOAD:‬‭Get the area of the rectangle‬‭𝑏ℎ‬
‭-‬ ‭where,‬
‭-‬ ‭b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam‬
‭-‬ ‭h = w(N/m)‬
‭b.‬ ‭Uniformly Varying (Triangle)‬
‭1‬
‭-‬ ‭LOAD:‬‭Get the area of the triangle‬ ‭2‬ ‭𝑏ℎ‬
‭-‬ ‭where,‬
‭-‬ ‭b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam‬
‭-‬ ‭h = w(N/m)‬
‭‬
1
‭-‬ ‭LOCATION:‬‭Get the centroid of the triangle‬ ‭3‬
‭𝑏‬
‭-‬ ‭where,‬
‭-‬ ‭b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭A.‬ ‭SOLUTION 1 (SEGMENT METHOD)‬


‭1.‬ ‭Draw the beam and axes‬
‭2.‬ ‭Solve for the missing reactions‬
‭3.‬ ‭Write the equations for Shear and Moment in each segment‬
‭4.‬ ‭Draw the Shear Diagram‬
‭5.‬ ‭Get Moment values depending on the value of x‬
‭6.‬ ‭Plot Moment Diagram‬
‭7.‬ ‭Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)‬

‭B.‬ ‭SOLUTION 2 (DRAWING ONLY METHOD)‬


‭1.‬ ‭Draw the beam and axes‬
‭2.‬ ‭Solve for the missing reactions‬
‭3.‬ ‭Draw Shear Diagram‬
‭4.‬ ‭For the moment diagram, get the areas of the respective shear‬
‭5.‬ ‭Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)‬

‭Area Formulas:‬

‭Square‬ ‭𝐴‬ = ‭‬‭𝑏ℎ‬


‭where,‬
‭b‬‭= base‬ ‭h‬‭= height‬

‭Triangle‬ ‭1‬
‭𝐴‬ = ‭‬ ‭2‬ ‭𝑏ℎ‬

‭Parabolic Section‬ ‭2‬


‭𝐴‬‭𝑃𝑆‬‭‬ = ‭‭‬‬ ‭3‬ ‭‭𝑏
‬ ‬‭ℎ‬

‭Spandrel‬ ‭1‬
‭𝐴‬‭𝑆‬‭‬ = ‭‭‬‬ ‭3‬ ‭‭𝑏
‬ ‬‭ℎ‬

‭Ratio and Proportion (R&P)‬

‭Similar Triangles‬ ‭𝑥‭1‬ ‬ ‭𝑥‬‭2‬


‭𝑦‭1‬ ‬
= ‭𝑦‬‭2‬

‭Squared Property of Parabola‬ (‭𝑥‬‭1)‬


‭2‬
(‭𝑥‬‭2‬)
‭2‬

‭𝑦‬‭1‬
= ‭𝑦‬‭2‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭Type of Stress:‬
‭a.‬ ‭Positive Moments = Positive Bending (Sagging)‬
‭i.‬ ‭Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Compression‬
‭ii.‬ ‭Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Tension‬
‭b.‬ ‭Negative Moments = Negative Bending (Hogging)‬
‭i.‬ ‭Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Tension‬
‭ii.‬ ‭Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Compression‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬
‭ES3 PRELIMS FORMULA SHEET‬

‭—--------------- MODULE 3 —---------------‬


‭Analysis of Trusses‬

‭Methods of Truss Analysis‬

‭A.‬ ‭Method of Joints‬


‭-‬ ‭To calculate the forces in the members of a truss, the equilibrium equations are‬
‭applied to individual joints (or pins) of the truss.‬
‭-‬ ‭The resulting FBDs of the joints will be a concurrent force system. Thus,‬
‭-‬ ‭ΣFX = 0‬
‭-‬ ‭ΣFy = 0‬

‭General Procedure:‬

‭ .‬ D
1 ‭ etermine all‬‭external forces‬‭and support reactions.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Solve for axial forces/bar forces by isolating the FBD of the joint where bar force is‬
‭required by applying‬‭equilibrium equations‬‭.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Apply sign convention. If the computed bar force is towards the joint in the FBD, the bar‬
‭is in‬‭compression.‬‭If the computed bar force is pointing‬‭away from the joint in the FBD,‬
‭the bar is in‬‭tension‬‭.‬

‭B.‬ ‭Method of Sections‬


‭-‬ ‭Cutting a truss into two sections at a point where the bar force is required‬

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