Assignment No2

Q1Explain the diffcaeNce hetweeh

a) Point pxoceSSibg S neighbaahaad pxotes Sing
4)
Point ProcesSing. neighbox hood Poocessirg

In point prcessing. taansfemat oa DIn heighboouring opezation.

fwction I) se0nks only an single transformation function woks on
inputt pixel value. Lqzoup of inpt values It ís
qm0up opcatin. No. af inBu
yalues selected tor proCes sing
depends windoy 5)2e

Point apcndtion isa zeoo memoy ) Irn neighhanhacd apcxation cutput

opezatian Outpt pixel value at pìxel salae at (ry_positish
(Xy) position depends on depends many more ingut
sihgle input at (xy) positionpixe value memoty space is
No
NO memory space is xequiredequired to store intermeiate
to store intermediate results.esults

In paint operation., the autpxt9Tn neigh basthasd opexations,the

pixel value s at psition autput pixel value at (x)
is qiven_ by S=T(o whene ispssition is ohtained hy masking.
input pixel Ualue atCxl pesaiteh. operation.
5eumples af paint opeallun ihchds| 9Esanple af neighhozing apensli on
lontnast streching ansfonatio Spatial lteiny
,pping f Thresholaing DSmothin Spatial fltes
DDigital Negative ) Shaxpenih filters.
9LoG Transformation
SPowey law toansfor nation.
6) Smocthihg fltes shaxp ening flte

o Smaatbaing filtexs ave inage DShaxpening

demave lters Cnhance
pestuzbations ithaut lesing any edcs 4 iqhaxre ncise
af the image's informatiah

Smaoth AnNg filter redu ces hcise t increnses the Contrast bet"
edginess of an inage. Pregex-pixels ¢ highlights the edges of
ves the main Cantent af the mage Makg the details
image bott the fincx detailsthe imag
less faCused
fo

Mes
details fxom images Enphasizes. megions uith hih
removes
by SappresSihg lo) treqnchcy Spatial freueny ih ardee te
|(ampoh nts highlígkt details
H)A pid ptacess to soften edgcsla) Aefers to sharpn edes 4
4 Corners af the jMaye Corect the inage even it hag
itEle defets.
91t s used in noise educt ian,9Tt is u5ed in medical
PrepTocessing of inages f cbjet inage isuali ztion &phota
rcoghitih erhancement
. 2.Explain the ageenhantement
folauin4 conceptsiiN image
D ontxast staetching'
Contrstgtxetching is image chhancemcnt technigke
that imp roves the contrast of h inage by
staeching its intensity
intcnstty values. It also knawn as.
hormalzation
To pextotM Consthast stretching-, you need to speity
the 4 lowes pixel valye limits oVer which
Apper
the image is to be hotmalized. These limit are
often the minimuM maximum pixel values that
the jmagc typ allaws.
(antrast stretching Can he useful fox enhancing images
that are too dark, too bright o haue low dyram
range. I t Can jmpaove the visibilty of details e
features qn
cspecialy when the origikal
image has louloo contrast por ligkting
-Oheof the most papulax conttnast stretching technigues
is basic Cont xast stretching This technique (amputes
the highest ¢ the buest pixel pixal inten sity valaes.

At Centain times it js desirel to highligkt a specific

range of levels image.
for ekample , Enhancing feactures Such as masses_ of uter
Satellite inaging 4 enhansihg flaws in xroy
imaats
hene two basic approaches of doinq this
DThe irst anpriach_ is similay to thaskalding funtion
 allqrey levels
for
high walue ualueall other.
where iN we dlsplay
intrest 4 a law
the ange ot
leyel
levels
gorey
©fp
S-L-l
otherwls<

- The only diffexexe here

with thes holding 5cheme o,0
isthat here we selectel i/e 9Tey levels
band of qrey level.s vae icASo)
where as selectingTis Cse of thzeshelding function
-This process aláo produces binary image Cimage ith
2qey levels)
levels) ás in Case af threshalding aperation

) Second 4pprbach Says to bzightec the desied dhg s

4tc levels het paeserves the backiaund

hesws
Ttos
qoey leuek slicing is alss
alled intnsity slicing.
A B L-)

-Hiqktightibg a specitic tange of grey lcvels in an image

-Di5play a high value of all qray levelsin the onge ofinhnt
ualue afor qll othex qray levels
iDLog tansfsmation
of theimage
-AE cextain tumesthe are4 scaenge of heiat
the capahility of disgky deuice wuhile
txce eds that the smal
times. the tange 15So naszow
othex
changes are hat haticahle in
Log tansfoxmatich heles to impasue the situatiah
these Cases.
of the loq transfonmaition is qiven hy
fozm et|C5)
Ihe qenehal fozm
lev
SsCloq(lLt) 255
Lhere, C= Constant f qzay Log
it is qssumed that z antilog
Modifed

Carwe maps q
log
nartow Yange of low 255

gady -level values of oiginat gray fevetfry’

the input image jnto
a wider TAnge of autput levels.
-Used to espand the values of dark pixels in an iMag
uhile cawa,pressing the highex -level values ohitel
-The opgasitei5 true inverse lag (Antilay)
tronsfonaation,
 cquali zation 2 fauahze the
63Nhat is. heed af histagxam
given histogtant
2 3 6
Intensity 4080 60 4o82
No afxels.70 o0

Hstegsans equalization is to enhance the haightne ss £f

contaast of animage
it the dyhamic nanr of the histaqram
-Using
an image is jNCRLSed pixelsin the
-It assig ns the intensity values of
inpat hage such that the output image contains a
unifos dtstaibytion
of intensities
Its qoql is to distxihate the qy levels uiithin
ithage that leyel is equally kkely
to
Equalization table :
aYay k PDA CDE (L-) XSk Rounding
XSk ofe
levet n

70 0.175 0.175 |225

0.25 O.425 2-975 3

2 40 0.| 0.525 3.675
B0 O.2 O.725 S.075
4 66 O.15 0.875 6.125
O.97S 6.825
6 0.02 O. 995 6.965
2 O.005 1
n 40
 takept
2e th the last coktmh
Equall ed gray lavel
No. of pixels.

2
70

160
6
80

7 60

4ot8t2 = 50

Qhat is edian Cltes2 Apph 3X3

Jxs nedian filtex to
Given Scale ima1e f find fhe pxacess ed
inae&s
S568
6
SSsls
S56 8

A median filtexis a pon-linear digital lteing

techniqe that remave noiSe
faam ihages f sigaas
Tts a Commanly used odex -stat istic filtey that 's
effective at remaving inspulse Aaise " Salt ¢ pappex
noise, andom hoisC.
 3)iss 6,6,6.545., 0,o} >o, o, 5, 5,5, 5,6,6, 6s
eno iseplate by S.

|4)1 é, z3,8,8, 7 6, 6,15 46,6, 4,2, 8,3,8, 15Ý

' Pracessed irsage

6

5
6
5
&SAhat is shaxdChing Gltes l Esnlan hish bosst fltex.

Shaxpening flters azc type of inage pzo Cessiny that

enhances the cont zast hetwcen neighbaxingpixels
They can make the authnes of a diital inage laok
mose distinct 4 emphasi2e the transition between dark
4light aregs.
FShazponing ilters can be applied to an inage by psfor-
Filtes
Ming ConValutiA apration with a keznel. A kCanel
Square matxix with an nxn dimensionConvolusjon
is the proces s of adding each element of the image
to its local heighbors, wekted by the keanel.
is a papular method that allows sharp
High boost filtes is
hiqh detail
ening in high seas but
detail aeas tle no shaspen
ing in flat ox Smaath
Smooth areas
-AA hiak bonst filtex is used to vetain Ssme of the
low-frequency Components to f in the intexpetatidn af
image
It's frequency- donain technique Hhat wosks byi
Smoothed of the media data
9Subtracting
form the oniginal
Veosi0n

PAmplifying high frequency conspanents af sighals 4

images
9Emphasing edges
The filter is made up of an all þass iltex f an edge
detetian filtex. It shaxpéns in hi_h detail aneas but Iitte e
no Sharpnang in flat n Simasth asea
HB£ = A* Originalt image Law focqueny Gmpsnend.