Chapter 4.

Integrals

Dr.Rehab Alsultan

Umm AlQura University

[email protected]

June 30, 2024

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Overview
1 Introduction
2 Definite Integrals of Functions w (t)
3 Contours
4 Contour Integrals
5 Some Examples
6 Examples with Branch Cuts
7 Antiderivatives
8 Cauchy–Goursat Theorem
9 Simply Connected Domains
10 Multiply Connected Domains
11 Cauchy Integral Formula
12 Liouville’s Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
13 Maximum Modulus Principle
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Introduction: Complex Integration

Integrals are extremely important in the study of functions of a complex

variable. The theory of integration, to be developed in this chapter, is
noted for its mathematical elegance. The theorems are generally concise
and powerful, and many of the proofs are short.

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complex integrals

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Definite Integrals of Functions w (t)

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Contours

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Contour

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Contour

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Contour

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Contour

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Contour

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Contour Integrals

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Contour Integrals: Parametric Methods of integration

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Some Examples

Contour integration (complex integration): if f (z) is continuous on a

directed smooth curve C , and if z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b is a parametrization
of C , then Z Z b
f (z) dz = f (z(t)) z 0 (t) dt
C a
Parametrization:

z(t) = z1 + t(z2 − z1 ), 0≤t≤1

z(t) = z0 + re it , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

z(t) = zo + re it , 0≤t≤π

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Example: compute the integral
Z
z dz
C

when C is from z1 = −i to z2 = 2 + i
Soultion:
1. C: Parametic:
a.
z(t) = z1 + t(z2 − z1 ) = −i + t(2 + i − (−i)) = (−i) + t(2 + 2i), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
b. dz = 2 + 2i
c. a = 0 ≤ t ≤ b = 1

Rb
f (z) dz = a f (z(t)) z 0 (t) dt
R
2. C
R R1
CR z dz = 0 (−1 + t(2 + 2i))(2 + 2i) dt
1
= 0 −2i + 2 + t(4 + 4i + 4i − 4) dt
R1
= 0 −2i + 2 + t(8i) dt = [t(−2i + 2) + t 2 (4i)]10
= ((−2i + 2) + 4i) − (0 + 0) = 2i + 2
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Example: compute the integral
Z
z dz
C
when C is along the path fourth quarter of the circle with center at z0 = i
and radius R = 2 z1 = −i to z2 = 2 + i
Soultion:
1. C: Parametic:
a. z(t = θ) = z0 + re iθ = i + 2e iθ , −3π
2 ≤θ ≤0
b. dz = 2ie iθ

c. a = −3π
2 ≤t =θ ≤b =0

Rb
f (z) dz = a f (z(t)) z 0 (t) dt
R
2. C R0
(i + 2e iθ )(2ie it ) dθ
R
C z dz = 3π 2
R0 iθ 0
= 3π −2e iθ + 4ie 2iθ dt = [ −2ei + 2e 2iθ ]03π = [2ie iθ + 2e 2iθ ] 3π
2 =
2 2
3π
(2ie 0 + 2e 0 ) − (2ie i 2 + 2e i3π )
(2i + (2)) − (2i(−i) + 2(−1)) = (2i + (2)) − (2 − 2) = 2i + 2
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Examples with Branch Cuts
Example: compute the integral
Z
z a−1 dz
C

when C is the positively oriented circle z = Re iθ , − π ≤ θ ≤ π let a

denote any nonzero real number
Soultion: Using the principal branch

f (z) = z a−1 = e (a−1)Log z

(|z| > 0, − π < Arg z < π)
1. C: Parametic:
a. z(θ) = z0 + Re iθ = 0 + Re iθ = Re iθ , −π ≤ θ ≤ π
b. dz = Rie iθ
c. a = −π ≤ t = θ ≤ b = π

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Examples with Branch Cuts

Rb
f (z) dz = a f (z(t)) z 0 (t) dt
R
2. C
R a−1 Rπ iθ
dz = C e (a−1)Log z dz = −π e (a−1)Log (Re ) (Rie iθ ) dθ
R
C z
Rπ
= −π (Re iθ )a−1 (Rie iθ ) dθ
Rπ
= −π (R)a−1+1 i(e iθ )a−1+1 dθ
Rπ
= −π R a i(e iaθ ) dθ
a
= [ Ra e aiθ ]π−π = Ra [(cos aπ + i sin aπ) − (cos a(−π) + i sin a(−π))]
= Ra [(−1 + i sin aπ) − (−1 − i sin a(π))]
= Ra [i sin aπ + i sin a(π)]

= Ra [2i sin a(π)]

Hence,If a nonzero integer , the integral =0

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Antiderivatives

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Cauchy–Goursat Theorem

In Sec. 44, we saw that when a continuous function f has an

antiderivative in a domain D, the integral of f (z) around any given
closed contour C lying entirely in D has value zero.
In this section, we present a theorem giving other conditions on a
function f which ensure that the value of the integral of f (z) around a
simple closed contour is zero.
0
when f is analytic in R and f is continuous there,
I
f (z) dz = 0
C

That is, statement is also true if C is taken in the clockwise direction,

since then I I
f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = 0
C −C

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Cauchy–Goursat theorem

the Cauchy–Goursat theorem.

Theorem. If a function f is analytic at all points interior to and on a simple
closed contour C, then I
f (z) dz = 0
C

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 z 2 dz,
H
Example: Evaluted C : |z| = 1

since the function z 2 is analytic at all points interior to and on a simple

closed contour C: |z| = 1, then
I
f (z) dz = 0
C

Also, for any closed contour.

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Simply Connected Domains

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Multiply Connected Domains

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Cauchy Integral Formula

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Example: Evalute I
cos z
dz
C z
C:|z| = 1
Solution:

since the cos z is analytic in side the C and the Zero of the denominator in
side C , we can use Cauchy Integral Formula

I = 2πif (0) = 2πi cos 0 = 2πi

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Example: Let C be the postiviely oriented circle |z| = 2, Evalute
I
z
2
dz
C (9 − z )(z + i)

z
Solution: Let f (z) = (9−z 9 ) is analytic in side the C and the Zero of the

denominator in side C z + i = 0 → z = −i, we can use Cauchy Integral

Formula

z
−i
I I
z 9−z 2 π
2
dz = dz = 2πi( 2
)=
C (9 − z )(z + i) C z − (−i) 9 − (−i) 10

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Example: Let C be the postiviely oriented circle |z| = 1, Evalute

e 2z
I
dz
C z4

Solution: Let f (z) = e 2z is analytic in side the C and the Zero of the
denominator in side C :when z = 0, we can use Cauchy Integral Formula
I 2z I
e f (z) 2πi 000 8πi
4
dz = 4
dz = f (0) =
C z C z 3! 3

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Example: Evalute I
sin z
dz
C z2
C:|z| = 1
Solution:
since the sin z is analytic in side the C and the Zero of the denominator in
side C , we can use Cauchy Integral Formula
where n + 1 = 2
2πi 0
I = f (0) = 2πi cos 0 = 2πi
1!

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Example: Evalute
3z 3 + 7z + 1
I
I = dz
C z +1
2
y2
C: (x−2)
4 + =1 3
since the f (z) is analytic in side the C but the Zero of the denominator
z + 1 = 0 → z = −1, −1 is not inside C , we can use Cauchy–Goursat
theorem

I =0

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Liouville’s Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra

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Maximum Modulus Principle

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 The End

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