EUROPEAN RED LIST OF

SELECTED ENDEMIC SHRUBS

Maltese Cliff Orache Atriplex lanfrancoi (EN)
is endemic to Malta, where it restricted to
coastal areas of the islands of Malta and Gozo.
Ongoing monitoring of the species and its
habitat is required in order to better understand
its conservation status and the effectiveness of
enforcement of current legislation, especially,
over illegal dumping, land reclamation and the
introduction of alien species.
© Stephen Mifsud

b
European Endemic Shrubs
Shrubs are evergreen or deciduous woody Shrubs play an important role in maintaining
plants with multiple stems branching from ecosystem services especially through
or near the ground. Shrub species grow all contributions to soil stabilisation, nutrient cycling
across the world, including in areas where trees and water management. Shrubs also play an
cannot survive. Shrubs are widely distributed important role to a great range of organisms in
across European habitats ranging from coastal provision of food, habitat and shelter.
heathlands up into alpine and oromediterranean
habitats with only areas exposed to extreme The exact number of shrub species present in
conditions, such as strong winds or shallow the world remains unknown. Even within Europe
rocky soil, limiting shrub survival. In habitats – a well-studied region of the world – there are
across Europe, shrubs define important limited data relating to the diversity of shrubs
vegetation types, for example the Arctic species, and conflicting taxonomic approaches
tundra, lowland heathlands or Mediterranean and growth-form definitions. Further to this,
shrublands, highlighting their importance in conservation assessments of European shrubs
communities across many different climatic highlight the variety of conservation actions
regions (Janssen et al., 2016). Some of these needed to prevent shrub species from going
habitat types require disturbance (such as fire or extinct. The long-term survival of these species
grazing) to maintain this shrub dominant state. depends on the protection of habitats from
Shrubs also make up an important part of forest livestock grazing, the control of alien invasive and
ecosystems providing understorey vegetation as problematic species, reducing the widespread
well as dominating the forest edges. and growing pressure from fires and landslides,
as well as increasing targeted conservation
research focused on this group of plants.

Assessment Scope
This report encompasses the conservation The conservation assessments of these species
status of 262 selected endemic European shrub are found on The IUCN Red List of Threatened
species. These shrubs were selected because Species (www.iucnredlist.org).
they are large (over 0.5 metres in height) and
endemic to Europe. The report does not include All assessments were carried out on two
24 species endemic to Macaronesia (Madeira levels: pan-Europe, and the Member States
Archipelago or in some cases Madeira and of the European Union (EU). The pan-Europe
the Canaries) because the expertise was not assessment is also the global assessment for
available to finalise their assessments within the these species as all species are endemic to
timeframe of the project. All the assessments Europe. Of the 262 species included in the
were made following the IUCN Red List assessment, 219 species are endemic to the
Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012, 2001) and EU region. The scope extended from Iceland in
peer-reviewed through expert workshops or the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz
email consultation. Josef Land in the north to the Canary Islands in
the south. The Caucasus region is not included.

1
Threat Status
Overall, 48.5% and 48.3% of European In Europe, 15.6% of species have been
endemic shrub species that have been assessed as Critically Endangered, 17.2% as
assessed are threatened in Europe and in Endangered and 11.1% as Vulnerable (Table
the EU, respectively. These mid-point values 1 and Figure 1). A further 6.5% (17 species)
assume that a similar relative proportion of are considered Near Threatened. There is a
the Data Deficient (DD) species are likely to be similar proportion of threatened species in
threatened (the mid-point value), and provides the EU (16.1% Critically Endangered, 16.5%
the best estimation of the proportion of Endangered and 11.8% Vulnerable), with 5.9%
threatened species (IUCN 2011). Near Threatened (Table 1 and Figure 2). The
complete list of species evaluated and their
For almost a tenth (25 species) of the species Red List status in Europe and in the EU is
included in the assessment, there was available as Supplementary Material1.
insufficient information available to evaluate
their risk of extinction and they were assessed Although this subset of shrubs represent only a
as DD. In the EU, 20 species (7.6%) were also selection of the endemic shrubs of Europe over
assessed as DD. When more data become 0.5 m in height and are not an entire taxonomic
available, it is possible that many of these or ecological group, the threat levels are high.
species may also prove to be threatened. By comparison, 58% of freshwater molluscs
Thus, the proportion of threatened species (Cuttelod et al., 2011), 42% of trees (Rivers et
could lie between 43.9% (if all DD species are al., 2019), 40% of freshwater fishes (Freyhof
not threatened) and 53.4% (if all DD species and Brooks, 2011), 29% of grasshoppers,
are threatened) for Europe, and between crickets and bush-crickets (Hochkirch et al.,
44.5% and 52.4% for the EU. 2016), 23% of amphibians (Temple and Cox,

Table 1. Summary of numbers of selected endemic shrubs within each Red List
Category.
No. of species No. of species
IUCN Red List Categories
in Europe EU Member States
Extinct (EX) 0 0
Extinct in the Wild (EW) 0 0
Regionally Extinct (RE) 0 0
Critically Endangered (CR) 41 41
Endangered (EN) 45 44
Vulnerable (VU) 29 28
Near Threatened (NT) 17 16
Least Concern (LC) 105 105
Data Deficient (DD) 25 20
Not Applicable (NA) -- 8
Total number of species 262 254*
* The total of species shown in the EU Members States (254) excludes eight species that are not present within the EU (and
assessed here as Not Applicable, NA).

1
Supplementary Material: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48438

2
 2009), 20% of reptiles (Cox and Temple, 2009), molluscs (58%) and the “policy plants”
20% of lycopods and ferns (García Criado et (57%; species that are listed under the four
al., 2017), 16% of dragonflies (Kalkman et al., European or international policy instruments
2010), 15% of mammals (Temple and Terry, of relevance to plants; the Habitats Directive,
2007), 13% of birds (BirdLife International, the Bern Convention, CITES (Convention on
2015), 9% of butterflies and bees (van Swaay International Trade in Endangered Species of
et al., 2010; Nieto et al., 2014), 8% of aquatic Wild Fauna and Flora), and Council Regulation
plants (Bilz et al., 2011) and marine fishes (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species
(Nieto et al., 2015), and 2% of medicinal plants of wild fauna and flora). This high level of
(Allen et al., 2014) are threatened. Additional threat of endemic shrubs is in part explained
European Red Lists assessing a selection of by the high number of species with restricted
species showed that 57% of policy plants ranges, restricted population sizes (number
(Bilz et al., 2011), 22% of terrestrial molluscs of mature individuals), or both (see Figure 6).
(Cuttelod et al., 2011), 18% saproxylic beetles For example, of the 115 species assessed as
(Cálix et al., 2018; Nieto and Alexander, threatened, 75 are island-endemics species
2010), and 16% of crop wild relatives (Bilz (i.e., restricted to one or more islands in the
et al., 2011) are also threatened. Thus, the European Macaronesian and Mediterranean
European endemic shrubs represent one of islands). Another example are the 20 species
the most threatened plant groups in Europe within the Sorbus genus, where 13 of the 14
assessed so far, with only a smaller percentage species for which sufficient data exist qualify as
of threatened species than the freshwater threatened due to their small population size.

Figure 1. IUCN Red List status of Figure 2. IUCN Red List status of
endemic shrubs in Europe. endemic shrubs in the EU.

DD DD
9.5% CR 8.3% CR
15.6% 16.1%

EN EN
17.2% 16.5%

LC
40.1% VU LC VU
11.1% 41.3% 11.8%
NT NT
6.5% 5.9%

3
 CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
CR

Echium portosanctense (CR) - is endemic to

Porto Santo in Madeira. It inhabits north facing
steep rocky slopes and warmer south-eastern
slopes. The species is only known from one
location where it is threatened by hybridisation
and herbivory.
© Carlos Aguiar

4
 Major Threats
An overview of the major threats affecting shrubs, degrade habitat, or aid in the spread
the selected endemic European shrubs is of pests and disease. Livestock farming is also
shown in Figure 3. Introduced invasive and a large threat to shrub species with 30.5% of
problematic native species, livestock farming, all species reported here (80 species) affected
and fire are the three greatest threats overall, by this threat. Livestock grazing leads to
affecting more than half the species (56.1%, deterioration of adult shrubs as well as limiting
147 species), including 91 threatened species regeneration of new shrubs. Fires (and fire
(34.7% of threatened species). suppression) also pose a major hazard to
shrub species with 22.9% species (60 species)
The greatest risk to these shrub species are affected by the effects of these events. Both
invasive alien and problematic native species, burning and succession processes, caused
with 31.7% of species (83 species) affected. by a reduction in fire disturbance cycles, can
Alien invasive species are the largest threat cause extensive declines in native populations.
within this category, however problematic Tourism and urban development is also a
native species are also a significant problem. hazard to these shrub species. This threat
These types of species directly compete with affects 19% of shrub species (50 species).

Figure 3. Major threats to endemic shrubs in Europe.

Invasive and problematic species

Livestock farming

Fire

Tourism and urban development

Landslides

Plant collection

Climate change

Human disturbance

Other threats

Agriculture

Transportation corridors

Tree plantations and afforestation

Mining and quarrying

Deforestation and wood harvesting

Pollution

Number of species 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Threatened Near Threatened, Least Concern and Data Deficient

5
 CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
CR

Sorbus pauca (CR) – is a shrub endemic to

northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It
grows on dry stony slopes and cliffs within
xerophilious vegetative areas. The species
has been assessed as Critically Endangered
because it has a very small range as it only
occurs in one location where habitat is
declining in both extent and quality.
© Martin Lepši

It is clear that these species are also greatly Climate change effects can interact with
affected by landslides with 16.8% of all other threats leading to cumulative negative
threatened species (44 species) affected. consequences. These types of relationships are
Landslides, which can be exacerbated by important to understand especially with respect
vegetation clearance, as well as by increased to existing major threats such as invasive
rainfall and changes in rainfall occurrence, alien and problematic native species, fire, and
clear large areas of top soil affecting nutrient landslides.
distribution and soil depth as well as physically
damaging shrubs that are in the way of flows. It is clear from these analyses that the threats
facing shrub species are diverse. There
In addition, an important threat that requires is marked overlap between the threats to
further research is climate change which threatened and not threatened species, but the
currently affects 13.7% of all shrub species (36 differences between species also highlight the
species), but this may have a growing impact need for context specific conservation initiatives
as weather extremes become more common. required to protect endemic European shrubs.

6
Population Trends
Population trend data provides key information Of the assessed species, 24.6% (64 species)
when assessing the Red List status of a of shrub populations are thought to be in
species. Therefore, as part of the Red List decline, while 36.7% are considered stable (97
process, the trend of the overall population was species), and 4.2% (11 species) are increasing
assessed as either declining, stable, increasing (Figure 4). For over a third of the species (90
or unknown. Over a third of species in this species), the population trend is unknown, and
report have an unknown population trend 36.6% of these (33 species) are threatened.
highlighting the need for increased monitoring
and research surrounding European shrubs.

Figure 4. Population trends of selected European endemic shrub species.

Decreasing

24.6%
Unknown

34.5%
Increasing

4.2%

Stable

36.7%

Spatial Distribution Patterns

The spatial distribution patterns of the the Cantabrian and Central Sierra ranges in
selected European endemic shrubs are Spain, the Alps, and the Apennines in Italy,
shown in Figures 5 (overall species richness), and to a lesser extent the Carpathians. The
6 (threatened (VU, EN and CR) species) and 7 European Macaronesian archipelago islands
(Data Deficient species). As might be expected, and the larger Mediterranean islands also
mountain areas exhibit the highest levels of have high levels of range-restricted endemic
overall species richness (Fig. 5). For example, species.

7
Figure 5. Species richness of selected European endemic shrubs.

Figure 6. Distribution of selected European endemic shrubs assessed as

Threatened (CR, EN, VU).

8
The highest levels of threatened species (Fig. locality data were not available for all or parts
6) are found in the Macaronesian Islands (66 of their distributions and the maps for some
species, including species from the Echium, of these species are incomplete. Figure 7
Cheirolophus, Sideritis and Sinapidendron shows mountain areas to hold higher levels
genera), the southern Iberian peninsula of DD species; six species (including Genista
(seven species, such as Echinospartum nissana, Crataegus sericea, and Frangula
algibicum (CR), restricted to the Sierra de pedunculata), through the Dinaric Alps in
Aljibe in Cádiz and Málaga provinces), the the western Balkan Peninsula; the Alps
larger Mediterranean islands (19 species), and (Cotoneaster raboutensis, Rosa abietina, and
eastern and central Europe (20 species), where R. rhaetica); and the Carpathians (Daphne
many of the range-restricted Sorbus species arbuscula and six range-restricted Sorbus
with small populations are found (e.g. Sorbus taxa). In southern Ukraine and South European
holubyana (CR; a single locality in the Malé Russia, the circumscription of Crataegus
Karpatý Mountains in Slovakia) and Sorbus karadaghensis has recently undergone revision
karpatii (VU; a small population in the Vértes and its distribution is not well known. On
Mountains in Hungary). Cyprus, Phlomis brevibracteata and P. cypria
are both impacted by a range of threats, but
All Data Deficient species were mapped with inadequate information on population size
(Fig. 7), however for some species detailed and trends.

Figure 7. Distribution of selected European endemic shrubs assessed as

Data Deficient.

9
Conservation Action
The conservation assessments of the selected and quality. To counteract this, improved
262 endemic shrub species are critical to management of protected areas should be
understanding the threats and status of shrubs implemented to prevent land use change as
across Europe. Increasing the information well as grazing damage within shrub habitat. In
available on European shrub species enhances contrast, some species, such as Sorbus pauca
the capacity of conservation organisations and Genista cupanii, require management
to target action and resources. Increased interventions to maintain open habitats to allow
targeting ensures more effective initiatives and in sunlight or to encourage regeneration of
a greater chance of successfully protecting the species. Further protected areas could be
biodiversity. This report highlights that the core designated where threatened shrub diversity is
effort of future conservation action to protect high and to ensure that significant proportions
endemic European shrub species must target of the distribution of range-restricted
invasive alien and problematic native species. species are included within protected areas.
This threat affects almost a third of all assessed Furthermore, livestock management policies
shrub species (31.7%, 83 species) analysed in outside of the protected area network must be
this report. Understanding the dynamic nature carefully adapted to take into account shrub
of invasive species will be critical in developing biodiversity. Policies must be put in place to
eradication or control actions. Species- guide and manage tourism activities and urban
specific effects may highlight the complexity development, which also pose a significant risk
of these circumstances and highlight the to shrub populations.
detailed research needed to overcome these
challenges. Invasive alien species need to be There is a clear need to promote further
tackled in certain areas to prevent replacement research into European shrubs especially
of native flora by exotic species. concerning their population trends. Currently,
over a third of shrub population trends remain
The majority of the assessed shrubs that unknown. It is therefore critical to continue to
have been found to be threatened are present collect data to address the knowledge gaps
within Natura 2000 sites, however significant surrounding endemic European shrubs. This
parts of their distributions do not occur within extends to threats as well especially those that
this protected area network. For example, are likely to change over time. Climate change
the highly range-restricted species Coronilla already affects a number of threatened species
talaverae has three known subpopulations, and continued research is needed to maintain
however only two of these occur within Natura a firm understanding of climate change and
2000 sites. Across the European region, only other threats to limit the risks they pose to
one assessed species, Sideritis cypria (VU), endemic European shrubs.
has no part of its known range within a formal
protected area. This species is endemic to It is also important to note the fact that 41.2%
the Kyrenia (Pentadaktylos) Mountain Range of shrub species have populations that are
on Cyprus, and occurs within a proposed either stable or increasing, showing that
Important Plant Area, and the mountain range many species populations remain heathy.
has also been proposed for inclusion within the Many endemic shrub species have strong
Natura 2000 system. populations. These need to be monitored to
ensure that expanding threats do not lead
Livestock farming is causing widespread to declines in currently stable or growing
severe declines in shrub habitat extent populations.

10
Genista cilentina (EN) – is endemic to the
Cilento National Park in southwestern Italy.
Its range is extremely limited and its habitat is
declining in extent and quality due to tourism,
fires, and urban development, and as a result
qualifies as Endangered.
© Giovanni Gestri

11
Key Recommendations
Policy Species and habitat
conservation
• The IUCN European Red List should be
used to inform nature and biodiversity • Grazing impacts must be evaluated
policies to improve the status of and techniques implemented to reduce
threatened species, and should be damage.
revised at regular intervals of ten years, • Soil stabilisation techniques need to be
and whenever new data become investigated and implemented in areas of
available. high landslide risk. Field surveys of these
• All remaining endemic European shrubs sites are needed to understand drivers of
should be assessed for the IUCN landslide activity.
European Red List in order to have a full • Fire management needs to be re-
understanding of the status of this group. evaluated in areas of high fire risk and fire
• Tourism and urban development must breaks, controlled fires, and fire prevention
be regulated to protect endemic shrub techniques should be implemented to
populations. This includes not just land reduce threats to habitats.
clearance of habitat areas, but also • Disturbance regimes for shrub-dominated
fragmentation effects of developments. landscapes should be carefully regulated
• Fire management policies must be and maintained.
updated with respect to areas of • Invasive alien species management is
high shrub abundance and diversity critical in areas where threatened species
to promote shrub survival and safer are located.
conditions for local human populations. • Key habitat areas should be protected
• Endemic shrub data should be used to from urban development including
refine protected area networks to ensure implementing tourism damage reduction
diversity is captured within the European techniques
species protection plans. • Strengthening populations through
• Invasive alien species and introduced planting programmes should be
pests and disease movement should considered and ex situ conservation of
be controlled through policies regarding threatened species in nurseries or botanic
the movement of plant material across gardens should be a priority to ensure
borders as well as horticultural use. there are safeguarded populations.
Furthermore, new policies should target
the control of invasive species within key
habitat areas.
• Member States should ensure the
full implementation of EU Regulation
1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species (EU,
2014).

12
Research • Effective monitoring tools and improved
research efforts on endemic European
• Data should be collected targeting the shrubs should be developed and
species that are currently reported as promoted, particularly in the Natura
Data Deficient on the IUCN European 2000 network, in order to understand
Red List. population trends and the impacts of
• The effects of less well understood threats implemented actions.
should be studied especially with regards • The effects of specific invasive alien
to climate change and its changing species, pests and diseases should be
impact on shrubs species. researched to enable focused targeting of
• An understanding of vulnerable removal and control techniques
landscapes should be established to
determine if threatened communities are
located in specific areas that are under
threat from localised threats.

LEAST CONCERN

LC

Hypericum balearicum (LC) – is endemic

to the Balearic Islands, where it inhabits
dry forests, mountain thickets, stony
places, and occasionally cliffs and
lowland areas. It is assessed as Least
Concern as its population is stable.
© Eric in SF

13
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NEAR
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NT

Carthamus balearicus (NT)

- is endemic to northern
coastal areas of Menorca.
Once considered Critically
Endangered, the species has
benefited from LIFE Nature
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- Conservation of areas with
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flora in the island Menorca
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monitoring is required.
© Pere Fraga i Arguimbau

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Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland and Cambridge: CH.2019.ERL.1.en
IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315
Temple, H.J. and Cox, N.A. (2009). European Red
IUCN. (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and List of Amphibians. Luxembourg: Office for Official
Criteria: Version 3.1. Gland: IUCN Species Survival Publications of the European Communities.
Commission. https://portals.iucn.org/library/ https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9340
node/7977
Temple, H.J. and Terry, A. (2007). The Status and
Janssen, J.A.M, Tahvanainen, T., Valderrabano, Distribution of European Mammals. Luxembourg:
M., Acosta, A., Aronsson, M., Arts, G., Attorre, F., Publications Office of the European Union.
Bergmeier, E., Bijlsma, R.J., Bioret, F., Biţă-Nicolae, https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9047
C., Biurrun, I., Cálix, M., Capelo, J., Čarni, A., Chytrý,
M., Dengler, J., Dimopoulos, P., Essl, F., Gardfjell, H., Van Swaay, C., Cuttelod, A., Collins, S., Maes, D.,
Gigante, D., Giusso del Galdo, G., Hájek, M., Jansen, López Munguira, M., Šašić, M., Settele, J., Verovnik,
F., Jansen, J., Kapfer, J., Mickolajczak, A., Molina, R., Verstrael, T., Warren, M., Wiemers, M. and
J.A., Molnár, Z., Paternoster, D., Piernik, A., Poulin, Wynhof, I. (2010). European Red List of Butterflies.
B., Renaux, B., Schaminée, J.H.J., Šumberová, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
K., Toivonen, H., Tonteri, T., Tsiripidis, I., Tzonev, Union. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9511
R., Valachovič, M., Rodwell, J.S., García Criado,
M., Gubbay, S., Haynes, T., Nieto, A., Sanders, N.,

15
 LEAST CONCERN

LC

Euphorbia canariensis (LC) is

endemic to the Canary Islands,
where it is found on all islands
except Lanzarote, where it is
now extinct.
© Stephan Scholz

16
The designation of geographical entities in this brochure, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or
area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The views expressed in this brochure do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. This brochure has been prepared
by IUCN as a deliverable of the LIFE European Red Lists project (LIFE14 PRE/BE/000001).
Project Title: Establishing a European Red List of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Saproxylic Beetles, Terrestrial
Molluscs and Vascular Plants (LIFE European Red Lists; LIFE14 PRE/BE/000001).
Project duration: May 2015 to September 2019. Project’s total costs: 1,166,667 EUR.
Contribution of the LIFE Programme: 700,000 EUR.
Co-financers of the project: National Parks and Wildlife Service, Republic of Ireland; Ministry of Economic
Affairs, Department of Nature & Biodiversity (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Directie Natuur & Biodiversiteit),
the Netherlands; Council of Europe; Office federal de l ‘Environment, Switzerland; Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency (Naturvardsverket), Sweden; British Entomological Society, United Kingdom; Ministry of
Sustainable Development and Infrastructure, Government of the Grand-Duché of Luxembourg.
The LIFE Programme (https://ec.europa.eu/easme/en/life) is the EU’s financial instrument supporting
environmental, nature conservation and climate action projects throughout the EU. The general objective of LIFE
is to contribute to the implementation, updating and development of EU environmental, nature conservation and
climate policy and legislation by cofinancing projects with European added value.
The European Red List is available online at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist
and https://www.iucnredlist.org/regions/europe
Published by: IUCN, Cambridge (UK) and Brussels (Belgium).
Copyright: © 2019 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Licensed to
the European Union under conditions. Reproduction of this brochure for educational or other non-commercial
purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully
acknowledged. Reproduction of this brochure for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without
prior written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: Wilson, B., Beech, E., Window, J., Allen, D.J. and Rivers, M. (2019). European Red List of selected
endemic shrubs. Brussels and Cambridge: IUCN. Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48438
Author affiliations:
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI): Brett Wilson, Emily Beech and Malin Rivers
IUCN: David Allen and Jemma Window
Design and layout: Imre Sebestyén jr. / UNITgraphics.com
All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual
captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written
permission from the copyright holder.
Photo credits:
Front and rear outside covers: Erica andevalensis, © Rolf Engstrand, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Erica_andevalensis_2.JPG
Inside front cover: Atriplex lanfrancoi © Stephen Mifsud
Pg 4: Echium portosanctense © Carlos Aguiar, http://plantas-e-pessoas.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/echium-
portosanctense-boraginaceae.html
Pg 6: Sorbus pauca © Martin Lepší
Pg 11: Genista cilentina © Giovanni Gestri, http://www.actaplantarum.org/galleria_flora/galleria1.
php?view=1&id=2189
Pg 13: Hypericum balearicum © Eric in SF, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum_balearicum.jpg
Pg 14: Carthamus balearicus © Pere Fraga i Arguimbau, IUCN/SSC Mediterranean Plant Specialist Group,
https://top50.iucn-mpsg.org/species/30
Pg 16: Euphorbia canariensis © Stephan Scholz
 NEAR
THREATENED
NT

INTERNATIONAL UNION
FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
Erica andevalensis (NT) – is
EUROPEAN REGIONAL OFFICE
endemic to southern Spain
and Portugal. It inhabits acid
64 Boulevard Louis Schmidt soils high in heavy metals. It is
1040 Brussels assessed as Near Threatened
Belgium as its habitat is declining in
Tel: +32 2 739 0317 quality and extent.
Fax: +32 2 732 9499 © Rolf Engstrand
www.iucn.org/regions/europe