ART APPRECIATION b.

Three-dimensional space – can be simulated

through a variety of techniques such as
Lesson 6: Elements and Principles of Art
shading.
Elements of Art and Design 4. Color – one of the elements that enhances the
appeal of an artwork.
1. Line – refers to a point moving at an identifiable a. Hue – this dimension of color gives its name.
path–it has length and direction. It can be subdivided into:
a. Horizontal and Vertical Lines – refers to the  Primary Colors – Red, Yellow and
orientation of the line. Blue
b. Diagonal and Crooked Lines – convey  Secondary Colors – Green, Orange
movement and instability. Crooked lines, on and Violet
the other hand, are reminiscent of violence,  Tertiary Colors – Primary and
conflict or struggle. Secondary colors are mixed
c. Curved Lines – lines that bend or coil. b. Value – refers to the brightness or darkness
2. Shape/Shape – these two are related to each of color.
other in the sense that they define the space  Light colors – source of light in the
occupied by the object of art. Shape refers to composition
two dimensions: height and width, while Form  Dark colors – lack or even absence of
refers to three dimensions: Height, width and light
depth.  Tint – lighter color than the normal
a. Geometric – these shape find origin in value
mathematical propositions.  Shade – darker color than the normal
b. Organic – shapes are those readily occurring value
in nature. c. Intensity – this is the color’s brightness or
3. Space – related to shape and form. It is usually dullness
inferred from a sense of depth, wether it is real  Bright or warm colors – positive
or simulated. energy
a. Positive and negative space – usually  Dull or cool colors – seriousness or
identified with the white space is the calm
negative space. The positive space, on  Monochromatic harmonies – use
the other hand, is the space where shadow is the variations of a hue.
heavily used.
  Complementary harmonies – Common elements of music as the following:
involve two colors opposite each other
1. Rhythm
in the color wheel.
Often associated to the terms beat, meter
 Analogous harmonies – make use of
and tempo. Rhythm is the element of
two colors beside each other in the
music that situates it in time.
color wheel
2. Dynamics
5. Texture – like space, texture can be either real
Elements of music that refers to the
or implied. This element in an artwork is
loudness or quietness of music.
experienced through the sense of touch (and
3. Melody
sight).
Refers to the linear presentation
a. Texture in the two-dimensional plane –
(horizontal) of pitch.
can be implied using one technique or
4. Harmony
a combination of other elements.
If the melody is horizontal, harmony is
b. Surface texture – refers to the texture
vertical
of the three-dimensional art object.
5. Timbre
Picture Plane – is the actual surface of the painting Often likened to the color of music
or drawing. Where no illusion or a third dimension 6. Texture
exists. The numbers of melodies, the type of
layers, and their relatedness in a
3 types of perspective
composition is the texture of music.
a. One-point perspective – this type of  Monophonic – single
perspective shows parallel lines that seems to melodic line
converge at a specific and lone vanishing point,  Polyphonic – two or more
along the horizon line. melodic lines
b. Two-point perspective – pertains to a painting  Homophonic – main melody
or drawing that makes use of two vanishing accompanied by chords
point, which can be placed anywhere along the
horizon line.
c. Three-point perspective – the viewer is
looking at a scene from above or below.

Principles of Art
Elements of Art: Auditory
1. Balance – refers to the distribution of the visual
elements in view of their placement in relation
to each other.
a. Symmetrical – used on one side are Lesson 7: ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION
reflected to the other.
b. Asymmetrical – the elements are not the Stone Age – Is a term used to describe a period of
same history when stones were used to make tools for
c. Radial – there is a central point in the survival. The term "conjures an image of men and
composition, around the which elements women dressed in skins, huddling before a fire in a
and objects are distributed. cave" (Fitchner-Rathus, 2013).
2. Scale and Proportion – pertains to the size in 3 Periods of the Stone Age
relation to what is normal for the figure or object
in question. 1. Paleolithic (the late years of the Old Stone
3. Emphasis – allows the attention of the viewer Age) - product of climate change.
to a focal point(s) accentuating or drawing 2. Mesolithic (Middle stone age) - Mesolithic
attention to these elements or objects. people no longer had to live in caves to keep
4. Contrast – the disparity between the elements warm since the Ice Age ended, they painted on
that figure into the compositions. outdoor rocks instead.
5. Unity – completeness from the artwork. 3. Neolithic (New stone age) - Neolithic art has
6. Variety – that aims to retain the interest by developed especially when life for the early
allowing patches or areas that both excite and humans has become more stable.
allow the eye to rest.
7. Harmony – elements or objects achieve a sense
of flow and interconnectedness. EGYPTIAN ART
8. Movement – refers to the direction of the
viewing eye as it goes through the artwork. 1. Old Kingdom - it was evident that religion was
9. Rhythm – this is created when an element is bound to the afterlife. A concrete manifestation
repeated. of this would have to be the erection of tombs.
10. Repetition – lines, shapes, colors and But the tombs were not just for keeping the
other elements may appear in an artwork in a dead bodies of important people, particularly
recurring manner. the pharaohs.
11. Pattern – the image created out of 2. Middle Kingdom - One of the key features of
repetition. the Middle Kingdom is a shift in the political
hierarchy. In order for art to reemerge and
 flourish, Egypt needed to have a more stable 2. Archaic Period - This was primarily a result of
situation. Greece’s trading activities with other
3. New Kingdom - During the previous kingdoms, civilizations.
tombs were just used for worshipping the dead 3. Classical Period - It was during this time when
but with the New Kingdom, they started having Greeks found themselves rebuilding their
mortuary temples. temples and focusing on creating artworks.
4. After New Kingdom - After the New Kingdom, 4. Hellenistic Period - Hellenistic sculptures
Egypt witnessed the Amarna Revolution led by started to emphasize balance while showcasing
King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti. He moved dynamic poses and a number of emotions
the capital to Tel El-Amarna, thus the name evoked by the subjects.
Amarna. During his reign, King Amenhotep
ANCIENT ROME
wanted to revolutionize the arts and religion. He
later on changed his name to Akhenaton, which - The Roman republic was established around 500
came from Aton who is the sun god. BCE. This civilization eventually transformed
into one of Western Europe’s mightiest empires.
- The Romans were also known to be master
Lesson 8: ART EMERGING IN EUROPE
builders, which earned their reputation for grand
Ancient Greece - A civilization that existed from the monuments and architectural infrastructures.
12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity.
COLOSSEUM
Greeks were known to excel in various fields and
aspects of society. They also valued Poetry, Drama, - this amphitheater was planed and constructed
Philosophy. during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of
its main uses was for entertainment purposes
like public events and gladiator games.

Development of Greek Art can be divided into four

periods
MIDDLE AGES
1. Geometric Period - It was a period when
Geometric shapes and patterns have taken the - Its is the period between decline of the Roman
spotlight in most of the artworks. Empire and the Renaissance. It was a period
 that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. - It was a dominant art movement that time
The dominant characteristic of the period was which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the
that the church was the central figure and influences of Greek and Roman into art and
authority of the period. architecture.
IMPRESSIONISM
Cathedrals categorized into two periods:
1. Romansque (1050-1200) – inspired by the - style of painting that emerged in the mid-to-late
old roman empire. 1800s. The impression is communicated by the
2. Gothic (1200-1500) – which had a more artist through his work and can be seen through
northern flavor from the Goths-Vulgar and the brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the
Barbarian lights and shadows used by the artist.
- The Harbor at Lorient
RENAISSANCE ART
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
- artists valued the ‘’individual’’ as a subject of
arts. - emerged as a reaction against Impressionists'
- Renaissance artists also gave importance to concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and
non-religious themes or subjects. colour.
- Some of the famous post-impressionism artists
MANNERISM
include Paul Cezanne (Chateau Noir), Paul
- was a period in art history, which was a product Gauguin (Still life with teapot and fruit), and
of the Renaissance Period. Vincent Van Gogh (The Starry Night), among
others.
BAROQUE AND THE ROCOCO
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
- Aside from art, music also flourished during the
Baroque Period. This is because people believed - considered as a response to empirical realism of
that music could serve as powerful tool to impressionism. Most painters who subscribe to
communicate messages that can evoke certain such movement rely on a systematic and
feelings among its listeners. scientific that have a predetermined visual
effect not only on the artwork itself but also the
audience perceive the art.
- Some Neo-impressionism artists include George
Seurat, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross,
NEOCLASSICISM and Camille Pissarro, among others
ART NOUVEAU
- emerged on Europe and United States
ornamental style of art that break conservative
historicsim.
- assymetrical line that usually is in the form of
insect wings and flower stalks.
FAUVISM
- used vibrant colors by applying straight from the
paint tubes directly to the canvas.
CUBISM
- highlighted the two-dimensional surface of a
picture plane.
FUTURISM
- Common themes for works in this movement are
restlessness and the fast- pace of modern life.