General Physics 1
J A Y SON V . R E Y E S, LP T
S U B JE CT TE A CH ER
S H S TE A CHER
SPEED, VELOCITY AND
ACCELERATION WE E K 4
Convert verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one dimension
into a mathematical description (STEM_GP12KIN-Ib-12)
Kinematics 2Q-3
Kinematics is the study of the physical quantities that describe the
motion of an object. The most fundamental of these quantities are
the:
• Displacement (where the object is)
• Time (when it is there).
From these two quantities we can define:
• Velocity
• Speed
• Acceleration
Kinematics 2Q-3
One-Dimensional Coordinate System
We call the straight line along which motion takes place the x-axis.
It is conventional to label a horizontal axis by x and a vertical axis
by y, but the choice is arbitrary. We pick a point on the axis and
call it the origin .
Each point of the axis is "labeled" with its coordinate which,
numerically, is the distance of the point from the origin (expressed
in, say, meters). Coordinates are taken positive in one direction
(usually to the right of the origin along a horizontal axis) and
negative in the opposite direction. The labeled axis constitutes our
one-dimensional coordinate system.
Kinematics 2Q-3
Displacement
-5m 7m
Xc 0 3 Xa Xb
m
Dba= Db-Da
Dca= Dc-Da Dba=7-3 = 4m
Dca=-5-3 = -8
Kinematics 2Q-3
VELOCITY AND SPEED
Average Velocity
If a particle is located at position x1 at time t1 and moves so that it
occupies a different position x2 at a later time t2 , then the average
velocity Vav of the particle over that time period is defined as the
relative displacement;' d21 = x2 - x1 , divided by the time elapsed, t2
- t1:
X1 X2 𝑋2 − 𝑋1
𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
T1 T2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Kinematics 2Q-3
VELOCITY AND SPEED
Since t2 is a later time than t1 the denominator in (2.1) is always positive. The
sign of Vav is thus the sign of the relative displacement, and thus it indicates
whether the particle has moved to the right (plus) or to the left (minus). The
magnitude, I Vav I, is just the straight-line distance from x 1 to x2 divided by
the elapsed time, t2 - t1. Average velocity is thus the "time rate of change ·of
displacement" or the average change in displacement per unit time for the
given time interval. The units are those of distance divided by time, and the SI
units are meters/second (mis). Other units commonly used are cm/s, ft/s, and
mph (mi/h)
𝑋2 − 𝑋1
X1 X2 𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
T1 T2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Kinematics 2Q-3
VELOCITY AND SPEED
-5m 7m
tc = 9 s ta = 4 s tb = 6 s
Xc 0 3m Xa Xb
Dba= Db-Da
Dca= Dc-Da Dba=7-3 = 4m
Dca=-5-3 = -8
Problem. A moving particle passes point a at time ta = 4 s, point b at
time tb = 6 s, and point c at tc = 9 s. Find the magnitude and
direction of the average velocity of the particle in the time interval
from (a) ta to tb, (b) tb to tc, (c) ta to tc.
Kinematics 2Q-3
Displacement
t1=1.0s
t2=4.0s F
s P1 P2
X1=19m X2=277m
x = x2 - x1 t = t2 - t1 v = 258/3
= 277-19 = 4-1 = 86 m/s
= 258 m = 3s
Kinematics 2Q-3
Displacement
t2=25.0s
t1=16.0s F
s P1 P2
X1=19m X2=277m
x = x2 - x1 t = t2 - t1 v = -258/9
= 19-277 = 25-16 = -29 m/s
= -258 m = 9s
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 2Q-3
A person runs a marathon in 2h, 9 min, 21 s. The marathon
distance is 26 mi, 385 yds.
Calculate the average speed in miles per hour.
V=D/t = *x/*t
Given: Time – 2hrs, 9min, 21 s
Distance: 26 mi, 385 yd
385 yd x 3ft/1yd x 1 mi/5280ft = 0.21875 mi
Distance: 26 mi + 0.21875 yd = 26.219 mi
9min x 1hr/60min = 0.15hr
21 s x 1min/60s x 1hr/60min = 0.0058hr Time: 2.1558hrs
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 2Q-3
A person runs a marathon in 2h, 9 min, 21 s. The marathon
distance is 26 mi, 385 yds.
Calculate the average speed in miles per hour.
Distance: 26 mi + 0.21875 yd = 26.219 mi
Time: 2.1558hrs
V = D/T = 26.219 mi / 2.1558 hr
= 12.2 mi/hr
POPULAR EQUATION:
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
Consider a body moving along x direction. Taking a general
case, we assume that at the initial instant when t=0, the initial
position and velocity are given by xi and vi. Also let v the velocity
at any arbitrary time t, the acceleration is given by
a = △v/ △t = vf-vi / tf – 0(ti)
v = v0 + at → Equation 4
△x/t = v0 + at
x-x0/t = v0 + at x-x0 = (v0 + at)t x-x0 = v0t + 1/2at^2
POPULAR EQUATION:
Velocity v
15
10
A = ½ bh
d = v/t
5
D=(vf + vi)/2 * t
5 10 15
Time t
Example: a cyclist accelerated uniformly from rest to
6.8 m/s in 4.0 s. What was the displacement of the
cyclist?
A = ½ bh
d = v/t
D=(vf + vi)/2 * t
Example: A train was accelerated uniformly from 10.0
m/s over a distance of 500m for a period of 20.0 s.
What was the final speed of the train?
A = ½ bh
d = v/t
D=(vf + vi)/2 * t
Example: A car was accelerated uniformly from rest to
a final speed of 30.0 m/s. How long did the car
accelerate if it travelled 120m?
POPULAR EQUATION:
POPULAR EQUATION:
D=(vf + vi)/2 * t
POPULAR EQUATION:
Δx Vi Vf a t
Vf=Vi + at X ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
D=Vi t + ½ at2 ✔ ✔ X ✔ ✔
Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2aΔx ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ X
Δx = ½(Vi + Vf) t ✔ ✔ ✔ X ✔
Example: A car with initial speed of 5m/s accelerates
with 3 m/s2. How far does the car travel in 5 seconds?
POPULAR EQUATION:
Δx Vi Vf a t
Vf=Vi + at X ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
D=Vi t + ½ at2 ✔ ✔ X ✔ ✔
Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2aΔx ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ X
Δx = ½(Vi + Vf) t ✔ ✔ ✔ X ✔
Example: The velocity of a train changes from 0 m/s to
60 km/hr in 20 seconds. Assuming that it is uniformly
accelerated, what is the acceleration?
POPULAR EQUATION:
Δx Vi Vf a t
Vf=Vi + at X ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
D=Vi t + ½ at2 ✔ ✔ X ✔ ✔
Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2aΔx ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ X
Δx = ½(Vi + Vf) t ✔ ✔ ✔ X ✔
Example: Starting from rest, a train is uniformly
accelerated and reaches a velocity of 20km/hr after 15
seconds. What is its acceleration?
A bullet is fired from a 45-caliber gun by Cardo of
Ang Probinsiyano”. Supposed that the bullet is
moving at a velocity of 600 mph and is shot
through a 0.25m wall. The bullet emerges from the
wall with a velocity of 250mph. Find (a)
acceleration experienced by the bullet while
passing through the sheet and (b) time taken by the
bullet to pass through the sheet assuming that the
acceleration is constant.
A car starts from rest and accelerates for 6.0 sec at
a rate of 4.0 m/s^2. Then it travels at a constant
velocity for 2.0 s and then decelerates at a rate of
3.0 m/s^2 until it stops. What is the total distance
the car travelled?
1. From rest, a car accelerated at 8 m/s2 for 10 seconds.
a) What is the position of the car at the end of the 10 seconds?
b) What is the velocity of the car at the end of the 10 seconds?
2. With an initial velocity of 20 km/h, a car accelerated at 8 m/s2 for
10 seconds.
a) What is the position of the car at the end of the 10 seconds?
b) What is the velocity of the car at the end of the 10
seconds?
3. A car accelerates uniformly from 0 to 72 km/h in 11.5 seconds.
a) What is the acceleration of the car in m/s2?
b) What is the position of the car by the time it reaches the
velocity of 72 km/h?
4. A train brakes from 40 m/s to a stop over a distance of 100 m.
a) What is the acceleration of the train?
b) How much time does it take the train to stop?
5. a) How long does it take an airplane to take off if it needs to
reach a speed on the ground of 350 km/h over a distance of 600
meters (assume the plane starts from rest)?
b) What is the acceleration of the airplane over the 600 meters?
6. What is the smallest distance, in meters, needed for an airplane
touching the runway with a velocity of 360 km/h and an
acceleration of -10 m/s2 to come to rest?
4. A train brakes from 40 m/s to a stop over a distance of 100 m.
a) What is the acceleration of the train?
b) How much time does it take the train to stop?
5. a) How long does it take an airplane to take off if it needs to
reach a speed on the ground of 350 km/h over a distance of 600
meters (assume the plane starts from rest)?
b) What is the acceleration of the airplane over the 600 meters?
6. A car accelerates from rest at 1.0 m/s2 for 20.0 seconds along a
straight road . It then moves at a constant speed for half an hour. It
then decelerates uniformly to a stop in 30.0 s. Find the total distance
covered by the car.
Uniformly Accelerated
Motion and Free Fall Motion
WEEK 5
Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one-dimensional uniformly accelerated
motion, including free fall motion (STEM_GP12KIN-Ib-17)
Uniformly Accelerated
Motion and Free Fall Motion
• Many practical situations occur in which the
acceleration is constant or close enough that
we can assume it is constant. The acceleration
due to gravity on the Earth’s surface is a good
example.
• We can treat this situation when the magnitude
of the acceleration [a= constant] and the
motion of a body is in a straight line (vertical or
horizontal). In this case, the instantaneous and
average acceleration are always if not almost
equal.
• We can derive four equations relating position
(x), velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t) in
considering that acceleration is constant or
near constant.
