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Lecture 15 AS - SHM

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Lecture 15 AS - SHM

H

Uploaded by

Khadeen McCalman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYS 0100

Preliminary Physics I
Ms. Amanda Sankaran
[email protected]

Oscillations – Simple Harmonic Motion


After this lecture, students should be able to:
• Identify and if necessary, calculate the
following properties of a free oscillation:
o Amplitude
o Period
o Frequency
o Angular frequency
Learning o Maximum velocity
Outcomes o Maximum acceleration
• Explain the term ‘simple harmonic motion’
• Write down the equation for displacement of
a particle undergoing simple harmonic
motion.
• Describe examples where damped
oscillations are necessary
• Sketch the variation of displacement with
time of a damped oscillation when the
oscillation is
Learning o Lightly damped
o Critically damped
Outcomes o Heavily damped
• Explain the conditions under which
resonance occurs
• Sketch the variation of amplitude with the
frequency of a driving force
Oscillatory Motion
• Any motion that repeats itself after equal
intervals of time is called a periodic motion.

• If an object in periodic motion moves back


and forth over the same path, the motion is
called oscillatory or vibratory motion.
What is an oscillation (vibration)?

An oscillation is a repetitive to-and-fro movement.


Key Terms

• The equilibrium point is that where the system will naturally rest.
o E.g. for a pendulum – bottom center
o For a mass on a spring – the point where the upwards pull of the
spring equals the downward pull of the weight.

• The displacement (x) of the system is the vector displacement of the


system from its equilibrium point.
o Usually the displacement is considered in 1 dimension and is given
the symbol x even if the displacement is vertical.

• Amplitude (A) of an oscillation is the maximum displacement of the


system.
o It is the height of a wave from its equilibrium point.
o It is half the peak to trough height.
• The wavelength (λ) of moving wave is the distance from peak to peak in the space dimension.
• The period (T) is the time taken in seconds to complete 1 complete cycle.
o This is the time from peak to peak in the time dimension.
• A cycle is complete when the system is back in its initial state.
o E.g. for a pendulum, when the bob is at its lowest point and travelling in the same direction as
at the start.
• The frequency (f) of the system is the number of oscillations per second.
o It is the inverse of the time period.
o Frequency is measured in Hz or s-1
• A sine wave has a period of
2𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 and a time
period of T seconds.

• Therefore, its angular


displacement (on an x-θ
graph) at any time is:
2𝜋
𝜃= 𝑡
𝑇
• The angular frequency (𝜔)
in rad s-1 is therefore:
𝟐𝝅
𝝎= 𝒕 = 2𝝅f
𝑻
Oscillating Systems
Oscillating Systems
One type of
oscillation - periodic
motion
• A motion of an object that repeats with
a constant period.

• e.g. a mass oscillating on a spring, a


simple pendulum swinging about an
equilibrium point, or a child swinging on
a swing.
Simple harmonic motion
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a form of oscillatory motion.
• Simple harmonic motion is a periodic motion in which the acceleration of a mass is proportional
to the displacement from a fixed point and directed towards the fixed point.

• Example: Attach a mass to a spring and pull on it.


Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) — Spring Oscillations
• We assume that the system has no friction. There is a point where the spring is neither stretched nor
compressed; this is the equilibrium position. We measure displacement from that point (x= 0).

• It is a periodic motion and it has a restoring force that acts to restore the oscillator to equilibrium.

• The restoring force is given by: 𝑭 = −𝒌𝒙

• x is the displacement from equilibrium and k is the force


constant (spring constant).

• The restoring force returns the mass to equilibrium


position if it is displaced.

• The minus sign appears because the force is directed


back towards the fixed point.

To watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SM13HG3Cpk&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjbELOH7KoE
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) – conditions for SHM

Conditions for SHM

▪ Size of restoring force is proportional to the displacement from


equilibrium.

▪ Restoring force and displacement have opposite directions.


Simple Harmonic Motion Equation
Simple Harmonic Motion Equation
Simple Harmonic Motion Equation
Energy Changes
• An oscillating system is constantly experiencing energy changes.

• At the extremes of displacement, the potential energy is a maximum.


o Gravitational potential for a pendulum, elastic potential for a spring.

• At the equilibrium position, the kinetic energy is a maximum.


ENERGY CHANGES
Kinetic Energy
Total Energy
Potential Energy

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