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14 views38 pages

Lecture+14 Transmission+Line

Uploaded by

robert
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University of California Riverside

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Electromagnetics I

Lecture 14: Transmission Lines

November 19, 2024

Instructor: Dr. Alexander Khitun


Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
MSE, 016
Email: [email protected]

Office Hours: Tuesday and Thursday, 8:00 - 9:00 AM


Outline
• Transmission line: history of development
• Types of transmission lines
• Distributed circuit representation of
transmission lines
• Lossless line
• Voltage reflection coefficient
• Examples

Chapter 7:
Transmission line
In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other
structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner [Wiki]

Schematic of a wave moving rightward down a lossless two-wire transmission


line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field [Wiki].

Ordinary electrical cables suffice to carry low frequency alternating current (AC), such as mains
power, which reverses direction 100 to 120 times per second, and audio signals. However, they
cannot be used to carry currents in the radio frequency range, above about 30 kHz, because
the energy tends to radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses.
Important points to remember
• Transmission line is a device aimed to transport
electromagnetic energy from one point to another
• We consider homogeneous (physical parameters are the
same in all points) and uniform (identical cross-sectional
configurations for all positions
• TEM (transverse electromagnetic) mode is the mode of
propagation in low-frequency transmission line
• Transvers means that 𝐸𝑧 = 0 = 𝐵𝑧 , where z is the direction
of propagation
• It has a zero cutoff frequency

* Cutoff frequency - is a boundary in a system's frequency


response at which energy flowing through the system begins
to be reduced (attenuated or reflected) rather than passing
through.
Distributed Circuit Representation
Distributed Circuit Representation of Transmission Lines

In the equivalent circuit representation, therefore, we shall select a small section of a uniform
transmission line. This section should be sufficiently small compared with a wavelength so
that equivalent circuit representation in terms of lumped elements would be valid. The
distributed parameter network of the overall transmission line may be obtained by connecting
in tandem a large number of the developed equivalent circuit for each section.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Kirchhoff’s current law
Telegrapher’s Equations
Telegrapher’s Equations (harmonic)

The distributed resistance R of the conductors is represented by a series resistor (expressed in


ohms per unit length). The distributed inductance L (due to the magnetic field around the wires,
self-inductance, etc.) is represented by a series inductor (in henries per unit length). The
capacitance C between the two conductors is represented by a shunt capacitor (in farads per unit
length). The conductance G of the dielectric material separating the two conductors is represented
by a shunt resistor between the signal wire and the return wire (in siemens per unit length).
General Case of a Line with Losses
Propagation Constant, Phase Velocity and
Characteristic Impedance
Special Case: Lossless line
• r=0 (no losses in metallic conductors)
• g=0 (no leakage current between the
conductors)
Characteristic Impedance of Lossless Line
𝑣+ 1 𝑙
• = = = 𝑍0 [Ω]
𝑖+ 𝑐𝑢 𝑐
𝑍0 is the characteristic impedance. It is
analogous to the wave impedance η of a plane
propagating wave
𝑌0 = 1/𝑍0 - is the characteristic admittance
𝑖 + = 𝑌0 𝑣 +
𝑣−
For reflected waves: = −𝑍0
𝑖−
Reflections from Arbitrary Terminations
Distortionless Transmission Line
1. The phase velocity of the transmission line should be independent of frequency.
In this way, the various frequency components of the broadband signal will travel
with the same velocity, thus minimizing distortion to the broadband signal.
2. The attenuation constant should also be independent of the frequency. Thus, the
various frequency components of the input broadband signal attenuate with equal
amounts as they travel down the transmission line, thus minimizing the distortion in
the transmitted signal.
Distortionless Transmission Line
Summary -1
▪ Transmission line is a device aimed to transport
electromagnetic energy from one point to another
▪ TEM (transverse electromagnetic) mode is the mode of
propagation in low-frequency transmission line
▪ The telegrapher's equations (or just telegraph equations)
are a pair of linear differential equations which describe
the voltage and current on an electrical transmission line
with distance and time. They were developed by Oliver
Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and
are based on Maxwell's equations.
▪ Characteristic impedance is the ratio of the complex
voltage of a given wave to the complex current of the
same wave at any point on the line.
Summary -2
▪ Voltage reflection coefficient determines the magnitude and
phase of the reflected wave given the incident wave, the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and the
terminating impedance.
▪ Reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes how much
of a wave is reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the
transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of
the reflected wave to the incident wave

▪ Lossless and distortionless line are the special cases of a


transmission line.
Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

Landing of the Atlantic Cable of 1866,


Heart's Content, Newfoundland, by Robert
Charles Dudley, 1866.

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