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Lecture 2

OOP Lecture 2

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12 views

Lecture 2

OOP Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Noor Ghazi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented Programming –

CS/CE 224/272

Nadia Nasir

Habib University, Fall 2024


Content
• How to build C++ program
• Preprocessor directives
• Header files
• Using namespace std
• User input
• Loops
• If/else
• switch
• Logical and arithmetic operators
• Datatypes
• int, size_t, double, float, bool, and char
• Cast and type conversion
• Definition and declaration
• Setw
• math functions
Preprocessor directives and Header files

• C++ treats input and output as a stream of characters.


• stream : sequence of characters (printable or nonprintable)
• The functions to allow standard I/O are in iostream header file.
• #include <iostream>
• instructs the preprocessor to include a section of standard C++
code, known as header iostream, that allows to perform
standard input and output operations, such as writing the output
of this program (Hello World) to the screen.

• namespace:
• a collection of names and their definitions. Allows different
namespaces to use the same names without confusion.
main() function

The function named main is a special function in all C++ programs.


It is the function called when the program is run.

The execution of all C++ programs begins with the main function,
regardless of where the function is actually located within the code.
What is a Variable?

A variable is a memory address where data can be stored and


changed.

Declaring a variable means specifying both its name and its data type.
C++ Data Types

simple structured

integral enum floating array struct union class

char short int long bool

address
float double long double

pointer reference
Datatypes
• Signed integers types:
• short, int, long, and long long
• Unsigned integer types
• unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, unsigned long long
• Decimal datatypes
• float, double
• Boolean data type
• bool
• Character data type
• char
• Nothing data type
• void
Datatypes
Type Typical Bit Width Typical Range
char 1byte -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1byte 0 to 255


signed char 1byte -127 to 126
int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

unsigned int 4bytes 0 to 4294967295


signed int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767

unsigned short int Range 0 to 65,535


signed short int Range -32768 to 32767
long int 4bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int 4bytes same as long int


unsigned long int 4bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
float 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

long double 16bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

wchar_t 2 or 4 bytes 1 wide character


Cin-n-Cout
• Cin reads input from the stream
→→→→→→→→→→→

int main(int argc, char* argv[])


{
int n = 0;
std::cin >> n;

std::cout << "You typed:" << n << '\n';


}

• Cout is used to print to output stream


←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←
std::endl vs \n
• To print new line, you can use `std::endl`

• OR you can use ‘\n’

• Use whichever approach you prefer. But using \n is better


Loopiness!
• Any loop can be used in any situation! It is just your preference.

• Some are preferred at times over other. You will know which ones to
use as you practise!

• For loop. Conceptually similar to python. It runs a fixed amount of


time
For Loop
For loop
• Bare minimum for loop!
• You only need 2 semicolons!

• Another variation

• There are many variations of


for loop. You will learn them
as you get more experienced
with it
While loop
• The structure of while loop is very similar to python

• The output will be the same as the for loop we earlier saw
Do-while loop
• Consider that a homework and a reading exercise.

• Convert the earlier code into a do-while loop!


Decisions decisions!
• Familiar if/else to make decisions
Decisions decisions!
• You can also use if/else if/else

• What you learned in pfun about


chained and nested conditionals
holds here too

• An if statement can be nested inside


another if or else if or else

• Like in python, you can’t have an


else without if
Homework
• What this code will do?

• Take input from a user compute the square of a number. User


should be prompted appropriately, and the output should be printed
out. The program should exit when user just presses enter
Concepts covered so far
• iostream , namespace std
• For, while, and do while loop
• cin, cout, endl, setw, setprecision
• Datatypes , size and its range
• Signed, and unsigned int
• Decimal types
• Bool, char and void
• If/else if/else
Acknowledgement

Most of the slides are adapted from the lectures of Musabbir


Abdul Majeed

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