( :: COMMODORE

Introductory Guide

==================== (:. commo dore ==

 Introducing the
Commodore
m~e
Personal Computer

© Commodore Electronics, Ltd . 1985. All rights reserved .

 Initially the 1901 dual monitor will not be available. However,
two alternative monitors are available in the U.K. These are
the 1900M - an 80 / 40 column monochrome monitor -
and the 1900C - an 80 / 40 column colour monitor. And at a
later date the 1902 - an 80 / 40 column high resolution
colour monitor.

Copyright © 1985 by Commodore Electronics Limited

All rights reserved

This manual contains copyrighted and proprietary information . No part of

this publication may be reproduced , stored in a retrieval system , or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical ,
photocopying , recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of Commodore Electronics Limited .

Commodore BASIC 7.0

Copyright © 1985 by Commodore Electronics Limited ; all rights reserved

Copyright © 1977 by Microsoft Corporation; all rights reserved CP / M® Plus
Version 3.0
Copyright © 1983 by Digital Research Inc . All rights reserved

Copyright © 1982 Digital Research Inc.

CP1M is a registered trad emark of Digi tal Research Inc.

CONTENTS

THE COMMODORE 128 PERSONAL COMPUTER .. ..... .. .... .. . .. 1

About The Commodore 128 Manuals ............................. 1
THE THREE C128 OPERATING MODES . . .. ...... ........ ..... ... . 2
C128 MODE ........................... . ...... ... .. ..... ..... . 2
C64 MODE ................................................... 2
CP/M MODE ..... . .. . . ........ .... . .... .. ..... ..... .. . .. ... ... 3
40 AND 80 COLUMN DISPLAYS ................................ 3
UNPACKING THE COMMODORE 128 PERSONAL COMPUTER . ... . 4
A LOOK AT THE COMMODORE 128 ............................. 5
KEYBOARD NOTES . ................ . .. . ... ... . . . . . . ........ ... . 6
DOCUMENTATION AND DiSKS ....... . . ... ..... . ... ........ ..... 8
Introductory Guide ............... ....... . ..... ... .. ...... .... .. 8
System Guide ....... . ..... .. .. ........ .. . .. ...... .. ........... 8
The CP / M Systems Disk ... ... .. ... ................ . ........... 8
SETTING UP THE EQUIPMENT .................................. 8
Connecting a composite monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Connecting an RGBI monitor ... . . . .. . .... ..... . . ............... 10
Connecting a dual monitor . . ... .. ...... . .. . .. . .............. . .. 10
Connecting a Television Set . .. ... . .......... . .... . . . ... ..... .. . 11
Connecting to a Serial Socket .................................. 11
SWITCHING ON . . .. .. ... ..... . ................. . . . ......... . . . 12
TROUBLE-SHOOTING CHART ...... . ......... .. . . . . . ... ... ..... 14
PERIPHERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
Disk Drives ............... .. . . . .. . . . . .... .. ...... . ... ... ... . . 17
Printer ........... . ...... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . ... . .. ..... ... . . 17
Modem ............ . .. . . . . . ........... . . ... ................ . . 17
Datassette Reco rder ............ . .... . . . ..... . ............. ... 18
Joysticks/Mouse ... . ...... . ......... . . . .. . .. . . ... ... . ..... ... 18
Chaining Disk Drives and Printers . . .... . . . .. . .. . ... .... ...... . .. 19
Checking the Connections . . .... . ............ . . . . . . . ....... .... 19
THE THREE OPERATING MODES . .... . . .... .. ... .. . ....... ..... 20
C128 MODE ................................................. 21
To Enter C128 Mode Wh en Switc hing On Th e Computer .. .... ... 21
Switc hing Between 40 And 80 Columns in C128 Mode ... ... .. . . 22
The Fun ction Keys ............ .. . . . .... ..... . .. .. .. ... ...... 23
Leaving C128 Mode . .. ... . .. ... . ...... . ....... .... ... . .... . . 23
C64 MODE ... .... . . .. . . . .... . . .. ..... . .. ............. .... . .. 24
Leaving C64 Mode .... . . . .... . ............ . ......... .... .... 25
CP / M MODE ..... ......... . . . .... . ... . ..... .... . . . . ... ... .. . . 25
To Enter CP / M Mode When Switching On The Computer .... .... 25
Enteri ng CP / M Mode From C128 Mode .... ........ .. . ......... 27
Switching Between 40 And 80 Columns In CP / M Mode . .... .. .. . 27
Leaving CP / M Mode ...... .. . . ... . .. .. .. .. ........ .. ... .. .. . 27
MODE SWITCHING CHART .. . . . ...... . ....... ...... ......... . 28
LOADING AND RUNNING SOFTWARE ..... . . .. .................. 29
DiSK ...................... . .. . .. . ..... . . . ................. . . 29
Inserting a Disk Into The Disk Drive .. . ....... .... ... . .. ... ... . 31
Formatting a Disk .. . .................. . ....... . ... . .. . .... . . 32
Saving And Loading Your Own Programs ............ . .. . .... . . 32
CARTRIDGE .......... . .. .... . . .. . ....... . ................... 34
CASSETTE .. . .. . . . . .. . ....... . . . .. .. . . . . ... . . ...... . . ... ... . 35
Loading And Running CP / M Software ................... . .. ... .. 36
THE COMMODORE 128 PERSONAL COMPUTER
The Commodore 128 Personal Computer is packed with a host of novel
and exciting features that make it one of the best performing , most
versatile microcomputers available at any price. Among the many
impressive features of the Commodore 128 are:

• 128K of memory, expandable to 256K or 512K by using optional

RAM expansion modules
• 40 and / or 80 column full color display
• Professional typewriter keyboard with full numeric keypad
• Built-in advanced Basic 7.0 computing language
• Full CP / M Plus Version 3.0 operation
• Complete compatibility with Commodore 64 hardware and
software
• Access to over 6000 existing software programs

Not the least of the Commodore 128's virtues is the fact that it is produced
by Commodore, the maker of more microcomputers than any other
company in the world. As as with all Commodore products, the C128 gives
you high performance without high price.

About The Commodore 128 Manuals

There are two books packed with the Commodore 128 computer:
• INTRODUCING THE COMMODORE 128 PERSONAL COMPUTER-
This is the book you are reading. It gives you all the information you
need to know to load prepackaged (commercial) software programs
• THE COMMODORE 128 SYSTEM GUIDE-This is a larger book. It
describes the Commodore 128's capabilities in detail. You will want to
consult this book if you are an experienced BASIC programmer, or if you
are interested in learning how to program in BASIC.

COMMODORE strongly advise you to read the instructions in this manual

before setting up or switching on any of the Commodore 128 Personal
Computer equipment.
THE THREE C128 OPERATING MODES

The Commodore 128 is, in fact , three computers in one, offering three
operating modes:

• C128 Mode
• C64 Mode
• CP/M Mode
The function and use of each of these three modes is summarized below.

C128 MODE

In C128 Mode the Commodore 128 Personal Computer provides 128K of

RAM (Random Access Memory). This supplies all the memory needed to
run sophisticated applications and integrated software such as JANE. Th e
random access memory can easily be expanded to 256K or 512K using
optional RAM expansion modules, further increasing the range of software
you can run on the C128 .

C128 Mode also incorporates a powerful extended Commodore BASIC

language known as BASIC 7.0. This language offers over 140 commands,
statements and functions thus providing quick and easy ways to perform
complex and time-consuming programming tasks such as graphics,
animation , sound and music. C128 Mode also offers both 40 and 80
column output and a 92-key keyboard which features a numeric keypad ,
Escape, Tab, Alpha Lock and Help keys.

This mode also has a built-in machine language monitor, allowing you to
create and debug your own machine language programs.

The powerful capabilities of this mode are complemented by the family of

new peripheral devices from Commodore, including the 1571 fast disk
drive and the 1901 dual monitor which offers both 40 and 80 column
displays. The standard Commodore peripherals can also be used with this
mode.

C64 MODE

In C64 Mode the Commodore 128 offers all the capabilities of the highly
successful Commodore 64, thus allowing you to take full advantage of the
wide range of Commodore 64 software already available.

2
In this mode the C12S has full compatability with standard Commodore 64
peripherals including user port and serial devices, cassette recorder ,
joysticks, composite video monitors and TV output.

C64 Mode provides the BASIC 2.0 language, 40 column output and access
to 64K RAM . The keyboard provides all the fun ctions available on a
Commodore 64 computer. All the Commodore 64 graphics, color and
sound capabilities are present and are used in exactly the same way as
they are on the Commodore 64 .

CP/M MODE

In CP I M Mode, an on board ZSO microprocessor gives all the capabilities

of Digital Research 's CP I M Version 3.0, plus a number of new features
added by Commodore. The Commodore 12S's CP 1M package, called
CP 1M Plus, provides 12SK bytes of RAM, 40 and SO column output,
access to the full keyboard including the numeric keypad and special keys ,
programmable function keys , and access to the standard peripherals as
well as to the 1571 , the new fast serial disk drive. There are thousands of
applications available for CP / M 3.0 and for other earlier versions of CP / M,
such as CP 1M 2.0 or CP 1M 2.2. These can all be run in CP 1M Mode. For
example, the already available and proven Perfect Series of software
(Perfect Writer, Perfect Calc and Perfect Filer) .

40 AND 80 COLUMN DISPLAYS

Two of the C12S's modes (C12S and CP 1M) allow you to use both 40 and
SO column displays. The type of display you require governs the type of
monitor you use.

To access the 40 column display, use a composite monitor, e.g. the 1701
or 1702 monitor, a TV set or the 1901 40 / S0 column dual composite / RGBI
monitor. To access the SO column display, use an RGBI monitor or the
1901 dual monitor. The 1901 dual monitor allows you to switch between 40
and SO column displays. This can also be achieved by connecting a
composite monitor or TV set to the C128 as well as an RGBI monitor.

Note that the 1901 dual monitor must be set to separated chroma l luma for
40 column display. For the SO column display on that monitor, the video
switch must be set to RGBI and the RGBI switch must be set to POS
DIGITAL. Full instructions for these settings are given in the 1901 user
manual.

3
UNPACKING THE COMMODORE 128 PERSONAL
COMPUTER

The Commodore 128 Personal Computer is supplied in one box which

contains the Commodore 128 Personal Computer itself, its power supply,
an RF lead, two manuals (this Introductory Guide and the Systems Guide)
and the CP / M Systems Disk.

Remove the Commodore 128 Personal Computer carefully from the box
and place it on a flat, hard , horizontal surface. Check the contents of the
box to ensure that nothing is missing or damaged . If the box or any of the
contents are damaged or any of the parts are missing, contact your
supplier immediately. Save the boxes in case you need to return the
equipment for servicing.
4
A LOOK AT THE COMMODORE 128

Physically the Commodore 128 resembles a typewriter keyboard. The

illustrations below show the location of the switches, sockets and ports by
which the C128 is turned on and off and connected to the other pieces of
equipment in the system, e.g. disk drive, monitor.

CONTROL PORTS 1 & 2

~~-~-- RESET SWITCH

1_ ..1IIIm",-4-- POWER SOCKET

.----------=~- RF SOCKET

RGBI SOCKET

1 . - - - 4 - USER PORT
L-_ _ _ _ _ _ _"::!I',.....L VIDEO SOCKET
1.-_:::-_= _ _ _ _ _ _ SERIAL SOCKET

L-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CASSETTE PORT

L-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ EXPANSION PORT

5
KEYBOARD NOTES

On the C128 keyboard some keys function in all three modes of the
computer. Other keys can only be used in a particular mode or modes. The
diagram below shows the different areas of the keyboard . Keys in the
shaded areas (the Main Keyboard and the Function Keys) work only in
C64 Mode. They correspond to the keys on the Commodore 64 and
function in C64 Mode exactly as the keys on a Commodore 64 do. In C128
a
Mode and CP / M Mode all the keys function. Note that if key is pressed
and that key does not function in the C12S's current mode, that key is
ignored .

The Numeric Keypad and

the two sets of Special
Function Keys are
operative only in C128
Mode and CP / M Mode.
The Enter key on the
Numeric Keypad functions
in the same way as the
Return key on the Main
Keyboard.

The 40 / S0 key is used to

select the required screen
display. When this key is in
its raised position 40
column display is selected,
in its depressed position
80 column display is
selected . It is changed
from its raised to
depressed position, and
vice versa , by pressing it
once.

C-64 MODE

6
In C128 Mode the Function Keys are assigned special functions , e.g.
pressing the F3 key causes the directory of the disk currently in the disk
drive to be displayed . The uses of the Function Keys in C128 Mode are
given in Chapter 2 Section 5 of the System Guide .

7
DOCUMENTATION AND DISKS

Brief descriptions the documentation and disks supplied with the

Commodore 128 are given here.

Introductory Guide

The Introductory Guide (this manual) is a basic guide describing the

equipment, how to set it up and connect it It also describes the three
modes available on the Commodore 128 Personal Computer and gives
instructions on how to access and use them.

System Guide

The System Guide provides you with all the information you need to create
and run your own programs in all three of the Commodore 128's modes. It
describes the Commodore 128 in detail and is designed to help you make
full use of its advanced capabilities.

The CP/M Systems Disk

This disk contains the CP I M operating system software together with an

extensive HELP utility program . This software is loaded into the computer's
memory when CP I M software is to be run or any other operations are to
be carried out under that operating system .

SETTING UP THE EQUIPMENT

The minimum system for using the Commodore 128 Personal Computer is
the C128 itself, a suitable monitor or TV set and a 1541 or 1571 disk drive.
If you intend to use C64 Mode with cassette based software only, the disk
drive can be replaced by a cassette unit

Following the instructions on the label on the C128 mains power lead ,
connect a plug to that lead if one is not already fitted. The other end of that
lead is plugged into the Power Socket on the side of the C128.

8
If you are using a monitor it is supplied with a suitable lead for connecting
it to the computer and a user manual giving instructions for connecting the
monitor to the computer.

Connecting a composite monitor

A composite monitor, such as

the Commodore 1702, provides
a 40 column color display. Plug
the lead into the Video Socket
on the rear of the computer.

9
Connecting an RGBI monitor

An RGBI monitor provides an 80

column color or monochrome
display. A special 80 column
monitor is used because the
picture on most TV sets and
composite monitors does not
have the sharpness or resoluti on
needed to handle an 80 column
display. Plug the RGBI monitor
into the 9 pin RGBI Socket on
the rear of the computer and
tighten the two screws on the
plug to secure it.

Connecting a dual monitor

A dual monitor, such as the

Commodore 1901 , provides both
40 and 80 column displays. It is
supplied with two cables one of
which is plugged into the Video
Socket and the other into the
RGBI Socket. Both of these
sockets are on the rear of the
computer. When you have
inserted the D plug into the
RGBI Socket, tighten the screws
on that plug to secure it.

Note that you can connect a composite monitor and an RGBI monitor to
the Commodore 128 at the same time. This allows you to switch between
40 and 80 column displays.

10
Connecting a Television Set

If you are using a TV set, use

the RF lead supplied with the
C128. One end of that lead has
an aerial plug on it. Insert that
plug into the aerial socket of
your TV set and the other end
into the RF Socket on the rear of
the computer.

Connecting to a Serial Socket

Both the 1541 and 1571 disk

drives are supplied with a serial .
lead which has a five pin DIN
plug on each end . One end of
this lead is inserted into the
serial socket on the rear of the
disk drive as described in the
user manual for the disk drive.
The other end is inserted into
the Serial Socket on the rear of
the C128 .

11
SWITCHING ON

Plug the monitor, C128 and disk drive into the mains power supply.

When you switch on your C128 for the first time, use C128 Mode to test
that all the equipment works correctly.

If you are using a TV set, a composite monitor, e.g. the 1701 , or a 1901
dual monitor, ensure that the 40 / 80 key is in the 40 column position (not
depressed). If this key is depressed, press it once to release it to its raised
position. If you are using a 1901 dual monitor, set it to separated
chroma / luma. This is described in the 1901 user manual.

If you are using an RGBI monitor, ensure that the 40 / 80 key is in the 80
column position (depressed) . If this key is in its raised position , press it
once to depress it.

Switch on the monitor as

described in the monitor user
manual. The C128 is switched
on by setting the On / Off Switch
on the side of the computer to
the ON position .

The Power Indicator Light is then illuminated and the following messages
are displayed:

12
The READY. message then
appears with the cursor, the
fl ashi ng square block, below
this. The computer is now in
C128 Mode. The disk drive can
then be switched on as
described in the user manual for
that piece of equipment.

If there is no picture, adjust the monitor display according to the

instructions given in the user manual for that monitor. If you are using a TV
set, it must be tuned to the frequency of the C128. If you then cannot
obtain a picture or the correct messages are not displayed , switch the
computer off and then on again . If the computer still fails to work correctly,
consu lt your dealer.

The Trouble Shooting Chart shown on the fo llowing pages lists some of the
more common problems and tells you how to correct them .

WARNING
NEVER block the ventilation slots on the top of the computer.
Doing so causes overheating which may result in system failure.

NEVER place fluids on or near the computer. Liquid spilled into

the computer causes it to fail.

13
TROUBLE-SHOOTING CHART

Symptom Cause Remedy

Indicator light not 'ON ' computer not turned ON Make sure power switch is
in ON position

Power supply not plugged Check power socket for loose

into computer or disconnected power cable.
Unplug from mains supply
first i

Power supply not plugged Check connection with mains

into mains power supply power supply

Bad fuse in power supply Replace fuse. Unplug first i

No picture (Monitor) Monitor not connected Check monitor connections

40 / 80 column setting Check 40/80 column switch

incorrect on computer and / or monitor

No picture (TV) Incorrect connection Check computer connection

to TV

Cable to TV not Check output cable

plugged in connection to TV

Computer and / or TV set Re-tune TV

for wrong channel

40 / 80 key setting Turn off computer. Set 40 / 80

incorrect key to UP position for TV

Random pattern on screen Cartridge not properly Turn power OFF and reinsert
with cartridge in place inserted cartridge

14
Symptom Cause Remedy

Picture with poor or no Poorly tun ed color controls Adjust color controls on TV or
color monitor

Sound with excess Volu me too high Adjust volu me

backg ro und noise

Picture OK. but no sound Volume too low Adjust volume

AUX input on external Connect sound jack to

amplifier not properly AUX input on amplifier
connected and select AUX input

Computer stuck: Computer inadvertently While depressing the

Cursor not flashing received instructions to RUN/STOP key press
disable keyboard; or the RESTORE key twice; or reset
printer, cassette or disk the peripherals by turning
drive is in listening mode off and on ; or turn the
computer off and on

Incorrect operating mode Press ESCAPE key; release;

setting for monitor press X

Computer displays CAPS LOCK key Release CAPS LOCK key

garbled symbols on depressed
th e screen
Overheating Unplug from mains power
supply and allow to cool
down (make sure air
flow around power supply
is not restricted)

Appendices A and B of the System Guide list the error messages for the
Commodore 128.

15
PERIPHERALS

In addition to the TV set or video monitor used for the display, you can
connect many other accessories (peripherals) to your computer. Peripherals
increase the range of functions you can carry out with your Commodore 128.
For example, with the correct peripherals you can use the Commodore 128
to access stock market quotes or airline schedules and print out a copy for
reference - all without leaving your home or office. The following describes
some of the most popular peripherals and how to connect them to the
Commodore 128.

16
 Disk Drives

A disk drive allows you to save and

recall information. This information is
held on storage devices called disks.
Thousands of prepackaged programs
are available on disk, programs
covering almost all conceivable
subjects, e.g. education, business,
music, drawing , communications.
Disk drives are fast and easy to use.
Only one cable is required to connect
the disk drive to the Commodore 128.
This is inserted into the Serial Port on
the rear of the computer.

Printer

A printer provides a printed copy

("hard copy ") of information that is
either contained in the computer, or
stored on disk or cassette tape. With
a printer you can produce letters,
reports, mailing labels, etc. If you use
a printer with graphic capabilities, you
can also produce pictures. A
Commodore printer can be
connected in more than one way.
You can either connect it directly to
the computer's Serial Port, or you can
" chain " it to a disk drive connected to
the Serial Port of the computer.

Modem

A modem allows you to use your

computer to communicate through
telephone lines with other computers
and with information services such as
Compunet and View Data Systems.
Information received through your
modem can be saved on a disk or
tape, or it can be printed out. The
modem is connected to the
Commodore 128 through the
Expansion Port on the rear of the
co mputer.
17
Oatassette Recorder

A Commodore 1530 cassette

recorder, called a Datassette, is
an inexpensive way of storing
and recalling information. The
Datassette lead is inserted into
the Cassette Port on the rear of
the Commodore 128.

Joysticksl Mouse

Joysticks plug into the Control

Ports on the right hand side of
the computer. Once used
primarily for games, joysticks are
now increasingly being used for
educational and business
software. Joysticks designed for
the Commodore 64 are
compatible with the Commodore
128.

A mouse is plugged into either of

the Control Ports and allows you
to move the cursor easily from
place to place on the screen.
Many programs display a list of
choices (called a menu) on the
screen. With a mouse you can
select from the menu without
using the keyboard .

18
Chaining Disk Drives and Printers

You can use the "chaining" (or "daisy chaining ") technique to connect
several disk drives or printers to your Commodore 128. Using this technique,
you connect a cable from one serial port of a printer or disk drive to the serial
port of another disk drive. A disk drive must be the item of equipment directly
connected to the Commodore 128's Serial Port. The connection diagram
shows a printer and a disk drive connected to the computer by chaining .

Checking the Connections

Check the connection of your equipment against the connections shown in

the diagram below. Note that this diagram shows a typical setup for a
Commodore system using a dual monitor. Connection details may vary for
different models of equipment, you must, therefore, be sure to refer to the
manuals included with any peripheral equipment you purchase.

19
THE THREE OPERATING MODES

Each of the three operating modes of the Commodore 128 takes advantage
of particular hardware and software features. A description of each mode is
given below, together with instructions for selecting that mode when the
computer is switched on and , where applicable, from C128 Mode.

Two of the modes (C128 and

CP / M) allow you to use both 40
and 80 column displays. The
type of monitor for the required
screen display is discussed on
page 3. The 40 column display is
selected by setting the 40/80
key to its raised position; the 80
column display is selected by
setting the 40/80 key to its
depressed position .

The Commodore 128 Personal Computer is switched on by setting the

On / Off Switch on the side of the computer to the ON position .

Pressing the Reset Switch

causes the initial screen for C128
Mode to reappear. The initial
screen is the display which
appears on the screen when that
mode is first entered . In the case
of CP / M Mode, pressing the
Reset Switch causes CP / M Plus
version 3.0 to reboot from the
CP / M Plus System Disk.

20
 WARNING
PRESSING THE RESET SWITCH OR SWITCHING OFF THE
COMPUTER DESTROYS ANY INFORMATION IN THE
COMPUTER'S MEMORY UNLESS THAT DATA IS FIRST SAVED.

C1 28 MODE

C128 Mode is the default mode of the Commodore 128 Personal Computer.
This means that, when you switch on the computer without any keys being
held down and with the disk drive switched off, C128 Mode is entered. This
mode supports both 40 and 80 column displays.

C64 and CP / M modes can be entered from C128 mode without switching
the computer off or resetting it. Instructions for this are given in the
descriptions of those modes.

To Enter C128 Mode When Switching On The Computer

To select 40 column display:

• Make sure that you are using

a TV set, a composite monitor,
or a 1901 dual monitor
• If you are using the 1901 dual
monitor, ensure that it is set to
separated chroma / luma (this
is described in the 1901 's user
manual)
• Make sure the 40 / 80 key is
NOT depressed
• Switch the disk drive off
• Switch the computer on
• Switch the disk drive on

21
To select 80 column display:

• Make sure that you are using

an RGBI monitor or a 1901
dual monitor
• If you are using the 1901 dual
monitor, ensure that it is set to
RGBI on the video switch and
POS DIGITAL on the RGBI
switch (see the 1901 's user
manual)
• Make sure that the 40 / 80 key
is depressed
• Switch the disk drive off
• Switch the computer on
• Switch the disk drive on

To enter C128 Mode from CP / M Mode, the computer must first be switched
off. The above instructions are then followed to switch it on again in C128
Mode. To enter C128 Mode from C64 Mode, press the Reset Switch.

Switching Between 40 And 80 Columns in C128 Mode

If you are using an RGBI monitor together with a TV set or composite

monitor, or if you are using the 1901 dual monitor, you can switch between
40 and 80 column displays. To do this, press the ESC key and then the X
key. If you are using the 1901 dual monitor, set this to the correct setting for
the screen mode you have selected.

22
The Function Keys

Each of the Function Keys in the

top right of the keyboard has a
special use in C128 Mode, These
uses are listed briefly here, They
are described fully in Chapter 2
Section 5 of the System Guide,

F1 Enter one of the GRAPHICS modes

F2 Prints the disk load command (DLOAD ") on the screen
F3 Lists the directory of the disk currently in the disk drive
F4 Clears the screen
F5 Prints the disk save command (DSAVE") on the screen
F6 RUNs the program currently in the computer's memory
F7 LISTs the program currently in the computer's memory
F8 Enters the machine language monitor

All of the function keys can be redefined (reprogrammed to perform another

function),

Leaving C128 Mode

Leave C128 Mode either by removing the disks from the disk drive and
switching off the computer, or by entering CP / M Mode or C64 Mode,
Instructions for entering CP / M Mode and C64 Mode are given on the
following pages,

WARNING
LEAVING C128 MODE AND ENTERING CP/M MODE OR C64
MODE DESTROYS ANY INFORMATION IN THE COMPUTER'S
MEMORY UNLESS THAT DATA IS FIRST SAVED.

23
C64 MODE

In C64 Mode the C128 behaves exactly as if it is a Commodore 64

computer. In this mode, Commodore 64 software in cartridge, disk or tape
format, can be run and all the standard Commodore 64 peripherals can be
used. Note that the screen display in C64 Mode is 40 columns only.

There are three methods of entering C64 Mode:

• With the power off, hold down

the ( '" key and switch the
computer on. The (: key is in
the bottom left corner of the
keyboard. When the computer
is switched on, the
Commodore 64 initial screen
appears.
• With the computer in C128
Mode and in BASIC 7.0 type
G064 and press RETURN .
The message "ARE YOU
SURE?" is displayed. Type Y
and press RETURN The
Commodore 64 initial screen
then appears.
• With the computer switched
off, insert a Commodore 64
software cartridge into the
Expansion Port and switch on
the computer. The program in
the cartridge is automatically
loaded and run .

WARNING
NEVER INSERT OR REMOVE A CARTRIDGE WHEN THE
COMPUTER IS SWITCHED ON. DOING SO MAY DAMAGE
BOTH THE COMPUTER AND THE CARTRIDGE.

24
Leaving C64 Mode

To leave C64 Mode, switch the computer off. Note that the computer MUST
be switched off before a cartridge is removed from the C128's Expansion
Port. If you wish to access another mode and / or run a different piece of
software the cartridge must be removed from the computer before it is
switched on again.

CP/M MODE

CP / M Plus version 3.0 is a popular operating system for microcomputers. It

was developed by Digital Research Incorporated (DRI). Like all operating
systems, CP/ M Plus is a set of instructions which tell the computer how to
manage all the hardware and software elements of the system, such as
memory, disk storage, screen, keyboard and printer.

This mode supports both 40 and 80 column displays. Software available for
earlier versions of CP / M, such as CP / M 2.0 or CP / M 2.2 , can also be run
on the C128 in CP/ M Mode.

A manual giving a detailed description of how to use CP/ M Plus is available.

Information about how you can obtain a copy is given on a coupon enclosed
in the box in which the C128 computer is supplied .

CP / M Mode can be entered either when switching on the computer, or from

C128 Mode.

To Enter CP/M Mode When Switching On The Computer

To select 40 column display:

• Make sure that you are using a TV set, a composite monitor, or a 1901
dual monitor
• If you are using the 1901 dual monitor, ensure that it is set to separated
chroma / luma (this is described in the 1901 's user manual)
• Make sure the 40 / 80 key is NOT depressed

25
To select 80 column display

• Make sure that you are using an RGBI monitor or a 1901 dual monitor

• If you are using the 1901 dual monitor, ensure that it is set to RGBI on the
video switch and POS DIGITAL on the RGBI switch (see the 1901 's user
manual)

• Make sure the 40 / 80 key is depressed

When you have ensured that you have the correct conditions for the required
display:

• Turn on the disk drive

• Insert the CP / M Plus 3.0
System Disk
• Turn on the computer

CP I M Plus ·3.0 is then booted (loaded) into the computer. After the initial
display, the CP I M prompt A> appears. This tells you that CP I M Plus is
ready to accept commands entered through the keyboard .

NOTE
The disk drive MUST be switched on before switching on the
computer when booting CP I M Plus into the computer.

26
Entering CP/M Mode From C128 Mode

• Select the required display (40 or 80 co lumns) using the 40 / 80 key

• Ensure that you are using the correct monitor for the display you have
selected, or that the 1901 dual monitor is set up correctly for this (see the
1901 's user manual)
• Ensure that the disk drive is switched on
• Insert the CP / M Plus 3.0 System Disk into the disk drive
• Type BOOT and press RETURN

CP / M Plus 3.0 is then booted (loaded) into the computer. After the initial
display, the CP / M prompt A> appears. This tells you that CP / M is ready to
accept commands entered through the keyboard .

Switching Between 40 And 80 Columns in CP/M Mode

If you are using an RGBI monitor together with a TV set or composite

monitor, or if you are using the 1901 dual monitor, you can switch between
40 and 80 column displays. To do this, set the 40 / 80 key to the required
number of columns. If you are using the 1901 dual monitor, set this to the
correct setting for the display you have selected (see the 1901 's user
manual) . Ensure that the disk drive is switched on , that the CP / M Plus
System Disk is in the drive and then press the Reset Switch . CP / M Plus 3.0
is rebooted.

Note that using this method destroys any information in the computer's
memory unless that data is first saved.

Leaving CP/M Mode

To leave CP/M Mode, remove the CP/M Plus System Disk from the disk
drive and switch off the computer. C64 Mode can then be selected as
described on page 24. To leave CP / M Mode and enter C128 Mode, remove
the CP/M Plus System Disk from the disk drive and press the Reset Switch.

27
 MODE SWITCHING CHART

~
TO
C128
OFF

1. Check that
C128
40COL
C128
80 COL
1. Press ESC key ; t .
C64

Check thai
CP/M
40COL
Check that
CP/M
80 COL
1. Check Ihat
40 COL 40/80 key is release . 40 / 80 key IS 40/ 80 key is UP 40/80 key is Up.
UP. 2. Press X key. UP. Turn computer 2. Turn computer
2. Turn computer OR 2. Turn computer OFF. Ihen ON OFF. then ON .
ON . 1. Check that OFF, Ihen ON .
40 / 80 key is
UP.
2. Press RESET
button .

C128 1. Press 40 / 80 1. Press ESC key ; Press 40 / 80 1. Press 40 / 80 key 1. Check that
80 COL key DOWN . release key DOWN . DOWN . 40 / 80 key is
2. Turn computer Press X key Turn computer 2. Remove CP I M DOWN .
ON . OR OFF, then ON . syslem disk Irom 2. Remove CPI M
Press 40 / 80 drive . il system disk Irom
key DOWN . necessary. drive . II
2. Press RESET Turn com puler necessary.
button OFF. then ON . 3. Turn computer
OFF, then ON .

C64 1. Hold (. key 1. Type GO 64 . 1. Type GO 64 ; Turn compu ter 1. Turn computer
DOWN . press RETURN . press RETURN . OFF. OFF.
2. Turn compu ler 2. The computer 2. The computer 2. Check Ihat 40 1 2. Check that 40 1
ON . responds ' responds : 80 key is UP. 80 key is UP.
OR ARE YOU SURE? ARE YOU SURE? Hold DOWN (. 3. Hold DOWN (.
Insert C64 Type Y; press Type Y; press key while turning key while turning
cartridge . RETURN . RETURN . computer ON . computer ON .
2. Turn computer OR OR
ON . Turn computer Turn computer
OFF OFF.
Insert C64 2. Insert C64
cartridge . cartridge .
Turn power ON . 3 . Turn power ON .

CP/M Turn disk drive 1. Turn disk drive 1. Turn disk drive Check that 1. Insert CPIM
40COL ON ON . ON . 40 / 80 key is utilities disk in
Insert CPIM 2. Insert CPIM 2. Insert CPIM UP. drive.
system disk In system disk In system disk In 2. Turn disk drive 2. At screen
drive drive . drive . ON . prompt, A) type :
Check that 3. Check that 3 . Check that 3. Insert CPI M OEVICECONOUT: :: 4QCOl
40 / 80 key IS 40 / 80 key IS 40 / 80 key is system disk in 3. Press RETURN ,
UP UP. UP. drive .
Turn computer 4. Type : 800T 4. Type : BOOT 4. Turn computer
ON 5 Press RETURN 5 Press RETURN OFF. then ON .

CP/M Turn disk drive 1. Turn disk drive Turn disk drive Press 40 / BO Insert CPI M
80 COL ON . ON . ON . key DOWN utilities disk In
Insert CPI M Insert CPI M Insert CPI M Turn disk drive drive .
system disk In system disk In system disk In ON . 2. At screen
drive drive . drive . Insert CPI M prompt. A) type '
Press 40/ 80 3. Press 40 / 80 3. Check that system diSk In OEVICECOfrrtQtJT -80COl
key DOWN . key DOWN . 40 / 80 key IS drive . 3 Press RETURN ,
4. Turn computer 4. Type : BOOT DOWN . 4. Turn computer
ON 5. Press RETURN 4. Type : BOOT OFF, then ON .
5. Press RE TURN

NOTE: If you are using a Commodore 1901 dual monitor, remember to move the video
switch on the monitor from COMPOSITE or SEPARATED to RGBI when switching
from 40-column to BO-column display; reverse this step when switching from BO to 40
columns. Also, when switching between modes remove any cartridges from the
expansion port and any disks from the disk drive.

28
LOADING AND RUNNING SOFTWARE

Applications software is loaded into the Commodore 128 Personal Computer

after the required mode (C64, C128 or CP 1M) is selected. There is a wide
range of software available for the Commodore 128 computer including
thousands of CP 1M programs and the complete range of Commodore 64
software. Refer to the user's manual supplied with the software for
instructions on how to load and use the software.

Software is supplied on one or more of three different media, disk, cartridge

or cassette tape. Each of these three media is described below.

DISK

Disks are also called diskettes or

floppy disks. They provide fast
and easy storage and retrieval for
your information and programs. A
disk drive, such as the
Commodore 1541 or 1571 , is
required in order to load and run
disk based software.

29
Disks must be handled with care. The following rules must be obeyed in
order to protect the information stored on your diskettes:

1. Keep the diskette in its storage envelope whenever it is not in the drive
unit.
2. Store the diskette in a diskette library case or other suitable rigid
container.
3. NEVER leave the diskette on top of the drive unit.
4. Keep diskettes away from magnets and magnetic fields such as those
generated by transformers, electronic motors, loudspeakers and
telephone bells.
S. Do not write on the diskette jacket or label with a lead pencil or ball-point
pen . Use a felt-tip pen or fill out the label before attaching it to the
diskette.
6. Do not expose diskettes to excessive heat or sunlight. The
recommended temperature range for the storage and use of diskettes is
SO-120°F or 10-S0°C.
7. Do not touch the diskette surface or centre hole, hold only the encased
area.
8. Do not attempt to clean the diskette. Abrasion results in the loss of
stored information.
9. Do not turn the drive unit on or off while the diskette is in place.
10. Gently load the diskette into the drive unit. Rough handling or forcing
may damage the centre hole.
11 . Do not remove the diskette while the program is loading .
12 . Never remove the diskette from the drive unit while the drive-active
indicator light is lit or while the disk unit is whirring .
13 . Never bend the diskette. Always keep it flat.
14 . Do not attach notes to the diskette with a paper clip or staples.

Software for all three of the C128 's modes (C128 , C64 and CP 1M) is
supplied on disk.

30
Inserting a Disk Into The Disk Drive

To load disk based software into

the computer, the disk containing
the software must first be
inserted into the disk drive. To do
this remove the disk from its
storage envelope, hold it with the
label up and towards you and
insert it horizontally into the disk
drive.

When the disk is fu lly inserted

into the disk drive, close the disk
drive door or turn the lever from
its horizontal position to its
vertical position.

The program can now be loaded from the disk into the computer's memory.
Instructions for doing thi s are given in the manual provided with the software.

31
Formatting a Disk

Before a disk can be used to store information or any of your own programs,
it must be formatted . The way in which this is carried out depends on the
current mode of the C128. The following gives the locations in the System
Guide where the formatting instructions are given for each mode:

C128 Chapter 2 Section 3

C64 Chapter 3 Section 10
CP I M Chapter 4 Section 12

Saving And Loading Your Own Programs

In C128 and C64 modes you can SAVE onto disk programs that you have
created yourself. These programs can then, at a later date, be LOADed into
the computer and RUN. To save a program onto disk, insert a previously
formatted disk into the disk drive, close the disk drive door and type:

SAVE"programname" ,8

where programname is the name you assign to your program . This is a

maximum of 16 alphabetic and numeric characters. When this is as you
wish , press the RETURN key . The disk drive active light is then illuminated
and the message:

SAVING programname

is displayed . When this is complete the "READY." message reappears with

the cursor below it.

When you wish to use this program again, or make amendments to it, load it
into the computer's memory by inserting the disk on which you SAVEd it into
the disk drive and typing:

LOAD"programname" ,8

The program name must be exactly as you specified it when you SAVEd the
program . When this is as you wish , press RETURN . The disk drive active
light is illuminated and the message:

32
LOADING programname

is displayed . When this is

complete, the READY. message
is displayed with the cursor
below it. The program can now
be run or amended as you
require . To run the program type:

RUN

and press RETURN.

In C128 Mode the SAVE and

LOAD commands can be
replaced by the DSAVE and
DLOAD commands. In this case,
the ,8 is omitted from the end of
the instruction . C128 Mode has
"shorthand " methods for entering
these two commands on the
screen. Pressing F5 causes
DSAVE" to put displayed on the
screen, and pressing F2 causes
DLOAD" to be displayed on the
screen. You then enter the name
of your program and press
RETURN. Your program is then
SAVEd to disk, or LOADed from
disk, as appropriate.

33
CARTRIDGE

Cartridge software is software

stored in ROM (read only
memory) which is housed in a
rigid plastic casing . The cartridge
is slotted into the Expansion Port
on the rear of the C128. To do
this, first switch off the computer.
Then hold the cartridge with the
label side uppermost and insert
its open end firmly into the
Expansion Port. DO NOT force
the cartridge.

When the cartridge is in place

switch on the computer. The
program is then automatically
loaded into the computer's
memory. If the screen display is
scrambled, switch the computer
off, press the cartridge firmly into
the Expansion Port and switch
the computer on again .

Note that you MUST switch the computer off BEFORE removing the
cartridge.

WARNING
NEVER INSERT OR REMOVE A CARTRIDGE WHEN THE
COMPUTER IS SWITCHED ON. DOING SO MAY DAMAGE BOTH
THE COMPUTER AND THE CARTRIDGE.

Cartridge software is supplied for C128 Mode and C64 Mode.

34
CASSETTE

Cassette tape software is

software stored on standard size
cassette tapes similar to audio
cassette tapes. Information (data
and programs) is read from and
stored on cassette tape using a
datassette (the Commodore
cassette recorder). The
datassette plugs into the
Cassette Port on the rear of the
C128 .

Only software for the C128 and

C64 modes is available on
cassette tape.

35
Loading And Running CP I M Software

In order to run CP I M software on the C128, the CP I M Plus 3.0 operating

system must first be loaded into the computer, i.e. the C128 must be in
CP 1M Mode. This is described on page 25.

When the C128 is in CP 1M Mode, remove the CP 1M Plus System Disk from
the disk drive and store it in a safe place. Then insert the required CP 1M
program disk into the disk drive and close the disk drive door. Type in the
program name as given in the user manual for that piece of software, and
press RETURN . You then follow the instructions given on the screen or in the
user manual for that software.

36
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