kEY

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 33
Introduction to Equilibrium (AP Chemistry Topics 7.1, 7.2, 7.3)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• Some reactions can occur in both forward and reverse • Explain the relationship between the occurrence of a
directions, sometimes proceeding in each direction reversible chemical or physical process, and the
simultaneously. establishment of equilibrium, to experimental
• A system at equilibrium depends on the relationships observations.
between concentrations, partial pressures of chemical • Explain the relationship between the direction in
species, and equilibrium constant K. which a reversible reaction proceeds and the relative
rates of the forward and reverse reactions.
• Represent the reaction quotient Q c or Qp , for a
reversible reaction, and the corresponding equilibrium
expressions Kc = Qc or Kp = Qp

Reversible Reactions

both the forward and reverse

A reversible reaction is a reaction that can proceed in _______________________________________________________
directions These reactions are represented by ______-______
_________________. two wayarrows
_____________ to show that the reaction can
go in either direction.

Nearly all chemical reactions are at least

theoretically reversible. In many cases, however, the
reversibility is so small that it can be ignored, and the
reaction is considered a completion reaction.

This is usually the case when the activation energy of

the reverse reaction is so large that it cannot occur
at an appreciable rate.

The evaporation/condensation of water is a good example of a reversible reaction

H2O(l) ⇋ H2O(g)

In an open system, the In a closed system, the

water vapor is allowed reaction becomes reversible
to escape so the reverse since the product cannot
reaction cannot occur escape and undergoes the
because none of the reverse reaction
product is available.
 beginning when there are only reactants
In the __________________
rate of the
present, the _______________________
forward greatest The rate
reaction is the ________________.
_______________________
of the reverse reaction is negligible.

As the reaction progresses, the rate of the forward reaction

decreases as the reactants are used up and their concentration
rate of the
decreases. At the same time, the ________________________
reverse reaction increases
___________________________________________________as
productis formed
_________________________________ and it can proceed at a
faster rate.

equals the
Eventually, the rate of the reverse reaction _____________
rate of the forward reaction

Dynamic Equilibrium

rate of the forward

Dynamic equilibrium for a chemical reaction is the condition in which the ______________________________________
reaction
equals the rate of the reverse reaction
________________________________________________________________________________________________.

dynamic
Equilibrium is considered _______________because still
the forward and reverse reactions are ___________
occurring however they are occurring at the _________
________________, rate
same _________.

concentrations
As a result of the rates being equal, when dynamic equilibrium is reached, the _____________________________ of the
reactants and products ____ longer _____________.
no _____________ change They are constant

Dynamic equilibrium DOES NOT mean the concentrations of reactants and products are equal!

The following diagrams represent a hypothetical reaction A → B, with A represented by red spheres and B represented
by blue spheres. The sequence from left to right represents the system as time passes. Do the diagrams indicate that
the system reaches an equilibrium state? Explain.

system is able to reach

an
The

equilibrium state. The last2

diagrams show thatthe concentration
is
and products constant
ofreactants
state was
so an equilibrium
achieved.
 Favored Reactions

Even though reversible reactions occur in both directions,

direction
almost always __________________________
one
is favored
__________________________ over the other.

<products] reactant] at equilibrium

Creactants] > [products at

equilibrium

exothermic then
Generally, if the forward reaction is ___________________,
favored
the forward reaction will be _______________.

Activation
_____________________ energy for the forward
_____________
is smaller
reaction ___________________ than the activation energy for the
backward reaction, so equilibrium mixture will be mainly products.

Use of a catalyst in a reversible reaction has a

effect
neutral ______________.
______________

Activation energy of both reactions are different, but the

ΔEa for both reactions is the same
both reactions benefit
________________________________________________ by
The same amount
_______________________________.

The Equilibrium Constant (Keq)

Recall that at equilibrium, the rates of the forward reaction and the reverse reaction are equal, however the
concentrations of the reactants and products arenot
_________________________________________________________________________________________________. equal
The ______________________ constant (Keq) is a way to quantify the __________________________
equilibrium _________________ concentrations
reactants and products at equilibrium
________________________________________________________________________________.
of

For the general chemical equation: a A + b B ⇋ c C + d D

the ratio
The equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction is defined as __________________- at equilibrium
___________________________
of the concentration of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the concentration of the
reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

The relationship between the balanced chemical equation and the expression of the equilibrium constant is known
law of mass action
as the ________________________________.

unitless
The equilibrium constant, Keq, is _________________.
 The Equilibrium Constant (Keq)
KP: The subscript p lets us know that the equilibrium
KC: The subscript c lets us know that the equilibrium
constant is based on the
constant is based on
concentration
___________________________- usually partial pressure in atm
___________________________________________.
Kp can be used when dealing with reactions that
molarity (M).
_________________
gases
involve ____________.

For the general chemical equation: For the general chemical equation:

aA+bB ⇋cC+ dD a A(g) + b B(g) ⇋ c C(g) + d D(g)

Express the equilibrium constant for the balanced Express the equilibrium constant for the balanced
chemical equation : chemical equation :
CH3OH(g) ⇋ CO(g) + 2 H2(g) 2 BrNO(g) ⇋ 2 NO(g) + Br2(g)

Kea= [CO3[H232 42a

[N0]" [Br]
=

[CHz0H] [BrNOJ2
Express the equilibrium constant for the balanced Express the equilibrium constant for the balanced
chemical equation : chemical equation :
2 CO(g) + O 2(g) ⇋ 2 CO2(g) CH4(g) + 2 H2S(g) ⇋ CS2(g) + 4 H2(g)
4

Kea [C02]2 kea:[CS2][Hz]

=

[CO3 (O2] [CHaS[HzS]

solids and pure _______________

Pure ____________ included in the equilibrium constant expression
liquids are _______________________
NOT
because they do not change significantly during reactions when enough is present to reach equilibrium

Write an equilibrium expression for each chemical equation below:

• CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇋ HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)

[HC05]SOH]
Kea =

[C03z]
• 2 KClO 3(s) ⇋ 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

Keq [O2]3
=

• HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇋ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)

(H30 +][F-
kea =

[HF]
 The Reaction Quotient (Q)

The idea of describing a mixture of reacting chemicals by calculating [products]/[reactants] (a quotient), can be extended
not yet reached equilibrium
to mixtures that have ______________________________________________________.

at anypoint in the reaction

We define the reaction quotient, Q, as the ratio- ___________________________________________________________-
of the concentration of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the concentration of the
reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

For the general chemical equation: aA + bB ↔ cC + dD

progress
The reaction quotient is useful because the value of Q relative to K is a measure of the ___________________
of the reaction toward equilibrium
_________________________________________________________________________. When equilibrium is
reached, Q = Keq

Vapor Pressure and Equilibrium

closedcontainer
Vapor pressure builds up inside a _____________ ___________________ due to an increase in gas particles striking the
equilibrium ________________
walls of the container. Vapor pressure is defined as the _____________________ pressureof a vapor above its
liquid or solid state.

Vapor pressure & Temperature

•To escape the liquid and form vapor, the particles must have the minimum amount of kinetic energy needed to
overcome the intermolecular forces that exist between the particles.

temperatures larger proportion of the molecules will have this energy, or above,
higher ________________________a
•At _____________
will increase
vapor pressure
and __________________________________________________.

Vapor Pressure & Intermolecular Forces

•Diethyl ether with dipole-dipole attractions will have a higher vapor pressure that ethanol and water which both have
hydrogen bonding.

stronger the ___________________________

•The ________________ forces holding the particles together, the
intermolecular _____________
lower ___________________________________because
__________ the
vapor pressure it will take more energy for particles to overcome the
intermolecular forces holding them together.

Other Factors

•Volume and surface area may have an effect on how quickly equilibrium is established but will have no effect on the
final vapor pressure.