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Giorgio Lollino
Andrea Manconi
Fausto Guzzetti
Martin Culshaw
Peter Bobrowsky
Fabio Luino
Editors

Engineering Geology
for Society and
Territory – Volume 5
Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning
and Landscape Exploitation
Engineering Geology for Society
and Territory – Volume 5
Giorgio Lollino • Andrea Manconi
Fausto Guzzetti • Martin Culshaw
Peter Bobrowsky • Fabio Luino
Editors

Engineering Geology for

Society and Territory –
Volume 5
Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning
and Landscape Exploitation

123
Editors
Giorgio Lollino Martin Culshaw
Andrea Manconi Department of Geotechnical Engineering
Fabio Luino British Geological Survey
Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection Nottingham
National Research Council (CNR) UK
Turin
Italy Peter Bobrowsky
Geological Survey of Canada
Fausto Guzzetti Ottawa, ON
Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection Canada
National Research Council (CNR)
Perugia
Italy

ISBN 978-3-319-09047-4 ISBN 978-3-319-09048-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946956

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
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be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Cover Illustration: Porte di Pinerolo, north western Italy. Bridge located on Chisone river after the flood event
occurred on October 2000. The photo shows the effects of extreme hydrological events on anthropic areas and
infrastructures. Photo: Giorgio Lollino.

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Foreword

It is our pleasure to present this volume as part of the book series of the Proceedings of the XII
International IAEG Congress, Torino 2014.
For the 50th Anniversary, the Congress collected contributions relevant to all themes where
the IAEG members have been involved, both in the research field and in professional
activities.
Each volume is related to a specific topic, including:
1. Climate Change and Engineering Geology;
2. Landslide Processes;
3. River Basins, Reservoir Sedimentation and Water Resources;
4. Marine and Coastal Processes;
5. Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation;
6. Applied Geology for Major Engineering Projects;
7. Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology;
8. Preservation of Cultural Heritage.
The book series aims at constituting a milestone for our association, and a bridge for the
development and challenges of Engineering Geology towards the future.
This ambition stimulated numerous conveners, who committed themselves to collect a
large number of contributions from all parts of the world, and to select the best papers through
two review stages. To highlight the work done by the conveners, the table of contents of the
volumes maintains the structure of the sessions of the Congress.
The lectures delivered by prominent scientists, as well as the contributions of authors, have
explored several questions ranging from scientific to economic aspects, from professional
applications to ethical issues, which all have a possible impact on society and territory.

v
vi Foreword

This volume testifies the evolution of engineering geology during the last 50 years, and
summarizes the recent results. We hope that you will be able to find stimulating contributions
which will support your research or professional activities.

Giorgio Lollino Carlos Delgado

Preface

Notwithstanding the sessions and their respective contributions that have been collectively
grouped under the rubric urban geology, sustainable planning and landscape exploitation (see
below), in practical terms it is impossible and impractical to divorce the assembled topics from
the broader relevance of engineering geology. Herein are contained a number of papers that
cover the broadest facets and attributes of the discipline. Although individual papers often
provide case study or site-specific examples for problem solving the implications resulting
from the works are clearly widely applicable.
At its core, this thematic grouping of contributions touches on aspects that literally range
from construction (aggregate/building stones) to destruction (hazards/risk) or from preserva-
tion (geo-heritage/mitigation) to obligation (planning/communication). The managing editors
for these sessions had the privilege to administer the review of a diverse number of sub-
missions representing an equally diverse geographical, sectoral and topical flavour.
Sustainability underlies a common thread within the sessions. As a start, we recognize that
aggregate resources remain a paramount concern to the professional community. The clustered
spurts in growth that development brings across the globe brings with it a relevance regarding
the amount of materials needed and consumed, the technical viability and safety of the
materials used, advances in the evaluation of aggregate suitability as well as the long-term
history as defined by natural decay, recycling, waste and reuse. Comparable in many regards is
the growing focus on building stones and ornamental rocks that lack the traits of abundance
and accessibility more characteristic of basic aggregate. Dimension stone research and the
associated technical assessment are of paramount importance to our concerns with heritage
issues. Prospection, identification, inventory, assessment and proper resource use planning
effectively crosscut these relationships.
Hazards and associated risks fundamentally touch on virtually all activities linked to
engineering geology. Seismicity in all of its manifestations, whether direct in the form of
ground movement (faulting/shaking) or indirect as evident in landslides, subsidence, lique-
faction or tsunamis can never be underestimated. In this case, the role of engineering geology
is well applied given the necessity by the professional community to identify threats, reduce
risks and mitigate problems. Similarly, both urban and rural environments face challenges
associated with flood and landslide-related hazards. Where people build and where people live
are strongly affected by exposure to such geohazards. Knowing where the problems exist leads
to proper and efficient monitoring whether remotely or in real-time.
The subsurface attracts special attention for engineering geologists. The importance of
well-documented a priori mapping is the first step in allowing effective zonation practices to be
applied. Concerns with karst topography and groundwater resources are just two examples of
items that must be taken into account by engineering geologists as communities embark on
full-scale underground development in the move towards new living environments.
Data compilation, information management, access to high quality and reliable results
remains an obligation to practitioners. No matter how much fieldwork and how many labo-
ratory studies are completed, the resulting information must reach those in a position to best
utilize the conclusions. Proper communication of the objectives, work involved, implications

vii
viii Preface

and conclusions of the engineering geology projects and studies need to be directed towards
the proper audience. Uninterpretable maps or jargon-loaded reports do not serve the interests
of society at large. Here, the true measure of success is weighed by the extent of use one’s
work eventually attains.
Broadly, the sessions under the three main topics of urban geology, sustainable planning
and landscape exploitation can be grouped as follows:
• Urban geology
– Analysis and control of ground deformations by remote monitoring
– Remote sensing applications for the detection, monitoring, modelling and damage
assessment of critical structures and complexes
– Experiences and potentialities of data-driven modeling in earth science issues
– Mapping urban subsurface for geohazard assessment and risk management
– Complexity in hazard and risk assessment
– Engineering problems in karst
– Landslide and flood hazard in urban areas: assessment, monitoring and mitigation
strategies
– Off-fault co-seismic surface effects and their impact in urban areas
– Surface fault-rupture hazard in urban areas
– Seismic microzonation: input data, methodology and impact on planning
– Geohazard in urban scenarios: forecasting and protective monitoring
• Sustainable planning
– Communicating engineering geology with urban planners
– Engineering geology in rural infrastructure planning
– Underground urban development
– Geohydrological risk and town and country planning
– Urban and land planning versus risks resilient management
• Landscape exploitation
– Construction materials
– Aggregates—the most widely used raw material
– Building stones and ornamental rocks—resource evaluation, technical assessment, heri-
tage designation
– Aquifer vulnerability and springs/wells protection zones
– Excavation in potentially asbestos-bearing rocks: methodologies for risk evaluation and
safety management
In summary, urban geology focuses on monitoring using remote sensing; data, mapping,
and modelling; and geohazards in the urban environment. Sustainable planning covers com-
munication (with planners); use of the subsurface; planning in rural areas; ground and surface
water risks for planners; and the relationship between planning and risk management.
Landscape exploitation is concerned with mineral extraction; groundwater exploitation; and,
particularly, safety problems associated with the extraction of asbestos-bearing rocks. This is a
varied range of topics but all are important to ensure the well-planned, sustainable and
imaginative development of the areas where most of the world’s people live.
Contents

Part I Keynote

1 Urban Landslides: Challenges for Forensic Engineering Geologists

and Engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
S.F. Burns

2 Large-Scale Thematic Geological Mapping of Moscow Area . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Victor Osipov

3 Remote Sensing Role in Emergency Mapping for Disaster Response . . . . . 17

Piero Boccardo and Fabio Giulio Tonolo

4 Underground Urban Development: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Eduardo F.J. De Mulder, C.C. Derk F. Van Ree, and Kenny Wang

Part II Aggregates: The Most Widely Used Raw Material

5 A Study of Fine Aggregate Properties and Their Effect on the Quality

of Cementitious Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Revekka Fournari, Ioannis Ioannou, and Dimitris Vatyliotis

6 Assessment of Concrete Aggregate for ASR Potential

by Petrography. The Work Developed by RILEM
TC-ACS (2007–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Isabel Fernandes, Maria dos Anjos Ribeiro, Helena Martins,
Maarten Broekmans, Ian Sims, Philip Nixon, and Fernando Noronha

7 Environmental Impact and Sustainability in Aggregate

Production and Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
S.W. Danielsen and E. Kuznetsova

8 Contrast Behavior of Sandstone from Mount Nemrut

(Adiyaman-Turkey) After the Accelerated Weathering Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Tamer Topal and Burcu Ertas Deniz

9 The ReAVA Project: Assessment of the Potential Alkali-Reactivity

of Volcanic Aggregates from Azores Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sara Medeiros, João Carlos Nunes, Tetsuya Katayama, Isabel Fernandes,
António Santos Silva, Vidália Miranda, and Dora Soares

ix
x Contents

10 Potential Reactivity to Alkalis of Portuguese Volcanic Aggregates for

Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Violeta Ramos, Isabel Fernandes, Fernando Noronha,
Tetsuya Katayama, Dora Soares, and António Santos Silva

11 Production of Lightweight Aggregates from Phosphate Washing

Plant Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Emna Fakhfakh, Imen Khiari, Walid Hajjaji, Mounir Medhioub,
Fernando Rocha, Alberto López-Galindo, and Fakher Jamoussi

12 Some Variations in Petrography of South African Karoo Dolerites

and the Effects Thereof on Aggregate Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Robert Leyland

13 Environmental Issues Connected to the Quarry Lakes and Chance

to Reuse Fine Materials Deriving from Aggregate Treatments. . . . . . . . . . 71
Sara Castagna, Giovanna Antonella Dino, Manuela Lasagna,
and Domenico Antonio De Luca

14 The Aggregates from Tunnel Muck and their Use as Secondary Raw
Material: The Case Study of Turin Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rossana Bellopede, David Colaiacomo, Paola Marini,
Pierpaolo Oreste, and Oscar Radis

15 Alkali Aggregate Reaction for Concrete Made with Tunnel Muck:

Experimental Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Rossana Bellopede, Marco Francini, Paola Marini, Alessandra Migheli,
Enrico Moretti, and Pierpaolo Oreste

16 Mix Design Parameters of Restoration Mortars: The Effect

of Aggregate Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Maria Amenta, Ioannis Karatasios, Anna Kalagri,
Pagona Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, and Vassilis Kilikoglou

17 Treatment and Exploitation of Waste Coming

from Quarry Industries: Reuse as Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Giovanna Antonella Dino and Massimo Marian

18 The Effect of Feldspar, Mica and Clay Minerals on Compressive

Strength of Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Atiye Tugrul, Selahattin Hasdemir, and Murat Yılmaz

19 Petrographic Examination of Mortar Bars of Swedish Aggregates

Exposed to RILEM AAR2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Karin Appelquist, Jan Trägårdh, Magnus Döse, and Mattias Göransson

20 Risk Assessment of Swedish Concrete as a Construction Material

in Relation to Naturally Occurring Radiation
from Different Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Magnus Döse
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Contents xi

21 Aggregate Quality Mapping of Sustainable Substitutes for River

Sand for Concrete Production in Eastern Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Mattias Göransson, Lena Persson, Vincent Lekula,
and Onkgopotse Ntibinyane

22 Influence of Geological Characteristics on Mechanical Properties

of Crushed Stone Aggregates Produced from Meta-Volcanic
Rocks in Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Torppa Akseli and Seppo Leinonen

23 Los Angeles and Micro-Deval Values of Volcanic Rocks

and Their Use as Aggregates, Examples from Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Ákos Török

24 Polished Stone Value of Volcanic Rocks Used as Aggregates:

A Case Study from the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Kateřina Krutilová and Richard Přikryl

Part III Analysis and Control of Ground Deformations

by Remote Monitoring

25 Land Subsidence Due to Deep Groundwater Withdrawal

in Northern Yangtze River Delta Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Guang-ya Wang, Dan Zhang, Jin-shun Feng,
Ming-zhu Chen, and Wei-hua Shan

26 Observing Dam’s Movements with Spaceborne SAR Interferometry . . . . 131

Milan Lazecký, Daniele Perissin, Wang Zhiying, Lei Ling, and Qin Yuxiao

27 Deformation Monitoring Using Ground-Based SAR Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Michele Crosetto, Oriol Monserrat, Guido Luzi,
María Cuevas, and Núria Devanthéry

28 Map and Monitoring Slow Ground Deformation in NW Italy

Using PSI Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Davide Notti, Claudia Meisina, Francesco Zucca,
Alessio Colombo, and Luca Paro

29 Integrated Use of Advanced InSAR and GPS Data for Subsidence

Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
G. Bitelli, F. Bonsignore, S. Del Conte, F. Novali,
I. Pellegrino, and L. Vittuari

30 Observation of Expansive Clay Movement with DInSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

M. Kurka and K.H. Gutjahr

31 Analysis of a Subsidence Process by Integrating Geological

and Hydrogeological Modelling with Satellite InSAR Data . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Francesca Bozzano, Carlo Esposito, Stefania Franchi, Paolo Mazzanti,
Daniele Perissin, Alfredo Rocca, and Emanuele Romano
xii Contents

32 Satellite and Terrestrial Radar Interferometry for the Measurement

of Slope Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Tazio Strozzi, Hugo Raetzo, Urs Wegmüller, Jessica Papke,
Rafael Caduff, Charles Werner, and Andreas Wiesmann

33 Satellite and Ground-Based Interferometric Radar Observations

of an Active Rockslide in Northern Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
H.Ø. Eriksen, T.R. Lauknes, Y. Larsen, J.F. Dehls,
T. Grydeland, and H. Bunkholt

34 The Ligosullo (UD, Italy) Landslide, Revisiting of Past Data

and Prospects from Monitoring Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Luca Gandolfo, Alessandro Brunetti, Francesca Bozzano, Antonio Bratus,
Enrico Busnardo, Mario Floris, Rinaldo Genevois,
Paolo Mazzanti, and Federico Saporito

35 Advanced Characterization of a Landslide-Prone Area

by Satellite a-DInSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Alfredo Rocca, Paolo Mazzanti, Francesca Bozzano, and Daniele Perissin

36 Integration of Geotechnical and Remote Monitoring Systems

for the Analysis and Control of Ground Deformation in Marble
Quarrying (Apuan Alps, Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Riccardo Salvini, Claudio Vanneschi, Domenico Gullì,
Federico Forchione, Silvia Riccucci, and Mirko Francioni

37 Terrestrial SAR Interferometry Monitoring of Natural Slopes

and Man-Made Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Paolo Mazzanti, Francesca Bozzano, Alessandro Brunetti, Carlo Esposito,
Salvatore Martino, Alberto Prestininzi, Alfredo Rocca,
and Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza

38 Monitoring Swelling Soils in Eastern Paris (France) Through

DinSAR and PSI Interferometry: A Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
B. Deffontaines, F. Kaveh, B. Fruneau, A. Arnaud, and J. Duro

Part IV Building Stones & Ornamental Rocks—Resource Evaluation,

Technical Assessment, Heritage Designation

39 A Global Heritage Stone Province in Association

with the UNESCO World Heritage City of Salamanca, Spain . . . . . . . . . 205
Dolores Pereira and Barry Cooper

40 Characterization of the Natural Variability of Macael Serpentinite

(Verde Macael) (Almería, South of Spain) for Their Appropriate
Use in the Building Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Rafael Navarro, Dolores Pereira, Ana Gimeno, and Santiago del Barrio

41 Some Examples of Heritage Stones from Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Barry Cooper
Contents xiii

42 Granites from South West England: A Global Heritage

Stone Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Marker Brian

43 The Karst Region of Slovenia: A Potential Global

Heritage Stone Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Sabina Kramar, Breda Mirtič, Ana Mladenović, Mojca Bedjanič,
Boštjan Rožič, and Andrej Šmuc

44 The Natural Stone in the Historic Buildings of the City of Granada

(Southern Spain). Features as a Possible Candidate for the
Designation of “Global Heritage Stone Province” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Rafael Navarro, Josefina Sánchez-Valverde, and José Manuel Baltuille

45 Petrographic, Physical–Mechanical and Radiological

Characterisation of the Rosa Beta Granite
(Corsica-Sardinia Batholith) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
S. Cuccuru and A. Puccini

46 Changes in Marble Quality After Sodium Sulphate Crystallization

and Long-Lasting Freeze-Thaw Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Tatiana Durmeková, Peter Ružička, Miroslav Hain, and Mária Čaplovičová

47 Assessment of Potential Natural Stone Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Hannu Luodes, Heikki Sutinen, Paavo Härmä,
Heikki Pirinen, and Olavi Selonen

48 P-T-XCO2 Pseudosection Modelling of Talc-Magnesite Soapstone . . . . . . 247

Seppo Leinonen

49 Adnet ‘Marble’, Untersberg ‘Marble’ and Leitha Limestone—Best

Examples Expressing Austria’s Physical Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Beatrix Moshammer, Christian Uhlir, Andreas Rohatsch,
and Michael Unterwurzacher

50 The Wiborg Granite Batholith—The Main Production

Area for Granite in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Paavo Härmä, Olavi Selonen, and Hannu Luodes

51 Methods for Evaluating the Natural Stone Weathering Condition

in Selected Historical Buildings Within the Project “Efficient Use
of Natural Stone in the Leningrad Region and South–East Finland” . . . . 263
Nike Luodes, Hannu Luodes, Heikki Pirinen, Paavo Härmä,
Heikki Sutinen, Aleksei Shkurin, and Claudio De Regibus

52 Granites of the Verbano-Cusio-Ossola District (Piedmont, Northern

Italy): Possible Candidates for the Designation of “Global Heritage
Stone Province” and a Proposal of a Geotouristic Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Alessandro Cavallo and Giovanna Antonella Dino
xiv Contents

53 Building Stone Evaluation Applied to Weathered Granites—The

Example of Amarelo Real Granite (Northern Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
LMO Sousa and JMM Lourenço

54 Production of Granitic Press Rollers in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Arto Peltola, Olavi Selonen, and Paavo Härmä

55 The Uses of Natural Stone in the Building of Canberra, Australia’s

National Capital City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Wolf Mayer

56 Fire on the Rocks: Heat as an Agent in Ancient Egyptian Hard Stone

Quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Tom Heldal and Per Storemyr

57 Environmental Background in Apricena Quarries

(Apulia, Southern Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Alessandro Reina and Maristella Loi

58 Size Effect in Flexural Strength Test on Dimension Stones . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Rossana Bellopede, Paola Marini, and Lorenzo Collaro

59 CE-Marking of Natural Stone—Practical Application

and Solutions in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Linus Brander and Björn Schouenborg

60 Hierarchical Approaches Toward Safeguarding Heritage Building

Stone Resources in England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Ian A. Thomas and Barry J. Cooper

61 The Relation Between the Petrographic, Physico-Mechanical

Properties and the Use of Some Deposit Paving in Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Chentout Malika, B. Alloul, and D.J. Belhai

Part V Communicating Engineering Geology with Urban Planners

62 Geohazard Studies for Urban Planning in the Santiago

Metropolitan Region, Chile: Some Lessons for Future
Interactions Between Engineering Geoscientists and Urban
Planners in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Sergio A. Sepúlveda, Sofía Rebolledo, Ximena Bórquez,
Joel Prieto, and Juan A. Muñoz

63 A Decision Support System Suggestion for the Optimum Railway

Route Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
C. Gokceoglu, H.A. Nefeslioglu, and N. Tanyildiz

64 Communication of Geological Information in Planning

of Urban Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Marker Brian
Contents xv

65 The Use of a Spatial Multi—Criteria Technique for Urban Suitability

Assessment, Due to Extensive Mass Movements. The Case Study
of Vitala Village, Kimi, Euboea, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
P. Tsangaratos, D. Rozos, I. Ilia, and K. Markantonis

66 Communicating Applied Geoscientific Expertise to Rural

and Urban Planners: Some Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Eduardo F.J. De Mulder

67 Urban Engineering Geological Maps for Bradford, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

M.G. Culshaw and K.J. Northmore

68 The COMCOM Process: Informing and Transforming Communities

in the Developing World Through Geotechnical Information. . . . . . . . . . 355
Lionel E. Jackson Jr., Mike Ellerbeck, and Fernando Munoz Carmona

69 3D Mapping of Geological Base Data and Its Utilization for Urban

Planning in Straubing, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Silvia Beer, Gerhard Lehrberger, and Kurosch Thuro

Part VI Complexity in Hazard and Risk Assessment

70 Geotechnical Basis for Building Instability and Failure:

Case Study from Lagos, Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Ibrahim Adewuyi Oyediran and Julius Omotayo Famakinwa

71 Applying the Disruption Index Procedure to Evaluate the Urban

Seismic Risk in the Mt. Etna Area (Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
G. Zonno, R. Azzaro, F. Meroni, S. D’Amico, T. Tuvè, M.A. Ferreira,
F. Mota de Sá, C.S. Oliveira, C. Brambilla, R. Rotondi, and E. Varini

72 Environmental Impact Assessment of Geological Processes in Russia. . . . 375

Kharkina Marina, Barykina Olga, and Shanina Viyaleta

73 Complexity in Seismic Risk Assessment at Different Levels with GIS

Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Nina Frolova, Jean Bonnin, Valery Larionov, and Aleksander Ugarov

74 Landslide Susceptibility of the La Catola Torrent Catchment

Area (Daunia Apennines, Southern Italy):
A New Complex Multi-step Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Gioacchino Francesco Andriani, Giuseppe Diprizio, and Vito Pellegrini

75 Microzonation of Gölbaşı Special Environmental Protection Area

with Respect to Geoenvironmental Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Şule Tüdeş, Derya Polatkan, and Kadriye Burcu Yavuz

76 The Role of Rockfall Protection Barriers in the Context

of Risk Mitigation: The Case of the Autonomous
Province of Bolzano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Govoni Laura and Claudia Strada
xvi Contents

77 Integrated Study of Landslides in the Southern Apennines

(Val d’Agri: Basilicata Region) Using a Multidisciplinary Approach . . . . 401
Summa Vito, Colaiacovo Rosy, Giannossi Maria Luigia,
and Margiotta Salvatore

78 Master Plan of Hazard Assessment in Ijen Volcano Complex . . . . . . . . . 405

Ade Triyunita, Shaskia Herida Putri, and Dicky Muslim

79 Sinkholes Susceptibility Assessment in Urban Environment

Using Heuristic, Statistical and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Models in Evaporite Karst System: A Case Study from Lesina
Marina (Southern Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Annachiara D’Angella, Filomena Canora, and Giuseppe Spilotro

80 Geomorphological Complexity in Landslide Susceptibility Modelling . . . . 415

Giuseppe Spilotro and Roberta Pellicani

81 Analysis of Interaction Between Waves and Cliff Along

the Adriatic Coast of Polignano (Apulia, Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Giuseppe Spilotro, Roberta Pellicani, Daniela Miccoli, and Filomena Canora

82 Hazard of Karstic Sinkhole Formation in an Area South of Pretoria,

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Anna Catharina Oosthuizen

Part VII Engineering Geology in Rural Infrastructure Planning

83 Review of Soil Degradation in the Region of Nazareno,

Minas Gerais: Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
L.F. Sampaio, M.P.P. Oliveira, V.G.S. Rodrigues, and O.J. Pejon

84 Subsidence of Buried Soils in Cyclic Loess Sequences

of the Northern Eurasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
V.T. Trofimov, S.D. Balykova, T.V. Andreeva, and A.V. Ershova

85 An Overview of Engineering Geology and Sustainable Rural

Infrastructure Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Jasper Cook, Gareth Hearn, Phil Paige-Green, and Dominic Hagues

86 Changes in the Natural Drainage Channel System Due to

Anthropogenic Land Uses: Itaqueri Region, State
of São Paulo, Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Cláudia Marisse dos Santos Rotta and Lázaro Valentin Zuquette

Part VIII Engineering Problems in Karst

87 Determination of Priorities and Importance of Some Geotechnical

Factors in Grouting of Karst in Large Dam Sites with Decision
Tree Model (CART). The Case Study of Salman Farsi Dam, Fars
Province, Southern Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Mehrdad Rahnemaei, Kouros Yazdjerdi, and Farzan Faraz
Contents xvii

88 Earthen Dike Leakage at the Dead Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Damien Closson and Najib Abou Karaki

89 Mapping of Salt Consolidation and Permeability Using MASW

Method in the Dead Sea Sinkhole Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Michael Ezersky and Anatoly Legchenko

90 Subsurface Dams as a Solution for Supplementary Recharge

and Groundwater Storage in Karst Aquifers in Arid Areas . . . . . . . . . . 471
Zoran Stevanovic

91 Analysis of Condition of Underground Cavities, Odessa (Ukraine) . . . . . 475

Olena Dragomyretska, Oleksandr Dragomyretskyy, and Mikhail Skipa

92 Facing Engineering Problems in the Fragile Karst Environment . . . . . . . 479

Mario Parise, Damien Closson, Francisco Gutiérrez, and Zoran Stevanovic

93 Geological and Geophysical Techniques for the Identification

of Subterranean Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Pietro Pepe, Vincenzo Martimucci, and Mario Parise

94 Engineering Geological Characterization

of the Antalya Karstic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Sopaci Evrim and Akgün Haluk

95 Tectonics versus Karst Relationships in the Salento Peninsula

(Apulia, Southern Italy): Implications for a Comprehensive
Land-Use Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Vincenzo Festa, Antonio Fiore, Maria Nilla Miccoli,
Mario Parise, and Luigi Spalluto

96 Problems with Caves During Tunneling in Dinaric Karst (Croatia) . . . . . 497

Mladen Garašić and Davor Garašić

97 Sinkholes and Land Use Regulation in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

G.J. Heath and S. Constantinou

98 Geophysical Investigation to Delineate Hazardous Cavities

in Al-Hassa Karstic Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Tareq Abdallatif, Abdel-Samad A.B. Khafagy, and Ashraf Khozym

99 Environmental Aspects of Proposed Engineering Solution

for Inter-basin Transfer in East Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Marina Cokorilo, Zoran Stevanovic, and Vesna Ristic Vakanjac

100 General Engineering-Geological Principles of Karst Risk Assessment . . . 521

Victor Khomenko, Alexander Potapov, and Vladimir Tolmachev

101 Assessing Karst Hazards for a Nuclear Power Plant Site,

Southern Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
J.M. Sowers, J.S. Hoeft, D.F. Fenster, W.H. Godwin, and R. Cutsinger
xviii Contents

102 Current Status and Strategic Planning of Sinkhole

Collapses in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Mingtang Lei, Yongli Gao, and Xiaozhen Jiang

103 Validation of Rated Sinkhole Span for Building

in Covered Karst Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Stanislav Makhnatov and Mikhail Utkin

104 Potential Karst Collapse Assessment Along a Bridge Foundation

of High-Speed Rail, Anshan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Xiaozhen Jiang, Mingtang Lei, and Yongli Gao

105 Uncertainties in the Application of Rock Mass Classification

and Geomechanical Models for Engineering Design
in Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Gioacchino Francesco Andriani, Mario Parise, and Giuseppe Diprizio

106 Karst Remediation in the Variant to the National Road 9

Between Cascais and Abuxarda, Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Bernardo P.B. Monteiro, João Azevedo, Isabel Caspurro, and Paulo Durão

107 Sinkhole Field Above Karst Caves: Detection and Analysis Through
Integrated Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Stefano Margiotta, Sergio Negri, Mario Parise, and Tatiana A.M. Quarta

108 Evaluating the Potentialities of Hydro-stratigraphic,

Geomorphological and Geophysical Analyses
to Detect Underground Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Stefano Margiotta, Sergio Negri, Mario Parise, and Tatiana A.M. Quarta

109 With the Rich Experience Gained in the Construction of Motorways

We are Planning the Course of the 5th European Railway
Corridor Crossing the Classical Karst (Slovenia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Martin Knez, Mitja Prelovšek, and Tadej Slabe

110 Experience of Quantitative Assessment of Karst Risk in Russia. . . . . . . . 567

Vladimir Yolkin

111 Study on Groundwater System Effect of Tunnel Drainage

Control in Karst Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Xiaoguang Jin, Yayong Li, Hongwei Liu, and Yuan Jin

112 Safeguarding of Assets Roads and Protection of Land in the Valley

of Acquaresi. Deepening and Widening of the Studies the Area
Subject to Risk Sinkhole. Proposal for Monitoring. (Italy: Sardinia) . . . . 577
Mureddu Alessio and Corda Angelo Salvatore

113 Challenges of Renewable Energy Source Utilisation at Section

of Future Highway E-763 Belgrade-Southern Adriatic Across
Karst Plateau of Pešter Plateau (Western Serbia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Milenic Dejan, Stevanovic Zoran, Dragisic Veselin,
Vranjes Ana, and Savic Nevena
Contents xix

114 Some Considerations on 3-D and 2-D Numerical Models

for the Assessment of the Stability of Underground Caves . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Lollino Piernicola, Parise Mario, and Vattano Marco

115 Speleological and Hydrogeological Factors of Urbanization

and Development of Road Network on Mountain
Zlatibor (Western Serbia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Milenic Dejan, Djuro Milankovic, Nenad Doroslovac,
Bojan Doncev, and Marina Jovanovic

116 Engineering Problems in Karst: Three Case History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Vigna Bartolomeo and Marchionatti Federico

117 Karst Risk Assessment for Underground Engineering:

Comparison of the KarstALEA Method with a Random
Karst Distribution Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Marco Filipponi

118 The Role of Tectonic Structures and Density-Driven

Groundwater Flow for Salt Karst Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Peter Huggenberger, Ali Zidane, Eric Zechner, and Daniel Gechter

Part IX Excavation in Potentially Asbestos-Bearing Rocks:

Methodologies for Risk Evaluation and Safety Management

119 Asbestiform Amphiboles in a Serpentinite Quarry in Operation,

Province of Córdoba, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
L. Lescano, A. Bonalumi, P. Maiza, J. Sfragulla, and S. Marfil

120 Geological and Analytical Procedures for the Evaluation

of Asbestos-Related Risk in Underground and Surface
Rock Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Francesco Turci, Roberto Compagnoni, Fabrizio Piana, Luca Delle Piane,
Maura Tomatis, Bice Fubini, Sergio Tallone,
Stefano Fuoco, and Massimo Bergamini

121 The Asbestos Risk in Meta-Ophiolitic Rocks: A Protocol

for Preliminary Field and Laboratory Investigations During
Geological Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Marescotti Pietro, Crispini Laura, Poggi Eugenio,
Capponi Giovanni, and Solimano Monica

122 Geological Characterizion of Potentially Asbestos-Bearing Rocks

for the Project “Hydraulic and Structural Works for Embankment
of the Varenna Stream, Genoa Pegli” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Sara Bini and Giorgio Grassano
xx Contents

Part X Experiences and Potentialities of Data-Driven Modeling in Earth

Science Issues

123 Variational Data Assimilation with TELEMAC. Proof of Concept

for Model State Correction on the Berre Lagoon 3D-Model . . . . . . . . . . 633
S. Ricci, A. Piacentini, A. Weaver, R. Ata, and Nicole Goutal

124 Developing an Adequate Approach to Model the Geotechnical

Parameters for Reducing the Ventures of Underground
City Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Mei Dong, Christoph Neukum, Hui Hu, and Rafig Azzam

125 Calculation of Water Retention Curves of Rock Samples

by Differential Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Maria C. Caputo, Sabino Maggi, and Antonietta C. Turturro

126 Data Mining and Data-Driven Modelling in Engineering

Geology Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Angelo Doglioni, Annalisa Galeandro, and Vincenzo Simeone

127 Predicting Landslide Displacements by Multi-objective

Evolutionary Polynomial Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Angelo Doglioni, Giovanni B. Crosta, Paolo Frattini,
Nicola L. Melidoro, and Vincenzo Simeone

128 Data-Driven Analysis of Discharge Variations at Mercure

Spring South Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Salvatore Grimaldi, Giuseppina Cristino, Angelo Doglioni,
Gianpietro Summa, and Vincenzo Simeone

Part XI Geohazard in Urban Scenarios: Forcasting

and Protective Monitoring

129 Landslide Processes of Active Phase of under Conditions

of Technogenesis with the Example of Pridneprovsk Industrial
Region of Ukraine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
T.P. Mokritskaya and V.M. Shestopalov

130 Discussion on Geological Hazards Caused by Exploitation

of Deep Groundwater in North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Xiuyan Wang and Lin Sun

131 Assessment of Geo-hazards Triggered by both Natural Events

and Human Activities in Rapidly Urbanized Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
A. Kaitantzian, C. Loupasakis, and D. Rozos

132 Pre-identification of Staging Areas for Probable Earthquake

of Tehran (Municipality No.5) Using OWA Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Bahram Mohaghegh, Fatemeh Mahshadnia, and Shabnam Aghnianejad
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Contents xxi

133 Application of Laser Scanning for Monitoring Coastal Cliff

Instability in the Pozzuoli Bay, Coroglio Site, Posillipo Hill, Naples . . . . . 687
R. Somma, F. Matano, E. Marino, T. Caputo, G. Esposito, M. Caccavale,
S. Carlino, S. Iuliano, S. Mazzola, F. Molisso, M. Sacchi,
C. Troise, and G. De Natale

134 The Use of UAV to Monitor and Manage the Territory:

Perspectives from the SMAT Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
S. Farfaglia, G. Lollino, M. Iaquinta, I. Sale, P. Catella,
M. Martino, and S. Chiesa

135 GNSS Hardware and Software Solutions for Environmental Hazards . . . 697
Nicola Perfetti, Luigi Fiorentini, Giuliano Molinelli, Luca Pasquini,
Giuseppe Perrucci, Alberto Pettinari, Patrizio Buscemi,
and Doriano Zanette

136 The Use of Micro-UAV to Monitor Active Landslide Scenarios . . . . . . . . 701

L. Torrero, L. Seoli, A. Molino, D. Giordan, A. Manconi,
P. Allasia, and M. Baldo

137 A Geotechnical Monitoring Project for Early Warning:

The Monte Stregone Landslide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Mauro Battaglio, Mario Lovisolo, and Thierry Rosset

138 Rockfall Analysis During Emergency Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Luca Lanteri, Daniele Bormioli, Michele Morelli, Furio Dutto,
Daniele Giordan, and Andrea Manconi

139 The Kostanjek Landslide in the City of Zagreb: Forecasting

and Protective Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Martin Krkač, Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, Željko Arbanas,
Sanja Bernat, and Kristijan Špehar

140 Risk Analysis of a Major Pit Slope Failure at the Batu Hijau Open
Pit Mine Operation PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Y. Adriansyah, D. Muslim, and Z. Zakaria

Part XII Geo-Hydrological Risk and Town and Country Planning

141 Landslide Risk Reduction—Complementary Routes to Learning . . . . . . . 727

Jerome V. De Graff, Malcolm G. Anderson, and Elizabeth Holcombe

142 Recovery Measures of the Erosion Features: Some Examples

in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Cláudia Marisse dos Santos Rotta and Lázaro Valentin Zuquette

143 The Use of Risk Information in Spatial Planning in Europe:

Examples from Case Study Sites in Italy and Romania
with a Focus on Flood and Landslide Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Kathrin Prenger-Berninghoff and Stefan Greiving
xxii Contents

144 Scenarios of Land Cover Change and Landslide Susceptibility:

An Example from the Buzau Subcarpathians, Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Žiga Malek, Veronica Zumpano, Dagmar Schröter, Thomas Glade,
Dan Balteanu, and Mihai Micu

145 Material Intrusion as a Key Factor for the Physical Vulnerability

of the Built Environment to Debris Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Bruno Mazzorana, Silvia Simoni, Jan Kobald,
Omar Formaggioni, and Cristiano Lanni

146 Analysis of Hydrological and Landslide Hazards at Castellammare

Del Golfo (Northern Sicily) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Maria Sabatino, Antonio Bambina, and Salvatore Monteleone

147 Geo-hydrological Risk Mitigation Measures and Land-Management

in a Highly Vulnerable Small Coastal Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Pierluigi Brandolini and Andrea Cevasco

148 Geotechnical Study of Urban Soil and Subsoil of Fez City

(N. Morocco) and Natural Risk Mapping Using Geographic
Information System (GIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Sidi Mohamed El Boumeshouli, Abderrahim Lahrach,
Abdel-Ali Chaouni, and Benoît Deffontaines

149 Implementation of Landslide Susceptibility in the Perugia

Municipal Development Plan (PRG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
F. Fiorucci, G. Antonini, and M. Rossi

150 Integrating Natural Hazards in Spanish and Italian

Land Use Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Jesús Garrido, Alejandro L. Grindlay, Salvatore Martino,
Alberto Prestininzi, and Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza

151 Landslide Occurrences During the High-Intensity Rainfall Event

of March–April 2013 in the Emilia-Romagna Region
(North Apennines, Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Marco Pizziolo, Matteo Bernardi, Giovanna Daniele,
Mauro Generali, and Daniela Piacentini

152 Challenges in Assessing and Managing Geo-hydrological Risk

Related to Natural and Anthropogenic Pressures
in Alpine Ski Resorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Carmen de Jong, Franco Previtali, and Gloria Carletti

153 A Flood Can Point Out Improper Land-Use Planning:

The Case of Alessandria Town (Piedmont, Northern Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Fabio Luino

154 Comparison Between Flooded Areas and Flood-Risk Areas.

Case of Var Department (France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Esposito Christophe, Jean-Louis Ballais, and Chave Sylvain
Contents xxiii

155 Flash Flood Events and Urban Development in Genoa (Italy):

Lost in Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
F. Faccini, F. Luino, A. Sacchini, and L. Turconi

Part XIII Landslide and Flood Hazard in Urban Areas: Assessment,

Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies

156 Observations and Seismic Response Analysis of Urban Landslide

Induced by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake . . . . . . 805
Toshitaka Kamai and Issei Doi

157 Search and Assessment of Decompression Zones in Landslide

Slopes of the North-West Coast of the Black Sea (Ukraine). . . . . . . . . . . 811
Oleksandr Dragomyretskyy, Olena Dragomyretska, and Mikhail Skipa

158 Geo-hydrological Risk Management on the Amalfi Coast:

The Village of Atrani Emergency Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Antonio Caruso, Giuseppe Esposito, Santina Scarpino, and Pasquale Versace

159 Climate Change, Landslide Risk Assessment and Adaptation

Policies: The Urban Area of Ancona Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Daniele Spizzichino, Alessio Capriolo, and Fiorina Di Gioia

160 Engineering Geological Analyses for Hazard Assessment

of the Urbanized, Relict Lemeglio Coastal Landslide
(Eastern Liguria, Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Andrea Cevasco and Pantaleone De Vita

161 Landslides in Urban Areas of Luxembourg, Caused

by Weak Rheatian Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Stefan Van Baars, Miguel Bautista, and Rolf Becker

162 The Urban Flooding Early Warning System of the Greater Turin
(North-Western Italy) Based on Weather-Radar Observations . . . . . . . . 837
Roberto Cremonini, Davide Tiranti, and Secondo Barbero

163 Population Exposed to Landslide and Flood Risk in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

Alessandro Trigila, Carla Iadanza, Michele Munafò, and Ines Marinosci

164 A Cost Effective Methodology for the Rapid Evaluation

of the Flood Susceptibility Along Anthropized Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Stefano Morelli, Alessandro Battistini, Samuele Segoni, Goffredo Manzo,
Leonardo Ermini, and Filippo Catani

165 The Role of Geophysics in Urban Landslides Studies: Two Case

Histories in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Valeria Eulilli, Fernando Ferri, and Luca Maria Puzzilli

166 The Role of Fieldwork in Courses Developed to Avoid Accidents

and Disasters in São Paulo City, Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Erica Akemi Goto and Jefferson Lima de Picanço
xxiv Contents

167 The 1773 Cava de’ Tirreni Flash Flood (Southern Italy),
an Opportunity to Further Enhance the Use of Documentary
Sources as Hazard and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Eliana Esposito, Sabina Porfido, Crescenzo Violante, Giuseppe Tranfaglia,
Flavia Molisso, Salvo Mazzola, Marco Sacchi,
Gaetana Santoro, and Efisio Spiga

168 Reactivation of Old Inclinometers to Monitor a Slow Landslide

in Roma Urban Area: Reliability of Old and New Measurements . . . . . . 865
Amanti Marco, Paolo Maria Guarino, and Luca Maria Puzzilli

169 Landslide Risk Assessment in the Reconstructed Bridge

Area (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Batrak Gleb and Galitskaya Irina

170 Landside Problem and Its Investigations in Miskolc (Hungary) . . . . . . . . 873

Mariann Vámos, Péter Görög, and Balázs Vásárhelyi

Part XIV Mapping Urban Subsurface for Geohazard Assessment

and Risk Management

171 A 3D Geological Model for Christchurch City (New Zealand):

A Contribution to the Post-earthquake Re-build. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
John G. Begg, Katie E. Jones, Mark S. Rattenbury, David J.A. Barrell,
Razel Ramilo, and Dick Beetham

172 Collapse Susceptibility Mapping Using SRTM Data Obtained

from Topodata Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
José Augusto Lollo, Jaime M. Cabrera Vivanco, and Juliano Suman Curti

173 Geological Modeling in the Urban Subsurface Using

the Microtremor Array Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Takao Sasaki, Hisaya Sawano, Hiroshi Shimizu, Abdol Halim,
Tatsuro Matsuoka, Yukihiro Mizuochi, Hisao Hayashi, and Atsushi Tanase

174 A Model of Como (N Italy) Urban Subsurface: A Multidisciplinary

Tool for Hydraulic, Hydrogeologic and Subsidence Risk Management. . . 899
M.F. Ferrario, L. Bonadeo, F. Brunamonte, F. Livio, and A.M. Michetti

175 Zoning of Bereznyaki Urban Area (Perm Krai, Russia)

According to the Geohazard Degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Osipov Victor, Mamaev Yuri, Yastrebov Alexei, and Eremina Olga

176 Identification of Ground Engineering Hazards in London Through

the Use of Predictive 4D Geomodelling Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Richard C. Ghail, Skipper Jacqueline, and Philippa J. Mason

177 Assessment of Karst-Suffosion Hazard Along

the Routes of Designed Metro Lines in Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Aleksandr Anikeev, Nadezda Anisimova,
Irina Kozhevnikova, and Irina Kozlyakova
Contents xxv

178 The Map of Radon Hazard of Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

Petr Miklyaev, Tatiana Petrova, and A.V. Klimshin

179 Engineering Geological Zoning of Moscow by the Conditions

for Subsurface Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Irina Kozlyakova, Oleg Mironov, and Olga Eremina

180 3-Dimensional Geological Mapping. Applications to Urban

Geological Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Oleg Mironov

181 The Numerical Map of Known Mine Shafts in Wallonia:

A Useful Tool for Land Planning and Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Ali Kheffi, Daniel Pacyna, and Philippe Delforge

182 Structural-Geodynamic Mapping with Using the Geostatistical

Analysis of the Platform Areas on the Example of Moscow. . . . . . . . . . . 937
Makeev Vladimir, Karfidova Ekaterina, and Dorozhko Anastasia

Part XV Off-Fault Coseismic Surface Effects and Their Impact

in Urban Areas

183 Geochemical and Geomorphological Analyses on Liquefaction

Occurred During the 2012 Emilia Seismic Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Alessandra Sciarra, Barbara Cantucci, Nasser Abu Zeid,
Carmela Vaccaro, and Fedora Quattrocchi

184 Geological and Geophysical Approaches for the Definition

of the Areas Prone to Liquefaction and for the Identification
and Characterization of Paloeliquefaction Phenomena,
the Case of the 2012 Emilia Epicentral Area, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
P.M. De Martini, L. Alfonsi, C.A. Brunori, P. Campagnoli, F.R. Cinti,
R. Civico, L. Cucci, R. Gambillara, F. Livio, A.M. Michetti,
F. Molisso, D. Pantosti, S. Pinzi, S. Pucci, and A. Venuti

185 Simulation of Off-Fault Surface Effects from Historical Earthquakes:

The Case of the City of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Anastasia Kiratzi, Zafeiria Roumelioti, Alexandros Chatzipetros,
and George Papathanassiou

Part XVI Remote Sensing Applications for the Detection, Monitoring,

Modeling, and Damage Assessment of Critical
Structures and Complex

186 Integrations of Multiple Observations to Estimate Hydraulic

Parameters in Choushui River Fluvial Plain of Central Taiwan . . . . . . . 967
Chih-Heng Lu, Chuen-Fa Ni, Chung-Pai Chang,
Jiun-Yee Yen, and Wei-Chia Hung
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 The next door leads to San Carlos, the National Art Gallery. Here are the famous paintings
of “Padre Los Casas,” “The Deluge,” and Murillo’s “San Juan de Dios” and “The Lost Sheep.”
In the fourth and fifth salons are the works of native Mexicans, and their love to old Spain is
shown by their paintings; whole sides of the salons are given to the cruel tale of the Conquest
and the Inquisition: Spanish Cavaliers, holding up the cross in one hand and the drawn sword
in the other, and cutting down the ignorant natives who would not confess the Virgin; the death
of Montezuma, surrounded by heaps of gold so gluttonously hoarded by the Spaniards; the fate
of his brother, Guatemotzin, the last of the Aztec chieftains, whose feet are held in the fire by
his Christian torturers, to disclose his hidden treasures, and the haughty chieftain still kept his
heroic mien without a murmur.
One of his generals who was similarly tortured appealed to him. Turning a look of scorn
upon him Guatemotzin replied: “And say, am I on a bed of roses?” There is a weird fascination
about the paintings that makes you feel that the paintings have just stepped from the pages of
Prescott’s Conquest of Mexico. It is the Chamber of Horrors where the Spanish Inquisition is
depicted by men who knew. Overhead are scores of medallions of famous men of Mexican
birth, and beneath each a famous picture. Leaving this salon we come to a well lighted hall
with several hundred easels and folding stools. This is the instruction room, and is filled with
students and models and casts and charts, where lessons are given to all who apply without
regard to creed or race or color. The Color Line has no place in Mexico. Beneath the salon are
halls filled with statuary, where clay modeling and sculpture is taught, and as you leave with
weary limb you are convinced that it is in truth a National Academy.
Then there is the Mineria, the School of Engineering and Mines, on San Andres and
Betlemita streets. It cost a million and a half of dollars, and was the work of the sculptor and
architect, Tolsa. It contains rich collections of geological and minerological specimens, and a
meteorological observatory, also a fossil of the Pleiocene horse of three toes. The mint on
Apartado Street struck its first coin in 1535, and since then the coins of republics, empires and
dictatorships have run from it in a constant stream of gold and silver to the enormous sum of
$2,200,000,000.
Then there is the National Library and the Preparatory School on San Ildefonso Street, with
a thousand students and fine equipment and botanical garden. Public instruction is free and
gratuitous in every respect, without regard to race or religion.
Just beyond the Cathedral is a National Pawnshop, Monte de Piedad, “Mountain of Mercy.”
It was founded more than a hundred years ago by Count Regla, the owner of the famous silver-
mine of Real de Monte, who gave three hundred thousand dollars for the purpose, so that the
poor and needy could get money on their belongings at reasonable interest. Any article
deposited is valued by two disinterested parties, and three-fourths of its value is promptly
advanced. If the party ceases to pay interest on the loan, the article is kept six months longer,
and then exposed for sale. If not sold in the next six months, it is sold at public auction, and all
that is realized from the sale above the original pawn, is placed to the borrower’s credit. If this
money is not called for in a specified time, it reverts to the bank of the institution. This is a
government institution, and has entirely broken up the small pawn-shops that charge
unreasonable interest. The rate of interest is never raised, and it lends a million dollars a year,
and has fifty thousand customers. One dollar is the smallest sum loaned, and ten thousand the
largest, and the loans are about three hundred daily. About one-third of the articles pawned are
never redeemed, and tourists can find some wonderful bargains here. The Diamond snuff-box
presented Santa Anna when he was Dictator is here. $25,000 will buy the little trifle.
 In all the wars and revolutions this old city has seen, all parties have respected this grand
institution, with one exception: When Gonzales was president in 1884, he ran so short of
money, that to keep the National credit, he levied upon its treasury. An English syndicate with a
capital of $25,000,000 has recently bought the institution for one million, and will still carry on
the banking business.
Chapultepec, “The hill of the Grass-hopper,” is the president’s White House and the West
Point of Mexico. It is three miles from the city, and is situated upon a perpendicular rock, two
hundred feet high, and was a veritable Gibraltar in war times when cannon were unknown.
This castle was the pride and ambition of Carlotta, the wife of Maximilian, and she spent half a
million dollars on the interior furnishings. The interior is remodeled on the Pompeiian style.
The castle is reached by a winding road around the hill, and also by a secret cavern through the
hill. On the rock in front are the engraved pictures of Montezuma I. and his successor. In the
rear is the immense park of ahuehuete or cypress trees, next in size to the redwoods of
California. One of these venerable monarchs is fifty feet in circumference and one hundred and
seventy feet high, under which was Montezuma’s favorite seat. This park measures two miles
in length, and reaches to Molino del Rey, “The King’s Mill,” which figured in the war with the
United States. It is now the National Arsenal.
The Military Academy is at Chapultepec, and the whole hill is a military camp. From the
citadel a view can be had of the whole valley of Mexico, forty miles long and thirty wide. To
the left of the road leading up to the castle is a cave, closed with an iron gate. This is said to
have been the treasure house of both Montezuma and Cortez. A stairway leads up through the
hill to the castle. A large collection of animals are in the park and a beautiful flower garden.
From here leads an aqueduct that supplies the city with water, just as it did before the
Conquest. Here was made the last stand against the American army under General Pillow, and
U. S. Grant was one of the first to mount the hill, and the flower of the cadet army was slain
here, and they were only boys. The occasion has been remembered by the government, and at
the foot of the hill stands a large monument with the names of all the boys who fell. On one
side is this inscription:
“DEDICATED TO THE STUDENTS
WHO FELL
IN DEFENDING THEIR COUNTRY AGAINST
THE AMERICAN INVASION.”
 CHAPTER X.

THE PASEO AND BULL-FIGHT.

T HE City of Mexico with its 350,000 inhabitants is a disappointment to the foreigner. The
business portion looks just like an American city. All the Mexican cities are paved with
cobble stones, with the street lowest in the center, which is the gutter. Here the streets are
broad, cross at right angles, high in the middle with gutters next the sidewalk, and are paved
with asphalt. The houses are four story, and the shops have glass show windows, very unusual
in Mexico. The reason is, this is not a Mexican city. It was built by foreigners and is now run
by foreigners.
On July 14, when the French celebrated the Fall of the Bastile, four-fifths of the business
houses were draped in the tri-color of France. With twenty-five foreign consuls, six vice
consuls, and fourteen foreign ministers, each with its attaches and dependencies, it is no
wonder the city’s local ear-mark is lost in this assembly of foreigners; and, were it not for the
languages of Spanish and French which fall so musically on the ear, the scene would not be
very different from a street in Chicago, if we eliminate the vehicles. It is due the foreign
element that the city has the finest boulevard in America.
LA PASEO DE LA REFORMA.
The Latin American races are very fond of carriage-driving, and one of the first signs of
wealth is the laying out of the promenade where the “four hundred” may drive at the
fashionable hour. Before the present Paseo was built, the fashionable drives were Paseo de La
Viga and Paseo de Bucareli. Every afternoon, then as now, were to be seen two long rows of
carriages with crowds of gentlemen on horse-back and multitudes of foot passengers.
The Paseo de Bucareli, or Paseo Nuevo, is in the southwestern part of the city. It was
opened Nov. 4, 1778, by Don Antonio Maria de Bucareli, the viceroy. It has the same starting
point as La Reforma, the circular plazuela in which stands the statue of Charles IV. and extends
half a mile almost due south to the Garita de Belem. In the glorieta near the city gate, is what
was once a handsome fountain, surmounted by a statue of Victory, erected in 1829 in honor of
Guerrero, and which was originally gilded. For promenading, the Paseo is now practically
deserted, but is becoming a fashionable residence section.
The glories of Paseo de La Viga have indeed departed. The once famous and fashionable
drive is almost deserted, save during Lent when an old custom prescribes that fashion shall air
itself there. It traverses the bank of La Viga canal for many miles, past the chinampas or
floating gardens, through a double avenue of shade trees, where continual processions of
Indians are seen from the Lake country, paddling to market with canoes laden to the guards
with vegetables, fruits and flowers.
But Fashion is a tyrannical mistress, and she decrees that Paseo de La Reforma be the only
place to see and be seen. It leads from the statue of Charles IV. to the gate of Chapultepec, two
miles and a half. It is laid with smooth asphalt, and has a uniform width of two hundred feet.
It has double avenues of shade trees on each side, with broad foot ways on the side, lined
with seats for the weary. At certain intervals, the street widens into glorietas, or circles, four
hundred feet in diameter. The street passes on each side of these glorietas and leaves them as
green islands with beautiful flowers and statuary. There are six of these glorietas and more are
to be added.
All along the curbing of the Paseo, are statues of men famous in Mexican history, and are
contributed by different states. At the entrance to the Paseo is the equestrian statue of Charles
IV. of colossal size.
Thirty tons of metal were used in the casting, and it is the largest single casting in the
world. Humboldt says it has but one superior, that of Marcus Aurelius.
A royal order issued Nov. 30, 1795, granted to the Viceroy Marquis de Branceforte to erect
this statue in the Plaza Mayor. The commission was given to the sculptor Don Manuel Tosta,
and the casting in bronze to Don Salvador de la Vega. The mold and furnaces were made ready
in the garden of San Gregorio, and after two days spent in fusing the mass, the cast was made
at 6 a.m. Aug. 4, 1802. The casting, remarkable alike for being in a single piece, and for being
the first important piece of bronze executed in America, came out of the mold complete and
without defect. In 1803, it was erected in front of the cathedral where now is the bandstand of
the Zocalo. Here it remained till 1822 when the Mexicans had achieved their independence,
and the feeling against Spain was so bitter it was encased in a wooden globe and painted blue,
but was finally placed for safety from the mob in the patio of the university, a comparatively
out-of-the-way place. Here it remained in obscurity till 1852 when it was set up in the
commanding position it now occupies. The height of horse and rider is fifteen feet nine inches.
The king is dressed in classic style, wearing a laurel wreath and raising aloft a scepter.
On both sides of the Paseo at its entrance, are colossal figures on high granite pedestals said
to represent Aztec warriors. The work must have been done by Spaniards, in ridicule, for a
more hideous pair of warriors never went to battle.
The first glorieta contains Cordier’s Columbus, one of the most admirable and artistic
modern statues to be found in the world. This was the work of the French sculptor, Cordier, and
was erected at the cost of Don Antonio Escandon. The base is a platform of basalt, surrounded
by an iron railing, above which are five lanterns. From the base arises a square mass of red
marble with four basso-relievos; the arms of Columbus with garlands of laurel; the rebuilding
the monastery of La Rabida; the discovery of San Salvador; a fragment of a letter from
Columbus to his patron Raphadi Sauris; beneath which is the dedication by Señor Escandon.
Above the basso-relievos and surrounding the pedestal, are four life-size figures in bronze,
of monks and missionaries, and crowning the whole upon the top of a pedestal of red marble is
the figure of Columbus, drawing aside the veil which hides the new world.
In the next glorieta is Cuauhtemoc, a worthy companion of Columbus, and is the work of
Don Francisco Jiminez. The statue of the great warrior king is magnificent, as he appears
hurling defiance at his country’s enemies. The base contains some fine basso-relievos, one
representing the torture of Cuauhtemoc (also spelled Guatemotzin) by the cruel Spaniards. The
fretting around the structure is all after the old Aztec pattern, and the trophies of Indian arms
and insignia are all intensely appropriate to the warrior who preferred death of his whole
people to the surrender of his city to the Spaniards. Facing the Paseo is the following
inscription: “A la memoria de Cuauhtemoc y de los Guerreras que Combatieron Heroicamente
en Defensa de su Patria M. D. XXI.”
Mexico is indebted to Maximilian and his wife Carlotta for this Paseo. She had set her heart
upon a “Paseo Imperaliz,” and Maximilian entered heartily into the scheme, but he did not live
to complete it. His idea was to establish a court that should rival any in Europe, and he had
already introduced titles of nobility.
He planned to create a handsome park of Chapultepec, with lakes and streams and drives,
with deer and swans and all the other nice things. What was done he paid for out of his own
civil lists, and he intended to pay for it all and present it to the city. The Mexican people could
not brook a European Emperor, but they all loved “Poor Carlotta,” and as she planned the
Paseo, every year they add some new improvement until it has now become the glory of the
republic. Every addition is an evidence of good taste, and Carlotta’s park idea is already
planned. From the last glorieta two roads branching to Tacubaya and Tlaxpana are being
prepared, and the park grounds will then extend from Molino del Rey to the Exposition
building, three miles.
One never tires of sitting on this boulevard and viewing the motley throng as it passes in
review, driving, riding or promenading. Ladies in Parisian bonnets and Spanish mantillas; the
dashing equestrian rigged in the paraphernalia of Mexican horsemanship, or breeched and
booted after the manner of Rotten Row itself. Stately vehicles drawn by snow-white mules;
four-in-hands tooled along in the most approved European style; youthful aristocrats astride
Lilliputian ponies, followed by liveried servants; here and there mounted police with drawn
sabres, giving an air of old world formality to the whole proceeding. In and out among them
flash the bicycles ridden by men, women and children from all civilized countries; the
kaleidoscope of the pedestrians, dressed in their peculiar garb with red and gray and black
rebosas, raven black hair exposed to view, and the Indians from the mountains in their severe
simplicity. The procession passes up the right, with here and there a light American buggy, or a
heavy-wheeled English mail phaeton with a real live dude at the front holding the reins, and a
liveried flunkey facing behind and holding a flaring bouquet, and, after reaching Chapultepec,
it comes back on the other side, leaving the center to the horsemen, and to the latter’s disgust,
the bicycles.
And we must not forget the centaurs, the Mexican horsemen; rigged out in all the silver
ornaments of bridle and saddle worth more than the spirited horse, and ten thousand people to
admire them, they never appear to better advantage than when exhibiting on the Paseo. Spanish
and Mexican ladies rarely ride, and when they do, they are so very exclusive they ride in closed
carriages. At the glorietas are stationed military bands with from forty to eighty pieces in each,
and the procession always exhibits to “slow music.”
Poor Maximilian, at heart a great man, but the dupe of Europe, planned this city as a king
and died as a king. Could he return now, what might be his feelings to see his plans carried
out? And poor Carlotta! the idol of Mexico, a victim of circumstances, has never forgotten that
fatal day when Maximilian was shot at Queretaro and the flash of the rifles left her a queen
without a throne and a wife without a husband. To this day she drags out a miserable existence
at the Austrian capital, a maniac that has spent thirty years murmuring and jibbering his name.
There is in America a miserable lack of respect to kings, be they never so good and kind and
great, and Mexico was only true to the free air of the mountains when she refused Maximilian.
Mountain-born men will always be free.

BULL-FIGHTING.
The Aztec in his palmy day offered human sacrifice. He daily made war upon his neighbors
to secure the victims, and washing his hands in gore has been his profession for six hundred
years; this is why bull-fighting with its fascination and danger and death is to him so dear.
Every Sunday afternoon and every feast-day is given up to this bloody pastime and
everybody goes. The foreigner goes once, sometimes twice, but rarely three times, but he never
forgets what he sees. Four dead bulls, three dead horses, from one to three maimed or dead
men is the possible result of a Sunday’s sport. Each city has its plaza de torus or bull-ring, just
as we have theaters, and the bull-fighters go from town to town as our opera companies. The
stars of the company are the swordsmen. The bull-ring is a circular amphitheater, after the
manner of the Roman Coliseum, and will seat from four to twenty thousand. The government
takes a strong hand in lotteries and bull-fights, and in the latter, receives twenty-one per cent.
of the gate receipts. In the federal district, the secretary of the republic presides at the fight.
Four different haciendas are licensed by the government to breed bulls for fighting
purposes, Durango and Cazadero being the most noted. Poncama Diaz, a nephew of the
president, is called the star matador of the world, and owns the Bucarelli bull-ring in the city,
which is capable of seating 20,000 people. The arena is a circle 200 feet in diameter, and open
to the sky. Around this is an eight foot wall to protect the people, and at intervals along this
wall are “escapes” for the fighters when the bulls decide there is not enough room in the ring.
Receding from the ring are the tiers of seats arranged in the manner of a circus. Those on the
shady side usually selling for a dollar, while the “bleachers” sell for 25 or 37 cents. Over these
seats are the private boxes, and above all the gallery for the olla podrida.
An ordinary troupe consists of two matadores or swordsmen, four banderilleros or dart
stickers, two or four picadores or lancers, and the lazadores who lasso and drag the dead
animals from the ring. The program usually consists of the killing of four bulls in an hour, with
sometimes an extra. The president of the function, (every thing here is a function) may reject
any part of the performance or fine any member who commits a breach of ring etiquette. The
performance is set for four o’clock and is always the same. The crowd waits, grows impatient,
the band plays. The crowd grows more impatient, the band plays again—plays all the time.
Finally the judge appears, (every function must have a mediator between the people and the
event) and is seated in his decorated box, and the band plays again.
The judge makes a sign to the bugler who blows the opening of the gates, through which
comes a snow-white horse bearing a rider dressed in green and gold, with knee pants and silver
buckles, flowing cape, cocked hat and waving plume. This is the president of the company, and
he begs the permission and approval of the fight. The judge assents and throws him the keys of
the bull-ring, (what else is he there for?) and the rider retires. Again the bugler blows and the
company enter in full force, and the costume of each is worth a thousand dollars in gold. No
two are dressed alike as to color. Silk jackets that reach the waist, knee pants and silk stockings
and a cockade hat, all present the prismatic colors of the rainbow. Around each is a Spanish
cloak, held around the waist with the left hand. As they make their bow to the audience, the
cloak is let loose with the left hand and swings around gracefully pendant from the left
shoulder.
Again the bugle blows, and through the open gate a fierce bull from the mountain is
ushered in. As he passes the gate a man overhead thrusts a steel dart into his shoulder, and on
the dart is a rosette and a silk ribbon bearing the name of the hacienda whence he came.
Maddened by the wound and frightened by the noise and people, he seeks the cause, and sees
two horsemen in the arena. The horse is blindfolded to prevent his shying, and has a piece of
sole-leather covering his side for protection. The horseman has a lance and endeavors to thrust
it into his shoulder to ward him off. The lance point is short and is not meant to do serious
harm, but to wound and irritate the bull and make him furious for the final battle. Sometimes
the lance fails to score, sometimes it holds in his tough hide and the handle breaks and the bull
buries his horns in the horse’s belly, and hurls both horse and rider in the air.
The horse was intended for the sacrifice from the beginning, and this was a part of the
program. When the bull has killed one or two horses, he is encouraged to fight, and that is just
what the whole thing is for. A man with a red flag draws the bull’s attention to the other side
while the dead horse is dragged out, and sometimes a dead man. Again the bugle blows and the
ring is cleared, and two banderilleros enter. With a red flag one gets the bull’s attention, and a
banderillero runs to the center. In each hand he holds a banderilla, a sharp steel dart about a
foot long, and ornamented with rosettes and streamers. When the bull charges, he must reach
over his horns and plant both of his banderillas in a shoulder at the same time. Sometimes the
spread of horns is four feet, and the banderillero must make the pass and escape in a flash. As
the bull makes the charge in a frenzied run, you find yourself unconsciously rising from your
seat in anticipation of the almost certain death of the man, and women who see it for the first
time usually faint and are promptly carried out.
Should the man succeed in planting the banderillas, the crowd shower cigars and flowers
and fans upon him and shout bravo! bravo! Should the bull succeed in thrusting his horns
through the man’s equatorial region and toss him in the air, the crowd shout bravo torus! just
the same and cheer and whistle. They paid their money to see blood and what does it matter if
it be man or bull’s? At this point it is proper for the American ladies to faint and come to and
hurry out, while the Mexicans laugh at people who leave before the fun begins. The idea of
fainting for such a small thing! The dead man is carried out and the other banderillero takes his
place, and as the bull charges he must plant his banderillas in the other shoulder. Sometimes the
experts vary the program by sitting in a chair until the bull is within six feet of him, and then
rises and makes his thrust in time to escape, and the bull goes off writhing in pain and trying to
shake the cruel darts from his shoulder.
Sometimes a detachable rosette is thrust between his eyes as he charges, and the stream of
blood that follows betrays the steel point behind the beautiful rosette. Then men with red flags
will tantalize him. They stand behind the flag, and as the bull charges the men step aside,
holding the flag at arm’s length in the same place, and the bull passes under the flag into empty
air, where the man was. Quick as a cat he detects the fraud and turns upon the man, who makes
a two-forty sprint to one of the escapes, where the bull tries to batter down the planks to get to
him. The bull is now mad enough to fight a circular saw, and again the bugle blows. The ring is
cleared and now enters the matador. The judge hands him a red flag and a sword. He must now
challenge the bull to single combat, and to the victor belong the congratulations, and the man
knows full well that if he gets killed the crowd will cheer the bull just as heartily as they would
if it were the other way.
All the preliminaries of the fight were to aggravate the bull to his highest fighting power,
then turn him over to the matador, the “star of the evening.” Rules as rigid as the Marquis of
Queenbury prevail, and woe to the man who should violate a rule or take advantage of the bull!
The judge would instantly order him from the ring and fine him. The ethics of the fight require
that the man shall stand in the middle of the ring, wave the red flag as a challenge, and as the
bull starts toward him put the flag behind him. As the bull charges, he must reach over his
horns, thrust the sword through his shoulder, pierce the heart, and the point of the sword must
appear between the bull’s fore legs, and it must all be done in a single stroke.
 The hand and the eye must be as quick as lightning to do that when the bull is on the run. If
the stroke is successful, the sword flashes a moment in the air and the next its hilt is resting
against the shoulder blades, and the bull falls as if struck by lightning. Then the air is rent with
shouts and dollars and fans and handkerchiefs, and with one foot upon the dead animal, the
matador bows his appreciation. The bugle blows, the two lazadores gallop in, throw their
lariats over the two hind legs of the bull, and without checking their gallop, drag him out and
prepare for another. A bull is killed every fifteen minutes as regular as the clock.
Sometimes the sword misses the heart, and the bull walks off with a stream of blood and an
ugly sword wound, and then the hisses and remarks that fall upon the matador sometimes drive
him to suicide. I saw a matador driven to desperation by the hisses, and seizing another sword
he made the stroke just behind the ear, severing the medulla oblongata, a more difficult stroke
than the other, thereby redeeming himself. Sometimes a bull with wide stretch of horns will
disconcert a matador and he will attempt to retreat at the last moment, but then it is as often
death as escape.
One Sunday a company had unusually bad luck. Three horses and two men had already
been killed, and only two bulls, and the troupe had no more matadors. One man was
apologizing to the audience that the sport could not proceed as he had already lost two men,
when the bull suddenly made a charge upon him and caught him between the shoulders. The
“sport” closed for the day, and the people pronounced it a great success.
The next Sunday there was hardly standing room from the crowd that came back hoping for
a similar show. I met the crowd returning, and asked how was the fight? Several shook their
heads and looked dejected. “No bueno, nobody was killed and the whole thing was a fiasco.” If
a bull refuses to fight after the lance has been thrust into him, the bugler at a sign from the
judge blows him out. It must be a bloody, thoroughbred fight or none at all. It requires a long
education to harden people to suffering and blood as these people practice daily. I saw two
soldiers walk out of the barrack to fight a duel with pocket-knives, and a hundred people stood
by and saw them kill each other and not a hand was raised to stay them. The modo duello
among the cow-boys is very effective. When two cow-boys have a difficulty that cannot be
settled, their friends take them off and tie their left hands together and stick two bowie knives
in the ground for their right hands, and leave them. The one that is left alive can cut himself
loose and come back to camp. If neither comes back by the next day, the friends go over and
bury them. There is also a woman bull-fighter in Mexico; her name is La Charita. Arizona
Charley, an American cowboy has also endeared himself to the Mexican heart by proving
himself a first-class matador. Bull-fighting is as much a national sport as our base-ball. At one
time it was interdicted in the federal district, and the people would go to Puebla every Sunday,
seventy-five miles away, to see the “sport.” To the lovers of the sport it matters little whether
the bull or horse or the man gets killed, or all three. What they want is their money’s worth.
The meat is sold to the butchers after the fight, and Monday morning when the waiter asks
the Americano how is his steak, the answer generally comes, “It’s bully.”
 CHAPTER XI.

LA VIGA CANAL.

O N the side-walk adjacent to the western entrance to the cathedral is an iron and glass
Kiosk. This is Mexico’s flower market. Every morning in the year from daybreak until
eight o’clock, the sidewalk and the adjoining street is one mass of fragrance and color.
Every flower you know and as many as you do not know are spread in the greatest profusion
possible, which fact suggests an inexhaustible supply-house somewhere. Here are roses,
jassamines, pansies, violets, heliotropes, sweetpeas, gardenias, camelias, lilies, honeysuckles,
forget-me-nots, verbenas, lark-spurs, poppies, morning-glories, tulips, geraniums, and orchids
of untold variety and color. And there were purchasers. Priests from all the churches, milliners
and café proprietors, dry-goods’ merchants, hotel keepers, the señora in her private carriage,
señoritas with holy shrines and patron saints to honor, devotees whose special saint day is to be
celebrated by a fiesta—everybody buys flowers, and they come by the ton as fast as other tons
are sold. And they are arranged by master hands into cornucopias, crosses for the church altar,
wreaths for the funeral car, decorations for the cemetery, and into any design the purchaser may
indicate.

GROUP EL ABRA.

I ask where such a world of flowers can come from in such an unbroken stream. “From Las
Chinampas,” the floating gardens. Floating Gardens! that sounded like the tales I had read, and
here are people just from them! I anxiously ask where are they: “En Canal La Viga;” and so the
search began. A street-car takes us to La Embarcadero where a hundred eager boatmen leave
the wharf and come running to see us. I always thought I was popular, but here was an ovation
I had not looked for. Then I learned something new. Each of my hundred friends had the best
boat on La Viga, and each of my hundred friends was the best pilot from the canal to the lakes.
Here was absolute perfection in ship building and nautical knowledge that would make
Diogenes put up his lamp and say: “Eureka!” After each had extolled the virtues of his
particular scow, or flatboat, or raft, whichever it approached nearest in appearance, we chose
one.
If Canal La Viga was ever dug by man, history is silent about it. It was here when the
conquerors came. It serves the same purpose as Niagara River, and brings the water of Lakes
Chalco and Xochimilco down to Lake Texcoco. It has a uniform width and depth, and its banks
are lined with stately avenues of trees the entire length. To the great middle-class and Indians,
this is the great highway of commerce and resort for pleasure. Sundays and feast days it is a
mass of moving color. In the dim past this city was the Venice of the New World, so boating is
an inheritance. The boats are from ten to fifteen feet long; from four to eight wide and are
generally poled along. There is an awning and comfortable seats where the passenger may
enjoy the scenery protected from the sun. You make any arrangement you can as to price, and
your boatman spits on his hands and pushes off, and if it is early in the morning you meet
hundreds of crafts coming to market loaded down with fruits, grain and vegetables, pigs, lambs
and chickens, and charcoal and baskets and everything else that the Lake country produces.
The vegetables, by irrigation, surpass anything you have over met in that line; heads of lettuce
larger than cabbage, and radishes as large as an ear of corn. A diminutive steam tug is met,
trailing twelve or fifteen barges loaded with grain and cordwood from the upper lakes. Under a
shade tree by the water, is a laundry after the fashion of the country, and a man and woman are
washing clothes. The man’s part consists in sitting down and looking tired while the woman
scrubs.
If it is Sunday the boats are laden with garlanded merry-makers with tinkling guitars and
singing and dancing and having a “large time.” On the right is the once famous Paseo de La
Viga, whose glory has long since departed to the Paseo de La Reforma. In spite of its neglect,
La Viga is one of the most delightful drives in the city, especially in early morn, when canal
traffic is at its best, and during Holy Week when the great middle-class take their holiday.
Almost immediately after starting, we reach the old puebla of Jamaica, which, like the Paseo,
has the look of having seen better times. On the opposite bank and by the Paseo, stands a
melancholy bust of Guatemotzin, the last of the Aztec chieftains, whom the Mexicans delight
to honor—another testimonial of ancient aristocratic grandeur. The next point of interest is the
old Garita de la Viga, the custom-house building, dating back to Spanish times.
Until a month prior to this writing, all boats paid custom duties on whatever merchandise
they brought to the city. When the duties were paid the smaller boats were admitted through a
small gate-way, which necessitated the lowering of the awnings, while the large ones had to
discharge their cargoes.
On the up-stream side of the romantic old bridge is always a blockade of boats of every
description, from mud scows to steamboats, waiting for a transfer. The first town beyond the
Garita is the quaint little town of Santa Anita, the Coney Island of the Canal. It is essentially a
Mexican town of thatched reed houses, nearly every one a restaurant for the sale of those
unnamable dishes one meets with so often, which have a far-off smell, but fill a long-felt want.
After hearing their names called, you are no wiser, but feel better. There are also liquid and
semi-liquid refreshments to suit the taste, provided your sense of taste has been destroyed
before coming here. The insidious and seductive pulque mixed with the firey tequila and
mescal are all loaded with malice præpens, and are better left to the lava-scarred throats that
have met them before. All the fruit drinks are excellent, but the drink par excellence is the pina.
It is made from grated pine-apple, sweetened with sugar and cooled with the snow just brought
from Popocatapetl that morning.
When Horace sang of the wine of Brundusium cooled with the snows of Hymettus, he had
not heard of the pina of Santa Anita backed up by Popocatapetl. Here are games, and all
manner of games peculiar to the people, and flower-booths where the people buy flowers and
garland each other, where even the humblest may wear a crown woven of fragrant flowers
woven by the hand of Romeo or Juliet, only they call each other Ramon and Inez. Here is a
fine old church with a beautiful tower and a diminutive plaza with restful seats and entrancing
music.
Be sure to stop at the hacienda of Don Juan Corona. He was a retired bull-fighter, and in his
old age became antiquarian, and his house is a vast museum of costly and rare antiquities.
When he died he left a legacy to found a school for the poor, and if you have any pennies to
bestow upon the señora who shows you around, they will be well spent.
We leave the merry-makers and proceed on our search for las chinampas, after our
boatman has mulcted us for coppers enough to tank up at a pulque joint. The thick ropy liquid
has loosened his tongue in a marvelous manner, and the flood gates of his information bureau
are raised, and for an hour he gives us chapters of unwritten history and legends of the country.
That which I knew, he gave in Spanish, and that which neither of us knew he gave in Aztec,
and he justified his claim of being the best informed guide on La Viga. Henceforth I call him
Ananias. The two snow-clad volcanoes were close by on our left and I asked him which was
Ixtaccihuatl and which Popocatepetl. “This is Esclaéwa and that is Popocaltepay,” he promptly
answered. I said: “Man, your pronounciation is bent a little bit to starboard; everybody else
says Popocatepetl.” “Of course they do,” he said, “which only proves that everybody else is
wrong. I say it is Popocaltepay.” That scored one more for that designing pulque, and added to
the title of Ananias, that of Geographer with a pedigree only three removes by blood from
some people Baron Munchausen once knew.
The next town reached was Ixtacalco, where the people seem to have sobered down, and
the burg showed less bent for pleasure and more for business. Here a fine old stone bridge
crosses La Viga, and a discouraged old chapel with its portals wandering down to the water’s
edge, where, in the good old days gone by, the boatman muttered an ave and deposited his
offering to the saint in whose honor it was consecrated, in the hope that good luck might attend
his market voyage. In front of the church, dedicated to Saint Matias, and which is a Franciscan
foundation of more than three hundred years ago, is a little plaza with a fountain of running
water. Along the lane from this plaza and marked by a palm-tree, is the ruin of what was once
the chapel of Santiago, which is used as a dwelling.
In the midst of these inhabitants is the remnant of what was once a most gallant image of
Santiago himself, now galloping to defend the faith on a headless horse, another relic of the
romantic past, the work possibly of some cavalier of Spain, under the leadership of that prince
of brave men, Hernan Cortez—for cruel as he was, we cannot withhold from him the meed he
justly earned in bearding the lion in his den, though The New World Venice was buried in his
blood-reeking canals. Who knows whose work it was, least of all the inhabitants of Ixtacalco,
or the mutilated image itself, or if it knows, it discloses not its secret. We told Ananias to drive
on, but that worthy assumed an electrocuted countenance that was wonderful to behold. The
long distance had already paralyzed one side, and “He barely had strength enough to take him
back to the city, and the Lake is fifteen kilometers. You will have to hire another boatman from
here, and señor, by all the saints I could not pass that bridge, it is beyond my territory, and
besides, señor, how much more will you give me to carry you to the next town?”
There! at last we see him in his true light, a pirate! Three well-earned titles in one day and
it was not a very good day for titles either, and he had no appearance of aristocracy either.
Certainly he did not belong to the Order of the Bath. “Here,” said I, “I will give you three cents
to get drunk and drown yourself.” Off came his sombrero and down came a salaam almost to
the prow of his boat. “Señor, I think I heard you say you wanted to see the chinampas.”
“Chinampas! why of course, that is what I left the city to see, where are they?” “Well señor, we
passed the floating garden a mile back at Santa Anita.” Caramba! Here was the title of knave to
add to his already long list. With the hope of “holding me up” at the bridge for a raise in wages,
he had silently passed the chinampas for fear I would stop.
My admiration began to grow for this Captain Kidd, and I was anxious to know how many
cards he yet held up his sleeve, but it was expensive, so telling him to soak his head, I crossed
the bridge and struck out upon the causeway, and for miles and miles there was nothing but
chinampas! They could have been seen from Ananias’ boat had it not been for the bank of the
canal. This then was the mint where the flowers and vegetables were coined for the great city.
Floating garden is now a misnomer. In years gone by they really floated on rafts, but as the
French say “Nous avons change tout cela.” Since the lake was drained they are all stationary
and are likely to remain so unless “Popocaltepay” resumes business again.
The Chinampas are a net-work of islands—Venice moved from the city to the lakes. The
land-owner simply taps the canal with a ditch, leads it around three sides of a square and brings
it into the canal again, making a rectangular island of any dimension he chooses. His neighbor
beyond taps to his canal, and the system is extended for miles and miles just like the streets of a
city, the business blocks answering for the islands. Through these canal streets dart thousands
of boats that harvest the crops that grow here forever. Surrounded and saturated with water the
chinampas are always moist and fertile and as there is no winter it is one perpetual seed time
and harvest. The accumulated humus and vegetable matter make it unnecessary to even
fertilize.
Broad streets cross these areas at intervals and among these islands and along the
causeways the Indians live. No mosquito is ever billed for an evening’s entertainment, and the
voice of the mud-turtle is not heard in the land. Malaria? perhaps, but what of that? A few
dollars to the priest, a few masses for the soul in Purgatory, and the general average in the end
is about the same. Your average Indian, like the Hindoo, is a fatalist, and “Kismet!” what is to
be will be. There is something of beauty in these humble homes, and where flower-growing is
a profession, it would be strange if their beauty had left no impression upon the lives and
homes, and so all the people of La Viga decorate with flowers. The thatched house of reeds will
be hidden under its wealth of vine and flower of the copra del oro with its immense golden
cups approaching in size a squash blossom. Within these huts are specimens of dark beauty and
features and wealth of hair that many a fairer maiden might envy. Seated under her own vine
and pomegranate tree, wrapped in thought and a scant petticoat, she weaves a mat of rushes or
knits a hammock that will find its way to the home of some who read these lines.
Are they happy? “Where ignorance is bliss,” etc. They were born here, their parents before
them were born here, this beautiful valley has all the charms to them that your home has for
you. And is not Antonio here? and is he not the best gardener on La Viga, and are they not
going to the little chapel next fiesta to be joined by the priest? Surely happiness in this world is
measured by the contentment of our lot.
 Not all the people of the Chinampas have boats. The great highway along the bank carries
more passengers than the placid waters. An Indian woman with a hundred and thirty pounds on
her head will trot her thirty miles to market and return next day. I say trot because no other
word will do. All people of the burden-bearing class have a swing trot that they keep up all day.
And the income! what glowing picture of opulence does the Indian not feel when he spends
two days in the mountains burning charcoal, then loads himself and burro with his wealth, and
trots his twenty miles to market? A dollar and a half for both loads would drive him speechless,
but let us confine ourselves to actual facts, and grant him a whole dollar. He counts himself
well paid, and the five days labor and forty mile journey count for nothing. He is not selling his
time, but his carbon which he patiently peddles till sold, only keeping enough to feed his burro
with. I suppose he feeds him with it, for I am sure I have never seen him carry along anything
else that looked like feed. For dessert a few banana peels around the market place and broken
pottery is about his only chance unless good luck blows some old straw hat his way; then he
feasts. Time! What is time to the Indian? Has he not a whole year?
The next town on La Viga is Mexicalcingo, seven miles from the city. Before the Conquest
it was of some importance, but now only a straggling village with dirty streets, which shelter
possibly three hundred people. The ruins of the monastery and church of San Marco, built by
the Franciscans, are here. The old causeway and military road, seven miles long, that once
crossed the lake from Mexico to Ixtapalapan, crosses La Viga at this point. This was a
dependency of the Aztec City. A very picturesque view of the high old bridge of Aztec time is
had, and the bright green maize on one hand, and the old ecclesiastical building on the other,
bowered in masses of dark green foliage, are very pleasing. Past the ancient old bridge the
scene changes but little except there are less signs of habitation, and finally the last town of La
Viga is reached, Culhuacan. This is a picturesque old town, half of it built on the hill, and here
are the ruins of a fine old church and monastery. Here La Viga begins to broaden out into a
lake, and everywhere, both parallel with it and at right angles to it, are many branches of the
canal, which in wet weather are small lakes themselves.
The journey might be continued out into Lake Xochimilco “The Field of Flowers,” and the
quaint and beautiful town of the same name would be well worth the time; but we started out to
see where all those beautiful flowers came from, and veni, vide, I returned.
 CHAPTER XII.

THE SUBURBS.

T HERE are twenty suburban towns around the capital that can be visited by horse-cars, or
as the natives say, “tram-vias.” They are Atzcapotzalco, Tacuba, Tacubaya, Jamaica,
Santa Anita, Chapultepec, Molino Del Rey, Churubusco, San Angel, Castaneda, Tlalpam,
Cepoyacan, Popotla, San Joaquin, Contreras, Azteca, Nueva Tenochtitlan, Guadalupe,
Tlaxpano, Tlalnepantla and Mixcoac. You will notice that most of them bear Aztec and not
Spanish names, which means that they are older than the Conquest, and are worth seeing, even
though you do not get out of the cars.
The farthest away is old Tlalpam, about 20 kilometers, and most of the journey is made by
steam. Seven or eight cars leave the city, drawn by mules to the gate of the city where they are
coupled together, and a locomotive pulls the train through the beautiful valley at the rate of
fifteen miles an hour. It makes one feel a little bit creepy to know that he is thus hurried along
in a train of street cars, but they are made by a reliable New York firm and that gives
confidence. We pass through a valley overlain with volcanic tufa, and herein lies the secret of
the wonderful productiveness of this farming land. It is easily pulverized and makes a fertilizer
as potent as the commercial ones. Old Tlalpan is on the rim of the valley and the foot hills of
the plateau, and is a residence suburb of the wealthy who do business in the city. The walls of
the private residences are as forbidding as a penitentiary. Solid masonry from ten to twenty
feet high, capped with broken glass fastened in cement.
A Mexican’s home is indeed his castle, to which he enters through stone walls and iron
gates. You are not wanted there and are never invited. I knew an American professor who
taught five years in Mexico, and had seen the inside of only three homes, and then he went on
business, and saw none of the female members. Such is the custom and seclusiveness of the
people.
Tlalpan reminds me of a citizen of New York who went into a fin du siecle saloon to get a
drink, and when he paid his reckoning it was one dollar. He naturally protested against the
exorbitance, and the clerk called his attention to his surroundings. “My dear sir, look about
you; this is no dive, these paintings cost a hundred thousand dollars.” The victim paid the
dollar, and thought long and deeply. The next day he returned by way of a harness shop, and
got a pair of blind bridles that draymen use on their horses, and thus equipped he entered that
aristocratic saloon and walked up to the counter. “Gimme a drink straight without any scenery
today.” That is old Tlalpam. Every street has its blind bridles up and no scenery, but it is not
peculiar to Tlalpam. I have never seen a Mexican’s home with a front yard. At the edge of the
sidewalk up goes his stone house or his stone wall, pierced with an opening and closed by a
heavy iron gate fastened always on the inside. Members of the family have to give the
password or its equivalent before it is ever opened, and tramps are unknown. Life would have
no pleasures for a tramp who could not open the back-gate and creep up to the kitchen and
frighten a woman to death by a flash of his living picture.
In Tlalpam you walk a block between high walls to the cross street, and do the same to the
next and the next, and you can imagine how delightful it is, “Straight without scenery.” You
must not forget that none of the streets have shade trees. So after I had admired all the
beautiful stone walls and stone pavements, a wicket was suddenly opened to pass someone in,
and I got a flashing glance of languid señoras and señoritas taking their siesta in hammocks
swung between lime trees redolent with fragrance and—some one shut the gate. If that sleepy
old town thought that I had come all the way there to look at the stone walls, little did it know
me. I pounded on that gate till the startled inhabitants thought I was trying to break into jail,
but I got in, and found myself in one of the most beautiful and fascinating places I had yet
seen. The spraying fountains and flowers and song birds, and the Moorish setting of the
surroundings, took me back to the wonderful stories of the Alhambra. Meanwhile that
astonished household was all agape at the unheard of intrusion, but great is the power of
flattery. I frankly told them that I had been sent all the way from the United States by a
committee of one, to hunt out the most beautiful places in Mexico and secure their
photographs at all hazard to display and strike dead with envy the people who live in the stuffy
cities of America. That on that very morning I had left the City of Mexico for the express
purpose of getting a picture of the finest place and the most beautiful ladies in Tlalpam, and
with that end in view I was here.——“Enough Señor, enough! Take us; we are all yours, the
house, the fountains, the trees, the girls—they are all yours, take them.”
Here was eloquence and victory combined and I did not know what to do with all the
victory. I had solemnly promised not to accept any more costly presents from these good
people, but this bunch of girls seemed to be different from hotels and other real estate, so I
resolved to make the old gentleman a present of his house and lot, and keep the girls: so I very
gladly embraced—er—the opportunity of posing them for their pictures. Why these good
people should hide so much loveliness and beauty behind impassable stone walls is beyond
my ken.
How old is Tlalpam? I don’t know, but it began at a time when the memory of man runneth
not to the contrary. Upon the walls, the crop of glass planted in the cement did not seem to
flourish very much. It was a very glassy looking glass and seemed to need irrigating, but time
is long with these people, and if it does not pan out a crop in the next fifty years, they will wait
patiently for manana, that scape-goat of all incompleted enterprises—to-morrow. I don’t know
whatever gave these people an idea that they could grow glass anyway, unless it was the
Spanish moss. This moss is a parasite that grows upon all kinds of trees, but in old Tlalpam it
grows upon the wires stretched across the street to hold the street lamps, and it is aristocratic
moss that grows with its head up instead of trailing, and I call that making headway against
adverse conditions. The weeds and cacti upon the wall seemed to make their way better than
the broken glass, and when I last saw them, they were green and were getting up in the world.
“But it is a long lane,” etc., as the proverb says, so at last the supply of aristocracy gave
out at the rise of the hill, and we reached the realm of the great unwashed, who had neither
walls nor rags to hide their nakedness. The happy children were clothed with innocence which
needed no other protection than the blue sky and the Republic of Mexico.
Higher and higher we go up the hill. The avenue we started in led into the main street, this
street finally led into a path, and the path terminated in a cow trail and this trail merged into a
squirrel path which ran up a tree; so, like the King of France, “We marched up the hill, and
then marched down again.” But before starting down we stopped to rest at the tree where the
squirrel trail disappeared, and looked over the valley, and could realize the emotions of Cortez
when he stood at the same place and viewed a similar scene. Across the silver lake lay the City
of Mexico, twenty kilometers away, with its thousands of spires and pulse-throbs that supplied
the veins and arteries and capillaries to the fortunes and hopes of its tens of thousands of
dependencies. No wonder Cortez said it was the fairest city man ever looked upon. The one
thing a stranger never quite masters here is the rarified atmosphere which destroys all ideas of
distance and nullifies all laws of optics. You have traveled the road and know it is twenty
kilometers, but the city is brought so like a mirage that you seem almost able to hear the clock
strike. We leave our squirrel path and find ourselves in the city of the dead, a beautiful place
shaded with eucalyptus trees and furnished with restful seats.
Soon there enters a figure heavily veiled and places a wreath of amaranth upon a new-
made grave, marked with a wooden cross, and R. I. P. We leave her to her sorrow and follow a
limpid stream from the mountain back to the city below. Beyond is the parched chaparral and
the thorny cactus now laden with its harvest of purple tunas, surely the manna of the desert for
these discouraged-looking peons. Beside the stream were green trees of limes and oranges and
English walnuts and agua caties and an air of restfulness.
We follow the stream into the little plaza with its spraying fountain and fragrant Datura
suaveolens, which grows into quite a bush. The pleasant seats invite us to sit and listen to the
notes of the noisy purple grackle and the discordant tropical jay as they take their morning
bath. Rip Van Winkle is still asleep and Mrs. Xantippe R. V. W. has not yet come from the
market, and so for fear of disturbing the serenity of that Elysian Field, we tip-toe back to the
station where the car is waiting, and that sleepy old town does not know to this day that a band
of camera fiends invaded its sacred precincts, even unto its highest citadel and returned
without the loss of a single man. Happy Old Tlalpam. R.I.P.
Back across the ancient bed of the lake we fly, and where once was Montezuma’s fleet are
herds of sleek cattle, knee-deep in rich alfalfa, awaiting their turn to contribute to the material
welfare of the mammoth city. We reach a junction, Churubusco! Immediately we think of that
history class of twenty years ago, when we had to “stay in” after school because those battles
would not fight themselves in the right places; when Chancellorsville and Crown Point and
Saratoga and Churubusco could not agree as to time, place and manner. Here was a chance to
settle one point, even if the teacher had long since died of worry, and we anxiously get out and
look.
“Where is Churubusco?” “This is Churubusco.” “But,” I said, “I don’t see anything but a
street-car stable with come mules in it.” “All the same this is Churubusco.” “Well,” I enquired,
“where does this mule car go from this junction?” “It goes to San Angel, a summer residence
town.” I determined to go out there and come back when my mind was settled to take a look at
Churubusco, but when I got back, there it was, just an adobe mule stable. I sat on a bench
opposite and tried to think what did General Scott want with the stable, and why they put it in
the history. I suppose it was put there to punish unoffending little boys who liked to play base-
ball. I took out my camera and prepared to shoot the harmless stable, and changed my mind. I
was not on a warlike expedition, but was in pursuit of knowledge, and I did not want to add
another blot on the sanguinary page of America’s Dr. Ledger. No, not for a brevet. I put up my
magazine.
A general vegetable merchant, who had three cabbages and four turnips on a board, seeing
my troubled countenance, very kindly came over and said: “Que pense, Señor?” I said: “I am
thinking about General Scott bringing his army up here after that car stable and then did not
take it away after you gave it to him. Now don’t you think he was off his base?” He shrugged
both shoulders, took his cigarette from his mouth and thought a minute, and then he uttered
these words of wisdom: “Quien sabe?”
I said, “Well if you live here and do not know, how am I expected to know, and what are
the histories to do about it? And my good fellow, just between you and me and the gatepost,
don’t you think if General Scott had come here and taken a good look at that stable first, he
would have gone on to town and had a good night’s rest, and saved me all this unrest and pang
of conscience about that history lesson, and that poor dead teacher?”
With his eyes full of pity he said: “Señor, are you hungry?” “Yes I am, and I am disgusted
with your old street-car stable.” “Señor, here’s your car if you are going to town.” I turned my
face to the city and my back on Churubusco.
We soon reached the city gate, where the locomotive was unhitched and the mules were re-
hitched, and we were soon on the street, where we met a funeral car with its black canopy
flying behind, as the mules, under whip and lash, hurried to the city of the dead, and I went to
drown my thoughts in a glass of pina. Others may have this drowning mania sometimes, so I
give this recipe free gratis for nothing, as I got it from the señora on the Zocalo. The pine-
apple is first pared and sliced as we do apples. Then on her knees the señora takes her stone
rolling pin and stone vessel like a wash board and reduces the slices to pulp, which is strained
and sweetened and iced, and is sent to you by the señorita, who guarantees to drown all your
troubles for just six cents, and she innocently prattles away until the glass is empty, and “of
course the caballero will have another.” Under ordinary circumstances you would not, but
many a man has taken his second glass there just because he did not know how to say no. The
next car is bound for Atzcapotzalco, so we jump aboard and pass out upon that terrible
causeway where the Spanish army were almost annihilated on that memorable night of Noche
Triste, July 1, 1520.
At the bridge you pass through the Riverra de San Cosme and are shown El Salto de
Alvarado. Alvarado was the most trusted lieutenant of Cortez, and on the retreat that night the
Aztecs cut the causeway and the waters rushed in, separating the army of Cortez into two
parts. Alvarado was fighting in the rear, and when he attempted to join Cortez he found the
dike cut. His men were all killed or taken prisoners, and he gathered all his strength and made
the leap from the end of his lance that made him famous. Authorities do not give the distance,
but say it was impossible for any other man. Aztecs and Tlaxcalans alike looked on in
amazement and cried: “Surely this is Tonatiuh, the child of the Sun!”
Here the Aztecs stopped to gather up the rich booty which Cortez had taken from their
treasure-house and was forced to leave behind in the breach, and the circumstance alone
enabled the invaders to reach the village of Popotla, a mile further, where Cortez sat down to
weep over the destruction of his army. The tree under which he sat is by the side of the street
and is known as the tree of Noche Triste—Melancholy Night. It is a cypress and is called by
the Aztecs, Ahuehuete. Some years ago a religious fanatic set fire to it and disfigured it, but it
still shows a trunk forty feet high and the same in circumference. The American tourists were
about to take it all away as relics, so the city was compelled to enclose it in a lofty iron fence,
which is fully able to enforce the ordinance, “Keep off the grass.” The natives very naturally
expected me to attempt to scale the fence and get a branch, and to let them know that all
Americans could live up to their reputation. I vigorously shook one or two of the iron posts
which stubbornly refused to leave the enclosure. All the same I felt proud; I had proved to