SpaceX Starship

Starship is a two-stage fully reusable super heavy-lift

Starship
launch vehicle under development by American
aerospace company SpaceX. On April 20, 2023, with
the first Integrated Flight Test, Starship became the
most massive and most powerful vehicle ever to fly.[4]
SpaceX has developed Starship with the intention of
lowering launch costs using economies of scale,[5]
aiming to achieve this by reusing both rocket stages by
"catching" them with the launch tower's systems,
increasing payload mass to orbit, increasing launch
frequency, mass-manufacturing the rockets and
adapting it to a wide range of space missions.[6][7]
Starship is the latest project in SpaceX's reusable
launch system development program and plan to Starship ignition during launch on its fifth flight
colonize Mars. Function Super-heavy lift launch vehicle

Starship's two stages are the Super Heavy booster and Manufacturer SpaceX

the Starship spacecraft. Both stages are equipped with Country of United States
Raptor engines, the first flown and mass-produced full- origin
flow staged combustion cycle engines, which burn Project cost At least US$5 billion[1]
liquid methane (natural gas) and liquid oxygen. The Cost per $100 million (expendable)[2]
main structure is made from a special stainless steel launch
alloy that SpaceX has dubbed "30X".[8]
Size
As of 2024, Starship is in development with an Height 121.3 m (398 ft)
iterative and incremental approach, involving test Diameter 9 m (30 ft)
flights of prototype vehicles. As a successor to
Mass 5,000,000 kg (11,000,000 lb)
SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, Starship
is intended to perform a wide range of space missions. Capacity

For missions to further destinations, such as Payload to LEO

geosynchronous orbit, the Moon, and Mars, Starship Mass 100,000–150,000 kg (220,000–
will rely on orbital refueling; a ship-to-ship propellant 330,000 lb)
transfer demonstration is expected to occur in Volume 1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft)
2025.[9][10] SpaceX also plans other versions of the
Associated rockets
Starship spacecraft, such as: cargo (deploying
SpaceX's second-generation Starlink satellite Derivative Starship HLS
constellation), and human spaceflight (the Human work
Comparable N1 · Energia · Saturn V ·
Space Launch System ·
Long March 9 · Long March 10
Launch history
Landing System variant will land astronauts on the Status In development
Moon as part of the Artemis program, starting in Launch sites Starbase, OLP-A
2026).
Starbase, OLP-B (under
construction)
Kennedy, LC-39A (under
Description
construction)
When stacked and fully fueled, Starship has a mass of Cape Canaveral, SLC-37
approximately 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb),[b] a diameter of (planned)
9 m (30 ft)[12] and a height of 121.3 m (398 ft).[13] The Total 5
rocket has been designed with the goal of being fully launches
reusable to reduce launch costs;[14] it consists of the
Success(es) 3
Super Heavy first-stage booster and the Starship
Failure(s) 2 (IFT-1, IFT-2)
spacecraft[15] which are powered by Raptor and Raptor
Vacuum engines.[16] The bodies of both rocket stages First flight 20 April 2023
are made from stainless steel[17] and are manufactured Last flight 13 October 2024
by stacking and welding stainless steel cylinders.[18]
First stage – Super Heavy
These cylinders have a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), a
thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) and a mass of 1,600 kg Height 71 m (233 ft)

(3,500 lb) each.[18] Domes inside the spacecraft Diameter 9 m (30 ft)
separate the methane and oxygen tanks.[18] SpaceX has Empty mass 250,000 kg (550,000 lb)
stated that Starship, in its "baseline reuseable design", Gross mass 3,675,000 kg (8,102,000 lb)
will have a payload capacity of 100–150 t (220,000–
Propellant 3,400,000 kg (7,500,000 lb)
331,000 lb) to low earth orbit and 27 t (60,000 lb) to
mass
geostationary transfer orbit.[19][20]
Powered by 33 × Raptor engines
Maximum 69.9 MN (15,700,000 lbf)
Super Heavy booster thrust
Super Heavy is 71 m (233 ft) tall, 9 m (30 ft) wide,[12] Specific SL: 327 s (3.21 km/s)
and is composed of four general sections: the engines, impulse
the fuel tank, the oxygen tank, and the interstage.[3]
Propellant CH4 / LOX
Elon Musk stated in 2021 that the final design will
have a dry mass between 160 t (350,000 lb) and 200 t Second stage – Starship
(440,000 lb), with the tanks weighing 80 t (180,000 lb) Height 50.3 m (165 ft)
and the interstage 20 t (44,000 lb).[3] Diameter 9 m (30 ft)
Empty mass ~100,000 kg (220,000 lb)[3]
Tanks Gross mass ~1,300,000 kg (2,900,000 lb)[a]
The propellant tanks on Super Heavy are separated by Propellant ~1,200,000 kg (2,600,000 lb)
a common bulkhead, similar to the ones used on the S- mass
II and S-IVB stages on the Saturn V rocket[21][22] After
Powered by 3 × Raptor engines
Starship's Second Flight Test, the common dome's 3 × Raptor vacuum engines
design was changed to a more elliptical dome,[23]
Maximum 12,300 kN (2,800,000 lbf)
which has changed the propellant capacity of both
thrust
tanks by an unknown, but likely negligible, amount.[23]
Both tanks are heavily reinforced, with roughly 74 Specific SL: 327 s (3.21 km/s)
stringers attached to the interior walls of the tanks.[24] impulse vac: 380 s (3.7 km/s)
The booster's tanks hold 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb) of Propellant CH4 / LOX
propellant,[25] consisting of 2,700 t (6,000,000 lb) of
liquid oxygen and 700 t (1,500,000 lb) of liquid methane.[c]

The methane tank has a camera installed in the forward dome, enabling images of the interior of the
tank.[26] Fuel is fed to the engines via a single downcomer, which terminates in a large distribution
manifold above the engines.[27] The design of this manifold was changed when Super Heavy was
upgraded from twenty-nine engines to thirty-three, with the more modern design featuring a dedicated
methane sump instead of a direct distribution manifold.[28]

The oxygen tank terminates with the thrust structure of the vehicle. While the outer twenty engines are
mounted to the walls of the aft bay, the inner thirteen are mounted directly to the thrust puck, which is
part of the aft dome.[28] A large steel structure is mounted at the bottom of the dome, reinforcing the
thrust puck enough to enable its support of the inner thirteen engines, while also providing pathways for
methane and oxygen to flow into the engines.[28] Large slosh baffles were added in this region as well,
beginning on Booster 10.[23] A header tank is used to supply liquid oxygen during the landing burn for
the inner thirteen engines.[29] On Booster 15, the header tank has at least nine additional tanks attached,
increasing total propellant supply during the landing burn.[30][31] These tanks may have been present on
Boosters 12, 13, and 14, though this is unconfirmed.[32] Booster 5 was the only twenty-nine engine
booster to receive a header tank, which was mounted to the side of the oxygen tank.[28] It is unknown
whether or not the top of this tank was ever completed, as a forward dome was never spotted.[28]

The methane downcomer is partially contained within the header tank, as the methane sump is located
directly below it.[29] On Booster 7 and all subsequent vehicles, four chines are located on the sides of the
oxygen tank, protecting the COPVs and CO2 tanks for fire suppression, as well as providing lift during
descent.[33]

Propulsion
Super Heavy is powered by thirty-three Raptor engines, which are housed within a dedicated shielding
compartment.[34] This compartment is not present before engine installation, thus, boosters are roughly
three meters shorter before engine installation.[35] The outer twenty engines, arranged in a single ring, are
in a fixed position.[34] In order to save weight, these engines are started using ground support equipment
on the launch mount and cannot be reignited for subsequent burns.[36] The inner thirteen engines are
attached to an adapter, which rests directly against the thrust puck/aft dome assembly.[34] These engines
are equipped with gimbal actuators, and reignite for the boostback and landing burns.[37] After Starship's
first flight test, this gimbaling system was switched from a hydraulic system to an electric one, enabling
the removal of the hydraulic power units.[38] This change was made to the upper stage after the second
flight test. During the ascent burn and boostback burns, the engines draw propellant from the main tanks,
with the liquid oxygen being drawn from a dedicated header tank during the landing burn.[29] Like the
thrust vector control system, the engine shielding, which isolates individual engines in the event of a
failure, was upgraded after Starship's first flight test, alongside the fire suppression system.[38] This
system uses CO2 tanks to purge the individual engine compartments during flight, as well as a nitrogen
purge while on the launch pad.[39] The aft bay has eighteen vents visible on the outside of the booster,
which are believed to be connected to the outer twenty engines,[39] while the center engines vent directly
below the launch pad.[39]
Raptor uses a full-flow staged combustion cycle, which has both oxygen and methane-rich
turbopumps.[40][41] Before 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine designs had
advanced enough to undergo testing on test stands: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the
Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s.[42] To improve performance,
the engines burn super cooled propellant.[43]

The current version of the booster produces a total of 69.9 MN (15,700,000 lbf) (more than double that of
the Saturn V first stage),[44] with this total being expected to increase to 80.8 MN (18,200,000 lbf) for
Block 2 boosters and later up to 98.1 MN (22,100,000 lbf) with the Block 3 vehicle.[44] These later
versions may have up to thirty-five engines.[45] The combined plume of the engines produces large shock
diamonds in the exhaust during the ascent burn.[46]

During unpowered flight in the upper atmosphere, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed
with residual ullage gas.[47][48] Four perpendicular vents are located within the interstage, placed at a
forty-five degree angle from the hardpoints.[47] Additionally, four "cowbell" vents are located just below
the common dome, which point down towards the engines, though at a slight angle.[47]

Interstage
The interstage is also equipped with four electrically actuated grid fins made of stainless steel, each with
a mass of 3 t (6,600 lb).[49] These grid fins are paired together, with the fins in each pair being sixty
degrees apart from each other, differing from the Falcon 9 booster, which has titanium grid fins mounted
ninety degrees from each other.[50][51] This is done to improve control in the pitch axis.[51] Additionally,
these fins remain extended during ascent in order to save weight.[3] The interstage also has protruding
hardpoints, located between grid fins, allowing the booster to be lifted or caught by the launch tower.[52]
The ability to lift a booster from these hardpoints was proven on August 23, 2022, when Booster 7 was
lifted onto OLM A.[53] The first catch of a booster occurred on October 13, 2024, using Booster 12.[54]

After the first Starship test flight, all boosters have an

additional 1.8 m[55] tall vented interstage to enable hot
staging.[56] During hot staging, Super Heavy shuts down all
but 3 of its engines,[57][58] while the second stage fires its
engines before separating, thus the second stage "pushes
0:00
off" from the first stage giving added thrust.[57] The vented
interstage contains a dome to shield the top of Super Heavy
from the second stage's engines.[56][58] Elon Musk in 2023 Animation of Super Heavy's integration to
claimed that this change might result in a 10% increase in the launch mount, using mechanical arms.
the payload to low Earth orbit.[58] Beginning with Booster
11, the interstage is jettisoned after completion of the
boostback burn, in order to reduce mass during descent.[59] As of June 2024, SpaceX does not intend to
jettison the interstage when flying Block 2 and Block 3 boosters, as the interstage will be directly
integrated into the vehicle.[59]

Starship spacecraft
 The current Block 1 of the
Starship spacecraft is 50.3 m
(165 ft) tall, 9 m (30 ft) in
diameter, and has 6 Raptor
engines, 3 of which are
optimized for use in outer
space.[12][60] The future Block 3
of the Starship spacecraft is
Diagram of a Block 1 Starship's internal structure. Not shown in this planned to have an additional 3
diagram are the flaps: the aft flaps are placed at the bottom (or left in this Raptor Vacuum engines for
orientation), and the forward flaps are placed at the top (here, right) increased payload capacity.
portion of the spaceship. Starship Block 1's payload bay,
measuring 17 m (56 ft) tall by
8 m (26 ft) in diameter, is the
largest of any active or planned launch vehicle; its internal volume of 1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft) is slightly
larger than the International Space Station's pressurized volume.[61] SpaceX will also provide a 22 m
(72 ft) tall payload bay configuration for even larger payloads.[19]

Starship has a total propellant capacity of 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb)[62]

across its main tanks and header tanks.[63] The header tanks are better
insulated due to their position and are reserved for use to flip and land
the spacecraft following reentry.[64] A set of reaction control thrusters,
which use the pressure in the fuel tank, control attitude while in
space.[65]

The spacecraft has four body flaps to control the spacecraft's orientation
and help dissipate energy during atmospheric entry,[66] composed of two
forward flaps and two aft flaps. According to SpaceX, the flaps replace
the need for wings or tailplane, reduce the fuel needed for landing, and
allow landing at destinations in the Solar System where runways do not
exist (for example, Mars).[67]: 1 Under the forward flaps, hardpoints are
used for lifting and catching the spacecraft via mechanical arms.[52] The Starship's flap
flap's hinges are sealed in aero-covers because they would otherwise be
easily damaged during reentry.[3]

Heat shield
Starship's heat shield is composed of eighteen thousand[68][69] hexagonal black tiles that can withstand
temperatures of 1,400 °C (2,600 °F).[70][71] It is designed to protect the vehicle during atmospheric entry
and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.[72] The silica-based tiles[73] are
attached to Starship with pins[71] and have small gaps in between to allow for heat expansion.[3] After
IFT-4, SpaceX added a secondary ablative layer under the primary heat shield.[74] The total mass of the
heat shield and ablative layer is 10.5 t (23,000 lb).[75]

Variants
For satellite launch, Starship is planned to have a
large cargo door that opens to release payloads,
similar to NASA's Space Shuttle, and close upon
reentry instead of a jettisonable nosecone fairing.
Instead of a cleanroom, payloads are integrated
directly into Starship's payload bay, which
requires purging the payload bay with
temperature-controlled ISO class 8 clean air.[19]
To deploy Starlink satellites, the cargo door is to
be replaced with a slot and dispenser rack, whose
mechanism has been compared to a Pez candy
dispenser.[76] S20's heat shield being repaired.

Crewed Starship vehicles would replace the

cargo bay with a pressurized crew section and have a life-support system.
For long-duration missions, such as crewed flights to Mars, SpaceX
describes the interior as potentially including "private cabins, large
communal areas, centralized storage, solar storm shelters, and a viewing
gallery".[19] Starship's life support system is expected to recycle resources
such as air and water from waste.[77]

Starship will be able to be refueled by docking with separately launched

Starship propellant tanker spacecraft in orbit. Doing so increases the
spacecraft's mass capacity and allows it to reach higher-energy targets,[d]
such as geosynchronous orbit, the Moon, and Mars.[78] A Starship
propellant depot could cache methane and oxygen on-orbit and be used by
Starship to replenish its fuel tanks.

Starship Human Landing System (HLS) is a crewed lunar lander variant of

the Starship vehicle that would be modified for landing, operation, and
takeoff from the lunar surface.[79] It features landing legs, a body-mounted
solar array,[80] a set of thrusters mounted mid-body to assist with final
landing and takeoff,[80] two airlocks,[79] and an elevator to lower crew and
cargo onto the lunar surface.[81]
Starship stacks with 3
Varying estimates have been given about the number of tanker launches
upper stage variants:
required to fully fuel HLS, ranging from between "four and eight" to a HLS, propellant tanker
number "in the high teens".[82][83] These launches will reportedly have to and propellant depot. The
be in "rapid succession" in order to manage schedule constraints and vented interstage, located
cryogenic fuel boil-off.[82] When fully fueled, Starship HLS is designed to between the Starship
land 100 t (220,000 lb) of payload on the Moon.[84][85][86][71] spacecraft and Super
Heavy booster, is not
included in this render.
Raptor engine
Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use in Starship and Super Heavy vehicles.
It burns liquid oxygen and methane in an efficient and complex full-flow staged combustion power cycle.
The Raptor engine uses methane as fuel rather than kerosene because methane gives higher performance
and prevents the build-up of deposits in the engine from
coking.[87][88] Methane can also be produced from carbon dioxide
and water using the Sabatier reaction.[89] The engines are designed
to be reused many times with little maintenance.[90]

Raptor operates with an oxygen-to-methane mixture ratio of about

3.6:1, lower than the stoichiometric mixture ratio of 4:1 necessary
for complete combustion, since operating a higher temperatures
would melt the engine.[3] The propellants leave the pre-burners
and get injected into the main combustion chamber as hot gases
instead of liquid droplets allowing a higher power density as the
propellants mix rapidly via diffusion.[87] The methane and oxygen
are at high enough temperatures and pressures that they ignite on
contact, eliminating the need for igniters in the main combustion
chamber.[91] The engine structure itself is mostly aluminum,
copper, and steel; oxidizer-side turbopumps and manifolds subject
to corrosive oxygen-rich flames are made of an Inconel-like
SX500 superalloy.[91] Some components are 3D printed.[92]

A Raptor 2 engine produces 2.3 MN (520,000 lbf) at a specific Sea level-optimized Raptor 1
impulse of 327 seconds (3.21 km/s) at sea level and 350 seconds engine, May 2020
(3.4 km/s) in a vacuum.[91] Raptor vacuum, used on the Starship
upper stage, is modified with a regeneratively cooled nozzle
extension made of brazed steel tubes, increasing its expansion ratio to about 90 and its specific impulse in
vacuum to 380 seconds (3.7 km/s).[3] The main combustion chamber operates at a pressure of 350 bar
(5,100 psi) exceeding that of any prior operational rocket engine.[87] The Raptor's gimbaling range is 15°,
higher than the RS-25's 12.5° and the Merlin's 5°. SpaceX has stated they aim to achieve a per unit
production cost of US$250,000 upon starting mass-production.[91]

Versions
On April 4, 2024, Elon Musk provided an update Performance[13]
on Starship at Starbase, where two new versions
Starship metrics Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
of Starship were announced, Block 2 and Block
Payload to Orbit (t) N/A 100+ 200+
3.[93][94]
Booster Prop Load (t) 3300 3650 4050

Ship Prop Load (t) 1200 1500 2300

Block 1
Booster Liftoff Thrust (tf) 7130 8240 10000
As of October 13, 2024, Block 1 has been used
for all 5 Integrated Flight Tests.[95][96] Ship Initial Thrust (tf) 1250 1600 2700

Ship SL Engines 3 3 3
Ship VAC Engines 3 3 6
Block 2
Booster Height (m) 71 72.3 80.2
As of April 2024, exact specifications are not
known for the Block 2 vehicle; however, the Ship Height (m) 50.3 52.1 69.8
Block 2 ships will feature a thinner forward flap Total Height (m) 121.3 124.4 150
design, a 25% increase in propellant capacity, integrated vented interstage, two "raceways",[97] and an
increase in thrust.[98][99] The vehicle will be a total of 3.1 m (10 ft) taller than the previous Block 1
vehicle, and is planned to have a payload capacity of at least 100 tons to orbit when reused.[98]
Additionally, Block 2 vehicles will use Raptor 3, removing the need for secondary engine shielding.[100]
The capacity to manufacture Block 2 became possible as a large portion of the Starfactory was
commissioned in 2024.[7]

Block 3
As of June 2024, the Block 3 final configuration is unknown. The most recent configuration, as described
in regulatory filings submitted to the FAA, has a height of 150 m (490 ft).[45] The Starship second stage
will feature 9 Raptor engines, while the Super Heavy booster will have up to 35.[45] It is planned to have
a payload capacity of at least 200 tons to orbit when reused.[101]

Planned launch and landing profile

Payloads are planned to be integrated into Starship at a separate
facility and then rolled out to the launch site.[102] Super Heavy and
Starship are then to be stacked onto their launch mount and loaded
with fuel via the ship quick disconnect (SQD) arm and booster
quick disconnect (BQD).[52] The SQD and BQD retract, all thirty-
three engines of Super Heavy ignite, and the rocket lifts off.[52]

At approximately 159 seconds after launch[103] at an altitude of

roughly 64 km (40 mi), Super Heavy cuts off all but three of its
center gimbaling rocket engines.[104]: 58 Starship then ignites its
engines while still attached to the booster, and separates.[57]
During hot-staging, the booster throttles down its engines.[57] The
booster then rotates, before igniting ten additional engines for a
"boostback burn"[105] which stops all forward velocity. After the
boostback burn, the booster's engines shut off with Super Heavy
on a trajectory for a controlled descent to the launch site using its Super Heavy Booster 12
grid fins for minor course corrections. Roughly six minutes after approaching the tower during
launch, shortly before landing, [106] it ignites its inner 13 engines, Starship flight test 5 on October 13,
2024
then shuts off all but the inner 3,[107] to perform a landing burn
which slows it sufficiently to be caught by a pair of hydraulic
actuating arms attached to the launch tower.[108][109] The booster landing and catch was successfully
demonstrated for the first time on October 13, 2024, with the landing of Booster 12.[110][111]

Meanwhile, the Starship spacecraft continues to accelerate to orbital velocity with its six Raptor
engines.[112] Once in orbit, the spacecraft is planned to be able to be refueled by another Starship tanker
variant.[113] Musk has estimated that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in low
Earth orbit.[114] NASA has estimated that 16 launches in short succession (due to cryogenic propellant
boil-off) would be needed to partially refuel Starship for one lunar landing.[82] To land on bodies without
an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines to slow down.[115] To land on bodies with
an atmosphere, such as the Earth and Mars, Starship first slows by entering the atmosphere using a heat
shield.[14] The spacecraft would then perform a "belly-flop"
maneuver by diving through the atmosphere at a 60° angle
to the ground,[116] controlling its fall using four flaps at the
front and aft of the spacecraft.[65] Shortly before landing,
the Raptor engines fire,[65] using fuel from the header
0:00
tanks,[64] to perform a "landing flip" maneuver to return to a
vertical orientation, with the Raptor engines' gimbaling
helping to maneuver the craft.[65] The HLS and depot A short animation of Super Heavy's landing
cannot reenter the atmosphere, as they lack a thermal on mechanical arms. The actual landing
protection system. speed is a few times slower.

If Starship's second stage lands on a pad, a mobile hydraulic

lift will move it to a transporter vehicle. If it lands on a floating platform, it will be transported by a barge
to a port and then transported by road. The recovered Starship will either be positioned on the launch
mount for another launch or refurbished at a SpaceX facility.[102]: 22

Development

Early design concepts (2012–2019)

In November 2005,[117] before SpaceX had launched its first
rocket the Falcon 1,[118] CEO Elon Musk first mentioned a high-
capacity rocket concept able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to low
Earth orbit, dubbed the BFR.[117] Later in 2012, Elon Musk first
publicly announced plans to develop a rocket surpassing the
capabilities of Space X's existing Falcon 9.[119] SpaceX called it
the Mars Colonial Transporter, as the rocket was to transport
humans to Mars and back.[120] In 2016, the descriptor was
changed to Interplanetary Transport System, as the rocket was
planned to travel beyond Mars as well.[121] The conceptual design
called for a carbon fiber structure,[122] a mass in excess of 10,000 t
(22,000,000 lb) when fully fueled, a payload of 300 t (660,000 lb)
to low Earth orbit while being fully reusable.[122] By 2017, the
concept was again re-dubbed the BFR.[123]

In December 2018, the structural material was changed from

SpaceX CEO Elon Musk holding a
carbon composites[124][122] to stainless steel,[125][126] marking the
model of BFR.
transition from early design concepts of the Starship.[125][116][127]
Musk cited numerous reasons for the change of material; low cost
and ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures, as well as its
ability to withstand high heat.[128][116] In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship,
with the second stage also being called Starship, and the booster Super Heavy.[129][130][131] They also
announced that Starship would use reusable heat-shield tiles similar to those of the Space
Shuttle.[132][133] The second-stage design had also settled on six Raptor engines by 2019: three optimized
for sea-level and three optimized for vacuum.[134][135] In 2019 SpaceX announced a change to the second
stage's design, reducing the number of aft flaps from three to two in order to reduce weight.[136] In March
2020 SpaceX released a Starship Users Guide, in which they stated the payload of Starship to LEO would
be in excess of 100 t (220,000 lb), with a payload to GTO of 21 t (46,000 lb).[19]

Low-altitude flight tests (2019–2021)

Starhopper to SN6
The first tests started with the
construction of the first prototype in
2018, Starhopper, which performed
several static fires and two successful
low-altitude flights in 2019.[137]
SpaceX began constructing the first
full-size Starship MK1 and Mk2 upper-
stage prototypes before 2019, at the
SpaceX facilities in Boca Chica, Texas,
and Cocoa, Florida, respectively.[138]
Neither prototype flew: Mk1 was
destroyed in November 2019 during a
pressure stress test and Mk2's Florida Starhopper under construction, A crane lifting Starship SN5,
March 2019 August 2020
facility was deconstructed throughout
2020.[139][73]

After the Mk prototypes, SpaceX began naming its new Starship upper-stage prototypes with the prefix
"SN", short for "serial number".[140] No prototypes between SN1 and SN4 flew either—SN1 and SN3
collapsed during pressure stress tests, and SN4 exploded after its fifth engine firing.[141]

In June 2020, SpaceX started constructing a launch pad for orbital Starship flights.[52] The first flight-
capable prototype, SN5, was cylindrical as it had no flaps or nose cone: just one Raptor engine, fuel
tanks, and a mass simulator.[142] On 5 August 2020, SN5 performed a 150 m (500 ft) high flight and
successfully landed on a nearby pad.[143] On 3 September 2020, the similar-looking Starship SN6
repeated the hop;[144] later that month, a Raptor vacuum engine underwent its first full duration firing at
McGregor, Texas.[145]

SN8 to SN15
Starship SN8 was the first full-sized upper-stage prototype, though it lacked a heat shield.[146] It
underwent four preliminary static fire tests between October and November 2020.[141] On 9 December
2020, SN8 flew, slowly turning off its three engines one by one, and reached an altitude of 12.5 km
(7.8 mi). After SN8 dove back to the ground, its engines were hampered by low methane header tank
pressure during the landing attempt, which led to a hard impact with the landing pad and subsequent
explosion of the vehicle.[65]

Because SpaceX had violated its launch license and ignored warnings of worsening shock wave damage,
the Federal Aviation Administration investigated the incident for two months.[147] During the SN8
launch, SpaceX ignored FAA warnings that the flight profile posed a risk of explosion.[147][148][149] FAA
space division chief Wayne Monteith said SpaceX's violation was
“inconsistent with a strong safety culture”, and criticized the
company for proceeding with the launch "based on 'impressions'
and 'assumptions,' rather than procedural checks and positive
affirmations".[147]

On 2 February 2021, Starship SN9 launched to 10 km (6.2 mi) in a

flight path similar to SN8. The prototype crashed upon landing
because one engine did not ignite properly.[150] A month later, on
3 March, Starship SN10 launched on the same flight path as
SN9.[151] The vehicle landed hard and crushed its landing legs,
leaning to one side.[152] A fire was seen at the vehicle's base and it SN8 shortly after taking off,
exploded less than ten minutes later,[153] potentially due to a December 2020
propellant tank rupture.[152] On 30 March, Starship SN11 flew
into thick fog along the same flight path.[154] The vehicle
exploded during descent,[154] possibly due to excess propellant in
a Raptor's methane turbopump.[155]

In March 2021, the company disclosed a public construction plan

for two sub-orbital launch pads, two orbital launch pads, two
landing pads, two test stands, and a large propellant tank farm.[156]
The company soon proposed developing the surrounding Boca Computer animation depicting a
Chica Village, Texas, into a company town named Starbase.[156] successful high-altitude flight test

Locals raised concerns about SpaceX's authority, power, and a

potential threat for eviction through eminent domain.[157]

In early April, the orbital launch pad's fuel storage tanks began mounting.[52] SN12 through SN14 were
scrapped before completion; SN15 was selected to fly instead,[158] due to improved avionics, structure,
and engines.[153] On 5 May 2021, SN15 launched, completed the same maneuvers as older prototypes,
and landed safely.[158] SN15 had a fire in the engine area after landing but it was extinguished.[153]
According to a later report by SpaceX, SN15 experienced several issues while landing, including the loss
of tank pressure and an engine.[159]: 2

Integrated flight tests (2023–)

In June 2022, the Federal Aviation Administration determined that SpaceX must address more than 75
issues identified in the preliminary environmental assessment before integrated flight tests could
start.[160]

First flight test

In July 2022, Booster 7 tested the liquid oxygen turbopumps on all thirty-three Raptor engines, resulting
in an explosion at the vehicle's base, which destroyed a pressure pipe and caused minor damage to the
launchpad.[161] By the end of November, Ship 24 had performed 2 static test fires,[162]: 20 while Booster 7
had performed 6 static test fires[163][162]: 20 and finally on 9 February 2023, a static fire with 31 engines at
50% throttle.[164] In January 2023, the whole Starship stack underwent a full wet dress rehearsal.[165]
After a launch attempt aborted on 17 April 2023,[166] Booster 7 and Ship
24 lifted off on 20 April at 13:33 UTC in the first orbital flight test.[167]
Three engines were disabled during the launch sequence and several more
failed during the flight.[168] The booster later lost thrust vectoring control
of the Raptor engines, which led to the rocket spinning out of control.[168]
The vehicle reached a maximum altitude of 24 mi (39 km).[169]
Approximately 3 minutes after lift-off the rocket's autonomous flight
termination system was activated, though the vehicle tumbled for another
40 seconds before disintegrating.[170][171][172] The first flight test blasted
large amounts of sand and soil in the air, reaching communities within a
10.7 km (6.6 mi) radius.[173][174][175] A brushfire on nearby state parkland
also occurred, burning 3.5 acres of state parkland.[176]
Starship during the first
Second flight test integrated flight attempt.
Several engines failed on
After the first test flight, SpaceX began work on the launch mount to
the first stage.
repair the damage it sustained during the test and to prevent future issues.
The foundation of the launch tower was reinforced and a water
powered flame deflector was built under the launch mount.[177]
Ship 25 and Booster 9 were rolled to the suborbital and orbital
launch sites in May to undergo multiple tests.[178][179]

On 18 November 2023, Booster 9 and Ship 25 lifted off the

pad.[180] All 33 engines continued to function until staging, where
the second stage separated by pushing itself away from the first
stage using a hot-staging technique.[105] Following separation, the
Super Heavy booster completed its flip maneuver and initiated the
boostback burn before exploding following multiple successive
engine failures.[105][181][182] Three and a half minutes into the
flight at an altitude of ~90 km over the Gulf of Mexico, blockage
in a liquid oxygen filter caused one of the engines to fail in a way
that resulted in the destruction of the booster.[183]

The second stage continued until it reached an altitude of ~149

kilometres (93 mi), after over eight minutes of flight; prior to
engine cutoff, telemetry was lost on the second stage.[105] SpaceX
said that a safe command based on flight performance data
triggered the flight termination system and destroyed the second
stage,[105] prior to achieving its planned orbit or attempting re- Starship during the second
entry.[184] It appeared to re-enter a few hundred miles north of the integrated flight attempt
Virgin Islands, according to NOAA weather radar data.[185]

Third flight test

Following the second flight test (which saw the loss of both stages), significant changes were
implemented, including upgrading Starship's thrust vector control system to electric thrust vector control
(TVC)[186] and measures to delay liquid oxygen (LOX)[186] venting until after Starship engine cutoff
(SECO) has taken place.

IFT-3 launched from the SpaceX Starbase facility along the

South Texas coast around 8:25 CDT on 14 March 2024,
coincidentally the 22nd anniversary of its founding.[187][188]
Like IFT-2, all 33 engines on the booster ignited and stage 0:00
separation was successful.[189] B10 conducted a boostback
burn, however, the planned landing in the Gulf of Mexico
Video of Starship during the third
was not successful, as it exploded at 462 m (1,516 ft) above
integrated flight attempt
the surface.[107]

The Starship spacecraft itself – after reaching space and

orbital velocity – conducted several tests after engine cutoff, including initiating a propellant transfer
demo and payload dispenser test.[190][191] It attempted to re-enter the atmosphere,[107][192] and at an
altitude of around 65 km (40 mi), all telemetry from Ship 28 stopped, indicating a loss of the
vehicle.[193] This flight test demonstrated a cryogenic propellant transfer, by transferring propellant from
the Ship's header tanks into its main tanks while in space, a technology which is required for Starship
HLS to exit Low Earth orbit (LEO). The result of this test was declared successful by NASA and SpaceX.
Additional data analysis is occurring on the fluid dynamics such as slosh and boil-off of the
propellant.[194][195][196]

Fourth flight test

The fourth integrated flight test of the full Starship configuration launched on 6 June 2024, at 7:50 AM
CDT.[197] The goals for the test flight were for the Super Heavy booster to land on a 'virtual tower' in the
ocean, and for the Ship to survive peak heating during atmospheric reentry.[101] The flight test was
successful in both regards, with Super Heavy achieving a soft splashdown and Ship surviving
atmospheric reentry and a controlled splashdown.[198]

Fifth flight test

In April 2024, Musk stated one of the goals was to attempt a
booster tower landing based on successful booster performance in
flight 4. Vehicle testing commenced in May 2024.[199] SpaceX
claimed that B12 and S30 were ready to launch in early August, in
advance of regulatory approval.[200] SpaceX flew S30 and B12 on
13 October 2024, with B12 returning to the launch site for a
successful catch for the first time, and S30 successfully splashing
down in the Indian Ocean.[201]

Sixth flight test

Booster 12 is successfully caught by
the launch tower during flight test 5
Ship 31 completed a successful cryogenic test in July 2024 and a static fire in September.[202][203]
Booster 13 completed similar tests in April and October.[204] As of November 6, 2024, flight 6 is
expected to occur on November 18, 2024.[205]

Cost and funding

SpaceX develops the Starship primarily with private funding.[206][131][1] SpaceX Chief Financial Officer
Bret Johnsen disclosed in court that SpaceX has invested more than $3 billion into the Starbase facility
and Starship systems from July 2014 to May 2023.[1] Elon Musk stated in April 2023 that SpaceX
expected to spend about $2 billion on Starship development in 2023.[207][208] In a 2024 response to a
lawsuit, SpaceX stated that the cost of the Starship program was approximately $4 million per
day.[209]: 25–26 Adding that any day of delay to the Starship program represented a loss of
$100,000.[209]: 25–26

Musk has theorized that a Starship orbital launch might eventually cost SpaceX only $1 million to
launch.[210] Eurospace's director of research Pierre Lionnet stated in 2022 that Starship's launch price to
customers would likely be higher because of the rocket's development cost.[78]

As part of the development of the Human Landing System for the Artemis program, SpaceX was awarded
in April 2021 a $2.89 billion fixed-price contract from NASA to develop the Starship lunar lander for
Artemis III.[211][212] Blue Origin, a bidding competitor to SpaceX, disputed the decision and began a
legal case against NASA and SpaceX in August 2021, causing NASA to suspend the contract for three
months until the case was dismissed in the Court of Federal Claims.[213][214][215] Two years later Blue
Origin was awarded a $3.4 billion fixed-price contract for its lunar lander.[216]

In 2022, NASA awarded SpaceX a $1.15 billion fixed-price contract for a second lunar lander for Artemis
IV.[212] The same year, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket
Cargo program for the United States Space Force.[217]

Launch history
Starship vehicles have been launched 5 times for flight tests over 2 years, resulting in 3 successes (60%),
and 2 failures. Starship Block 1 has been launched five times between April 2023 to October 2024, and
will be replaced by Block 2 ships after another flight.[218] Block 1 boosters are expected to fly further
into the future.[219]

Launch sites

1
 2023 2024 2025

Starbase, OLP-A
Starbase, OLP-B
Kennedy, LC-39A

Launch outcomes
4

2023 2024 2025

Failure[i]
Partial failure
Success
Planned

Booster landings
3

2023 2024 2025

Precluded
 Ocean failure
Tower failure
Ocean success[ii]
Tower success
No attempt

Ship landings

2023 2024 2025

Precluded
Ocean failure
Tower failure
Ocean success[ii]
Tower success
No attempt

Booster Version

2023 2024 2025

Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Ship Version

2023 2024 2025

Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Depot
Starship HLS
Starship Crew

i. SpaceX declared both launches a success

ii. Any controlled flight to water, no recovery

Potential missions

Starlink
SpaceX plans to use Starship to launch the second generation of satellites for SpaceX's Starlink system,
which currently delivers high-speed internet to over 70 countries.[220] An analyst at financial services
company Morgan Stanley stated development of Starship and Starlink are intertwined, with Starship's
planned launch capacity enabling cheaper Starlink launches, and Starlink's profits financing Starship's
development costs.[221] In deficit from its inception until the end of 2022,[222] Starlink was first reported
to be cash flow positive in the first quarter of 2023,[223][224] though Elon Musk said that Starlink had only
reached "break-even cashflow" in 2023.[225] In December 2023, the FCC issued a final denial of a $885M
Starlink subsidy because of Starlink's "continuing inability to successfully launch on the Starship
rocket".[226]

Artemis Program
Starship HLS was initially chosen by
NASA as the sole lunar Human
Landing System for the planned
Artemis III and Artemis IV crewed
missions, as part of the Artemis
program.[79][227] Starship HLS is to be
launched into a low Earth orbit, and
refueled by multiple Starship tanker
spacecraft.[228]: 4, 5 Once fueled, it
would perform a trans lunar injection
burn and enter a near-rectilinear halo
orbit[229] around the Moon, with a Artemis III launch profile of a human landing on the Moon,
perilune of 1,500 km (930 mi) involving Starship HLS, Starship tanker variants, and Orion
occurring over the north pole and an spacecraft
apolune of 70,000 km (43,000 mi)
occurring over the south
pole. [229][228]: 4, 5 The Orion spacecraft would then dock with Starship HLS and two of its four crew
would transfer into Starship HLS.[230][228]: 4, 5 Starship HLS would then use its engines to make a
powered descent and land near the lunar south pole.[228]: 4, 5 After the crew performs the surface portion
of its mission, the HLS would ascend with the crew.[228]: 4, 5 The crew would then transfer into the Orion
spacecraft and return to Earth.[228]: 4, 5

Astronomy
Astronomers have called to consider Starship's larger mass to orbit and wider cargo bay for proposed
space telescopes such as LUVOIR, and to develop larger telescopes to take advantage of these
capabilities.[231][232] Starship's 9 m (30 ft) fairing width could hold an 8 m (26 ft) wide space telescope
mirror in a single piece,[231] alleviating the need for complex unfolding such as that of the JWST's 6.5 m
(21 ft) mirror, which added cost and delays.[232] Ariane 5 imposed a ~6,500 kg limit on the telescope's
weight.[233] Whereas Starship's low launch cost could also allow probes to use heavier, more common,
cheaper materials, such as glass instead of beryllium for large telescope mirrors.[232][78] With a 5 t
(11,000 lb) mirror built using similar methods to the Hubble Space Telescope's mirror, the JWST would
represent only 10% of the mass deliverable by a (refueled) Starship to the Sun–Earth L2 point, and
therefore minimizing the weight of the telescope would not have been a dominant design
consideration.[232]

The National Academies of Science's 2020 survey recommended the Habitable Worlds Observatory
(HWO); the space observatory, requiring a super heavy lift launch vehicle, will search for signs of life on
exoplanets.[233] The HWO's team hopes for the success of big launchers due to their critical importance
to the HWO's mission.[233] Lee Feinberg, NASA HWO lead architect[233] and JWST manager,[234] stays
in communication with SpaceX to track Starship's progress and has visited them in 2024 for that same
purpose.[233] The NASA Habitable Worlds Observatory will have a 6–8 meter mirror for now, but its
design should be flexible to leverage launchers with potentially double the mass and volume by the time
it launches in the 2040s.[233] Former NASA JPL architect Casey Handmer believes the HWO to be far too
conservative compared to what is possible with Starship.[233] Handmer argues that Starship enables
telescopes to scale up to the point of surface-level exoplanet imaging, perhaps big enough to detect
seasonal migration patterns.[233]

Rocket cargo
In January 2022, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket Cargo
program for the United States Space Force.[217] The five-year contract is intended to "determine exactly
what a rocket can achieve when used for cargo transport",[235] and will see the Air Force Research
Laboratory collect data during commercial launches of Starship.[235] The contract includes an eventual
demonstration mission with the launch and landing of a cargo-laden Starship in a point-to-point flight.

The Department of Defense has planned a test with Starship as part of its program to demonstrate the
ability to rapidly deploy up to 100 tons of cargo and supplies, a capability it calls point to point delivery
(P2PD). The test is envisioned to take place in FY25 or FY26.[236]

Mars Sample Return

In 2024, the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return project, one of NASA's highest priority flagship projects,
suffered a setback when an independent review board assessing the project's feasibility concluded that the
project could not complete under its mission profile. In April 2024, the Administrator of NASA then
announced that a new mission profile was needed for the project and that NASA would turn to industry
for proposals, with responses due in fall 2024, and high emphasis on lower total cost and lower risk.[237]
Starship was widely seen as a leading candidate to serve as a central component of the new mission
profile architecture.[238][239][240]

Other missions
One future payload is the Superbird-9 communication satellite, which was Starship's first contract for
externally made commercial satellites.[241] Another planned payload is the Starlab space station, which
Starship will launch in a single piece.[242]

In the future, the spacecraft's crewed version could be used for space tourism—for example, for the third
flight of the Polaris program.[243]

Research conducted by Project Lyra determined that with refueling in LEO, a Starship could send a
spacecraft to Oumuamua with a journey taking 20 years.[244] A gravity assist would be required at
Jupiter.[244]

Potential use cases

Space science
Opinions differ on how Starship's planned low launch cost could affect the cost of space science.
According to Waleed Abdalati, former NASA Chief Scientist, the planned low launch cost could reduce
the cost of satellite replacement and enable more ambitious missions for budget-limited programs due to
the higher percentage of the total budget taken up by launch costs for lower budget missions.[245]
According to Lionnet, low launch cost might not reduce the overall cost of a science mission
significantly: of the Rosetta space probe and Philae lander's mission cost of $1.7 billion, the cost of
launch (by the expendable Ariane 5) only made up ten percent.[245] Similarly the Juno mission had a total
budget of $1.13 billion,[246] with launch cost of $190 million[247] making up only seventeen percent of
the budget.

A fully refueled Starship could launch 100 t (220,000 lb) observatories to the Moon and the Sun–Earth L2
Lagrange point.[232] A fully refueled Starship might also be capable of launching probes to Neptune,
Jupiter's moon Io, or large sample-return missions.[113] Astrophysicists have noted Starship could deploy
multiple antennae up to 30 m (98 ft) in length, opening up radio astronomy to frequencies below 30 MHz
and wavelengths greater than 10 m (33 ft).[232] This would give the ability to study the Universe's Dark
Ages, unfeasible on Earth due to the atmosphere and human radio background.[232]

Transportation
One possible future use of Starship that SpaceX has proposed is point-to-point flights (called "Earth to
Earth" flights by SpaceX), traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour.[248][235] Musk stated that
SpaceX would complete hundreds of cargo flights before launching with human passengers.[249]

Space colonization
According to SpaceX, Starship is intended to be able to land crews on Mars,[250]: 120 though SpaceX has
not published technical plans or designs about Starship's life support systems, radiation protection,
docking system, or in-orbit refueling system for Mars.[77] The spacecraft would be launched to low Earth
orbit and refueled in orbit before heading to Mars.[251] After landing on Mars, the Sabatier reaction could
be used to synthesize liquid methane and liquid oxygen, Starship's fuel, in a power-to-gas plant.[252] The
plant's raw resources would be Martian water and Martian carbon dioxide.[89] On Earth, similar
technologies could be used to make carbon-neutral propellant for the rocket.[253] To date, there has been
one proof of concept experiment (MOXIE) demonstrating the extraction of oxygen from Martian carbon
dioxide, with George Dvorsky writing for Gizmodo commenting that we are not "remotely close" to
turning this "into something practical".[80]

SpaceX and Musk have stated their goal of colonizing Mars to ensure the long-term survival of
humanity,[78][254] with an ambition of having sent one million people to Mars by 2050.[255] In March
2022, he estimated that the first crewed Mars landing could occur in 2029.[256] This timeline has been
criticized as unrealistic by Kevin Olsen, a physicist at the University of Oxford, England, who has said
that "colony needs to become a factory" to produce air, fuel and water as it is "fundamentally impossible
to create a completely closed environment in space", and that the technology to do so is "far, far behind
the technology of space flight and habitation construction".[257] Serkan Saydam, a mining engineering
professor from the University of New South Wales, Australia, stated that humanity currently lacks the
necessary technology to establish a Martian colony, and will likely lack the capacity to establish a
Martian city with one million people by 2050.[257]

Facilities

Testing and manufacturing

Starbase consists of a manufacturing facility and launch site,[258]
and is located at Boca Chica, Texas. Both facilities operate
twenty-four hours a day.[18] A maximum of 450 full-time
employees may be onsite.[102]: 28 The site is planned to consist of
two launch sites, one payload processing facility, one seven-acre
solar farm, and other facilities.[102]: 34–36 The company leases
Starbase's land for the STARGATE research facility, owned by the
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. It uses part of it for
Starship development.[259]

Raptor engines are tested at the Rocket Development facility in

McGregor, Texas. The facility has two main test stands: one
horizontal stand for both engine types and one vertical stand for
sea-level-optimized rocket engines.[260] In the future, a nearby
factory, which as of September 2021 was under construction, will
make the new generation of sea-level Raptors while SpaceX's Ship 27, Ship 26 and Booster 10
forward section under construction
headquarters in California will continue building the Raptor
in Starbase build site, March 2023
Vacuum and test new designs.[260]

At Florida, a facility at Cocoa purifies silica for Starship heat-

shield tiles, producing a slurry that is then shipped to a facility at Cape Canaveral. In the past, workers
constructed the Starship MK2 prototype in competition with Starbase's crews.[73] The Kennedy Space
Center, also in Florida, is planned to host other Starship facilities, such as a Starship launch site at Launch
Complex 39A and a production facility at Roberts Road. This production facility is being expanded from
"Hangar X", the Falcon rocket boosters' storage and maintenance facility. It will include a 30,000 m2
(320,000 sq ft) building, loading dock, and a place for constructing integration tower sections.[261]
Adjacent to the Kennedy Space Center will be an additional launch site at Cape Canaveral Space Launch
Complex 37, likely to service missions for the complex owner, the United States Space Force.

Launch sites

Starbase
Starbase is planned to host two launch sites, named Pad A and Pad B.[102]: 34 A launch site at Starbase has
large facilities, such as a tank farm, an orbital launch mount, and an integration tower.[102] Smaller
facilities are present at the launch site: tanks surrounding the area containing methane, oxygen, nitrogen,
helium, hydraulic fluid, etc.;[102]: 161 subcoolers near the tank farm cool propellant using liquid nitrogen;
and various pipes are installed at large facilities.[52] Each tank
farm consists of eight tanks, enough to support one orbital
launch.[52] The current launch mount on Pad A has a water-
powered flame diverter, twenty clamps holding the booster, and a
quick disconnect mount providing liquid fuel and electricity to the
Super Heavy booster before it lifts off.[52]

The integration tower or launch tower consists of steel truss

sections, a lightning rod on top,[262] and a pair of mechanical arms
that can lift, catch and recover the booster.[52] The decision to
catch the booster with the arms was made to reduce the rocket's
mass and mechanical complexity by removing the need for
landing legs, as well as enabling more rapid reuse by placing the
rocket directly back on the launchpad.[159]: 2 The mechanical arms
Orbital launch mount A under
are attached to a carriage and controlled by a pulley at the top of construction in Starbase, August
the tower.[52] The pulley is linked to a winch and spool at the base 2021
of the tower using a cable. [52] Using the winch and the carriage,
the mechanical arms can move vertically, with support from
bearings attached at the sides of the carriage.[52] A linear hydraulic actuator moves the arms horizontally.
Tracks are mounted on top of arms, which are used to position the booster or spacecraft.[52] The tower is
mounted with a quick disconnect arm extending to and contracting from the Starship spacecraft; its
functions are similar to the quick disconnect mount that powers the booster.[52]

Florida
SpaceX has been constructing a Starship launch pad at Kennedy
Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) since 2021. The
site was leased to the company in 2014 and is used to launch
Falcon 9 rockets.[261][263] In 2024, the Federal Aviation
Administration began the process of preparing an environmental
impact statement (EIS) evaluating the potential impacts of the new
infrastructure and a higher launch cadence of up to 44 per year at
LC-39A.[264] Starship launch tower construction
can be seen (right) at LC-39A in
In June 2024, Blue Origin and United Launch Alliance (ULA) January 2024 as Falcon 9 launches
provided comments as part of the EIS process, both objecting to continue to take place
the impact that Starship launch operations may have on their own
activities at the site.[265] Blue Origin suggested several
mitigations, including allowing other operators to object to a Starship launch that would conflict with one
of its own, limiting Starship operations to particular times, or expanding the number of launchpads in the
area to reduce the impact of conflicting launches.[266] ULA suggested regulators prevent Starship from
launching in Florida altogether because a fully fueled Starship would require an evacuation zone so large
that it would prevent other operators from using their facilities, and the noise generated by repetitive
launches could be injurious to those who live or work nearby.[267][268] Elon Musk suggested that the two
companies' comments were disingenuous and that their true motivation was to impede SpaceX’s progress
by lawfare.[265]
The company has also proposed building another Starship launch pad at the nearby Cape Canaveral
Space Launch Complex 37 (SLC-37) which became vacant in 2024 after the retirement of the Delta IV
rocket. That year, the United States Space Force began the process of preparing an EIS evaluating the
potential impacts of new infrastructure and a launch cadence of up to 76 times per year at SLC-
37.[268][269][270]

Both EIS processes must be complete before SpaceX will be cleared to launch Starship from Florida,
which likely won't occur until late 2025.[265] The towers and mechanical arms at the sites should be
similar to the one at Starbase, with improvements gained from the experience at Boca Chica.[261]

Responses to Starship development

In order to compete with SpaceX and close their technological gap with the company, the China
Aerospace Science and Tech Corp and other aerospace actors in China have reportedly been working on
their own equivalent of Starship – the Long March 9 super-heavy lift rocket,[271] which is also designed
to eventually be fully reusable.[272] In 2021, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)
showed a rendered video of a rocket noted to be "strikingly" similar to Starship in appearance and
function.[273] In a 2022 event organized by the International Astronautical Federation and the Chinese
Society of Astronautics, the CALT communicated performing research on a crewed launch vehicle
powered by LOX-methane propellant, with a second stage that was very similar to Starship's.[274]

SpaceNews noted that the Chinese start-up Space Epoch and engine maker Jiuzhou Yunjian were
developing a smaller Starship-like rocket with a methane-LOX engine similar to Raptor, stainless steel
tanks and an iterative design.[275] Starship's reusability and stainless-steel construction might also have
inspired Project Jarvis, a reusable upper stage for Blue Origin's New Glenn heavy-lift launch vehicle
intended to replace New Glenn's expendable upper stage in the future.[276]

In 2021, members of Congress voiced concerns about the FAA's response to SpaceX's launch license
violations following the explosion of SN8, calling on the FAA to "resist any potential undue influence on
launch safety decision-making".[149] In 2023, prior to Starship's second orbital test flight, SpaceX's vice
president and ex-NASA engineer Bill Gerstenmaier made statements at the U.S. Senate on the importance
of innovation in light of "strategic competition from state actors like China".[277][278][279] He said SpaceX
was under a contract with NASA to use Starship to land American astronauts on the moon before China
does,[280][277] and that the Starship test flights campaign was being held up by "regulatory headwinds and
unnecessary bureaucracy" unrelated to public safety.[278][281]

Following the second integrated flight test of Starship, the Government Accountability Office (GAO)
made recommendations to the FAA to "improve its mishap investigation process", finding that
historically they have allowed the launch operator to conduct their own investigation with the FAA
supervising.[282]
Several environmental groups have filed lawsuits against the FAA and SpaceX, claiming that
environmental reviews were bypassed due to Musk's political and financial influence.[283]

Notes
a. Gross mass is the total of the propellant mass (1,200,000 kg) and approximate empty mass
(100,000 kg).
b. Super Heavy dry mass: 200 t (440,000 lb); Starship dry mass: 100 t (220,000 lb); Super
Heavy propellant mass: 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb);[3] Starship propellant mass: 1,200 t
(2,600,000 lb).[11] The total of these masses is about 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb).
c. 78% of 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb) is 2,700 t (6,000,000 lb) of liquid oxygen.
d. Synonymous with increasing the delta-v budget of the spacecraft.

See also
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Comparison of orbital launcher families
SpaceX reusable launch system development program

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External links
Official website (https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/)
Programmatic Environmental Assessment (https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engage
ment/spacex_starship) by the Federal Aviation Administration
Starship of SpaceX (https://www.eoportal.org/other-space-activities/starship-of-spacex) on
eoPortal directory, administered by the European Space Agency
Ringwatchers (https://ringwatchers.com/en) Frequently updated reporting on the Starship
program
Tim Dodd's Starship interviews with Elon Musk on YouTube:
A conversation with Elon Musk about Starship (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIQ36
Kt7UVg), 2019
 Starbase and Starship tour, 2021: part 1 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ux6B3bv
O0w), part 2 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA8ZBJWo73E), and part 3 (https://ww
w.youtube.com/watch?v=9Zlnbs-NBUI)
Launch tower and Raptor engine tour, 2022: overview (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3Ux6B3bvO0w), launch infrastructure (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP5k3ZzPf
_0), Raptor engine (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7MQb9Y4FAE)
Starfactory tour, 2024: [1] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFqjoCbZ4ik)
IFT-4 Pre- and post-launch interview: [2] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InJOlT6Wd
Hc)

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