Laboratory Procedures Of

Removable Partial Dentures

Assist. Prof. E.Didem DEMİRDAĞ

Department of Prosthodontics

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Two types of models are used in the construction phases of partial

dentures:

Diagnostic
model
The model obtained for the purpose of examination of dental structures, diagnosis and
treatment planning
Master
model
The model obtained from the dental structures of which pre-protetic
preparations have been completed, as well as other oral tissues related to the
denture, to be made on the denture.
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Anatomical impression with alginate to obtain a

diagnostic model
If the impression is left exposed for more than a few
minutes
• dehydrates and shrinks.

If the impression is immersed in water or disinfectants

• imbibition and consequent expansion.

To prevent imbibition or dehydration

• It should be taken to a humid environment (eg wet napkin)

within 5-10 minutes.
Stages of taking alginate impression

• A sterile, perforated stock tray is selected that is suitable for

the patient's mouth.
• The edges of the stock trays are shaped to cover the patient's
anatomical structures associated with the denture or the
areas away from the tissues.
• The patient is positioned so that the arch to be taken
impression is parallel to the ground.
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Stages of taking alginate impression

• Using water and powder scales, alginate and water are
placed in bowl,
• In less than a minute, it is crushed and mixed on the edges
of the bowl.
• Try not to leave any air bubbles while placing it on the
tray.
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Stages of taking alginate impression

• The tray is placed in the patient's mouth and kept motionless until the
material hardens.
• It is removed in a single move as much as possible and in the
direction of the long axis of the teeth.
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Individual Tray for Functional Impression

• individual tray: especially necessary in free-end cases.

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Acrylic individual tray

It is sufficient to place a layer of wax to

accommodate the impression material.

Borders:
It is prepared 1.5-2 mm shorter than the
anatomical borders.

Impression material comes to these parts and

their shape is reflected during the function of the
muscles.
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Preparation Stages of Metal Framework in Removable Partial

Dentures

1. Examining the Model (Measurement-Surveying)

2. Block-out

3. Modeling

4. Preparation of metal frame

5. Casting

6. Leveling and polishing

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1. Examining the model (Measurement-Surveying)

• In order to provide the chewing, aesthetic, phonetic and prophylaxis functions in the
best way, it is aimed to draw the contour and various position analyzes made in the
soft tissues and support and non-support teeth, thus to make the most appropriate
design.

• Parallelometer is used for this process.

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2. Block-out
• After the master model is placed in the parallelometer, all undercuts that will prevent the
rigid parts of the prosthesis (all parts except the clasp arms) from settling must be filled with
wax.

• For this process, special waxes such as base plate wax, gutta-percha, circolant are used.

• The wax should not melt during pouring the duplication material, which is at a temperature
of 45-50°C.
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2. Areas to be made block-out

1. The lower parts of the places where the clasp arms pass
on the support teeth,

2. Gingival parts of natural teeth that can be considered as

a guide plane,

3. The parts below the guide planes,

4. Where minor connectors will pass,

5. Tissue undercuts that prevent the lingual bar from

snapping into place.
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3. Modelling
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3. Modelling
• In modeling, respectively,

a. Retentive zone (Retention meshes),

b. main connector,

c. minor connectors,

d. clasps and

e. Rests are placed.

• The parts consisting of separate parts are combined with the same type of wax and turned
into a one-piece unit.
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While preparing the metal frame, first of all, model analysis, then the

determination of the areas to be relieved and the block-out process, and

then modeling with ready-made plastic patterns are performed. The final

metal frame appears to be finished.

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After checking whether the metal frame design made by the dentist and

conveyed to the dental technician is done correctly, the adjustment

process is started in the mouth.

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• Pictured left is the occlusal view of the mandibular Kennedy Class II wax model. The majör connector in the form
of a lingual bar connects the three clasp systems.

• In the picture on the right, the buccal view is seen from the left side. The clasp pattern tapering towards the tip is
placed on the refractory model. Relief was made under the minor connectors. The gingival part of the proximal
plate, which is close to the tissue, should be made to allow easy shaping of the acrylic end border.
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• In the picture on the left, the modification with the wrought clasp made to

the right mandibular 1. premolar is observed.

• The picture on the right shows the lingual view of the modeling.
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In another modification applied to the mandibular metal frame, a wrought clasp is observed.

The picture on the right shows the lingual view of the modeling. The minor connectors and posterior

base have been strengthened by increasing the wax modeling thickness to increase resistance to

repetitive bending during function.

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In the picture on the left, the buccal view of the modeling is observed. Double wrought clasp is prepared.
The relief under the distal mesh is visible, which will provide retention for the acrylic base.

In the picture on the right, the palatal view of the modeling is seen. Antero-posterior bar was used as the
major connector. I bar clasps and rests are traced.
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Buccal view of the I-bar clasp. Tissue relief is provided under the denture base, minor connector
and I-bar clasp. The I-bar clasp tapers towards the tip and settles into the mid-buccal undercut.

In the picture on the right, the I-bar clasp on the opposite side is observed. The palatal outer
border ends distal to the junction of the soft and hard palate (also the end of the posterior palatal
bar).
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• After the modeling process is completed, sprues are prepared.
• Sprue is the channel or hole through which plastic or metal is
poured or cast into a gate or reservoir and then into the mould.
• The width of the casting channels (sprues) is determined
according to the thickness of the wax modeling. The sprue
diameter to form the main sprue should not be less than 3 mm.
• The minimum thickness for the side sprues is 1.5 mm.
• The length and shape of the sprues should be made as straight
as possible from the dental casting ring to the casting cavity.
• It is recommended that the casting channels be prepared with
several large diameter casting tracks rather than many small
diameter rods.
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Making the model for the maxillary metal framework ready for casting by

preparing a single main sprue supported by auxiliary sprues.

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4. Casting
• Metal frame wax modeling to be cast is taken into investment.
• First of all, the dental casting ring is allowed to dry in the drying oven for 30-45 minutes.
• Then the oven temperature is increased to 250°C.
• In the next 2-2.5 hour period, the temperature is increased to 900-1000°C. Wait for 15
minutes while the oven is at this temperature.
• Then the centrifugal casting process is started.
• The pouring into the dental casting ring should be completed in 1 minute.
• It has been stated that the most ideal method for casting is the induction casting method
under high pressure and vacuum.
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The application of the investment with a soft brush ensures full adaptation of the
investment to the modeling. The cuff prepared for casting is placed in the casting
furnace.
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The sample taken for investment is taken from the burn out oven, all the wax is removed
and taken to the casting oven. Casting is done by induction casting method.
The investment is broken with a hammer and the casting
sample is sandblasted in the sandblasting device and cleaned
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of investment residues.
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The view of the

mandibular metal
frame cast after
the investment is
removed.
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5. Leveling and polishing

• During this process, suitable separators, discs, stones, rubbers, pastes, brushes and
felts are used for Cr-Co alloys.
• "Electrolysis" is applied to polish the surface and clean the places where the
leveling stones cannot enter.
• For this process, the metal frame is kept at 3.5 ampere current for 10-15 minutes.
• The metal frame, which comes out of the electrolysis, is washed in water and
smoothed with coarse and fine grained rubber moles.
• It is polished with hard and soft felts and polishing pastes.
• It is cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner last.
Rough finishing is
done with metal
finishing burs,
abrasive stones or
sintered diamond
burs.

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Polishing is done with rubber burs before final polishing.

 The final
polishing
process is done
in the
electropolishing
unit using
heated
polishing fluid.

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A. Metal framework shipped from the lab with the master model.

B. Control of metal frame casting in the model. Although it is recommended to adapt the model before adjustment in the
mouth, sometimes critical tooth contacts are lost on the model and skeletal retention and stability may be observed as
low. This situation should be checked in the metal framework adjustment made in the mouth.
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A detailed examination
of the metal
framework is made on
the model. Small
adjustments are made
on the model, and if
bigger adjustments are
needed, the metal
frame needs to be
recast.
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Making the Base Plate

Base plate

Temporary Permanent
base plate base plate

Heat cure
Cold cure Heat cure
Thermoplastic acrylic
acrylic resin acrylic resin
resin+metal
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Occlusal wax rims

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5-Tooth Arrangement
6. Acrylic Moulding Process
• 1 part liquid and 3 parts powder (1/3 ratio) are used.

• It causes a 5-6% polymerization shrinkage.

• If the amount of powder is too much, manipulation of the dough becomes

difficult. This situation causes GRANULAR POROSITY on the prosthesis
surface.
6. Acrylic Moulding Process
After the powder-liquid mixing, various stages are seen;

sandy phase

adhesive phase

Dough phase

rubbery phase

solid phase
6. Acrylic Moulding Process
6. Acrylic Moulding Process

Benefits of keeping the muffle under pressure in the brit;

• The dough flows down to the thinnest point of the mold.

• The dough is compressed in the mold, compensating for

polymerization shrinkage.

• The vertical dimension is prevented from rising.

• It prevents the formation of contraction porosity.

6. Acrylic Moulding Process

Extracting, Leveling and Polishing