IM.

JUDICIARY

The Supreme Court Chapter

he

on
4
view of therights of individuals, which need
Syllabus protection against executive or legislative
eSupreme Court interference. This protection is given by
omposition, qualifications of judges, making the judiciary independent of the
pointment, independence of judiciary other two organs of the government.
the control of executive and legislature: (ii) An independent and supreme judiciary
sdiction and functions: Original, Appellate, is an essential requirement of a federal
isory, Revisory, Judicial Review andCourt governance. In a federal set-up, there is a
Becord. Enforcement of FundamentalRights constitutional division of powers between
and Writs. the executive, legislature and judiciary.
The Supreme Court not only safeguards
THE JUDICIARY the distribution of these powers but also
prevents any action that violates the
hder our Constitution the judiciary is a single limitations imposed by the Constitution.
and
ntegrated system of courts for the Union
he states with the Supreme Court at the apex. (ii) An independent and impartial judiciary is
By the single integrated system we mean: an essentialrequisite for ensuring human
rights and protecting democracy.
The Supreme Court is the head of the
entiresystem and not only supervises but THE SUPREME COURT
also exercises control over the functioning
of other courts.
Composition: The Supreme Court of India
more
consists of a Chief Justice of India and not
a
There are no separate sets of laws and than 33 other judges, until Parliament by
law
single civil and criminal system operates prescribes a larger number ofjudges. The Supreme
throughout the country.
Court (Number ofJudges) Amendment Act, 2019,
Allcases coming from the Lower Courts can which received the assent of the
President of

be taken to the High Court and ultimately India on August 9, 2019 increased the numnber
to the Supreme Court,by way of appeal. of judges of the Supreme Court (excluding the
Below the Supreme/ Court stand
the Chief Justice of India) from 30 to 33.
High Courts of different States and under
each High Court there /s a hierarchy af other
subordinate courts.
Supreme
Need for a Single intégrated Judiciary Court

India has opted for single integrated judicial High Courts

set-up unlike the double judicial set-up in thè
USA. This is because of the following reasons: Subordinate Courts
administration
) Inarepreséntativedemocracy, Single lntegrated Judiciary
of justice assumes special significance in
215
The Suprene Court
 PRESIDENT
Qualifications for Appointment as
Judge of Supreme Court The Presicdent appoints
appoints
fot appointment as a
A person is not qualified Court unless he is other judges of the
Judge of the Supreme Supreme Court after Chief Justice
of India
consulting the Chief
India, and
a citizen of of Justice
least five years a Judge
() has been for at courts
two or more such
a High Court or of
in succession; or
advocate of
has been for at leastten years an
(i) courts Judges of Supreme Court
two or more such
a High Court or of
in succession; or Appointrment of Judges
President, a
is, in the opinion of the AJudge of the Supreme Court cannot be
(ii)
distinguished jurist. removed from office except by an order of the
the Supreme
Appointment: Every Judge of India in President on the ground oft proved misbehaviolir:
the President of or incapacity. Such an order is passed after an
Court is appointed by Judges of Supreme
consultation with the address by each House of Parliament supported
Council
Courts, besides the the total membership of that
Court and of High by a majority of
appointment of a Judge than
of Ministers. In case of the Chief Justice
House and by a majority of not less
Justice,
other than the Chief would two-thirds of the members of the House present
consulted. Consultation procedure
of India shall be and voting for such a removal. This
concurrence. In case of the impeachment.
generally mean of is known as
seniormost judge
Chief Justice, usually the
appointed. In May 1993, a motion to impeach a Judge
the Supreme Court is Ramaswami
perform of the Supreme Court (Justice V.
When the Chief Justice is unable to failed to get the support of majority of
the total
reason of absence or
the duties of his office, by membership of the House (Lok Sabha).
That
appoint another
otherwise, the President may was the first ever move in the
history of India
as the acting
Judge of the Supreme Court Court.
Chief Justice.
to impeach a Judge of the Supreme
Supreme Court
Judges: The Seat of Supreme Court: The
Appointment of Ad Hoc shall sit in Delhi or in any other place as
the
a High
Chief Justice may appoint a Judge of Chief Justice may decide with the approval
of
Supreme
Court as an ad hoc Judge of the the President.
necessary. Such
Court for a period as may be
of the
appointrments are made with the consent INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY FROM THE
the Chief
President and after consultation with CONTROL OF EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATURE
Justice of the High Court concerned.
Independence of the Judiciary is ensured by
The Chief Justice may at any time, with previous the following devices:
of
consent of the President request attendance Judge
retired Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts 1. Appointment of Judges: Every
to act as Judge of the Supreme Court. of the Supreme Court is appointed by the
President after consultation with the Cabinet as
Term of Offfce: A Judge of the Supreme Court
shall hold office until he attains the age of well as the Judges of Supreme Court and Hign
65 years. AJudge may resign his
office, by Court. Thus, the judiciary and the executive
submitting hisresignation letter tothe President. are involved in the appointment of Judges.

Civics-10
216 Total History &
 there is a motion
Remova of Judges: The Judges cannot of his duties except when
through for his removal.
removedfrom office by any authority after Retirement:
simple procedure. Ajudge can be 9. Prohibltion of Practice
yemovedby the President only for proved TheJudges are paid handsome
pensions butthey
their retirement.
isbehaviourand incapacity. This charge needs are not allowed to practise after
Judges are
proved only by a joint address by both This has been done so that the
be Judges, to
Housesof Parliament and supported by a two- not obliged, during their tenure as
Moreover, if theyare
hird
majority of members present and voting. any prospective emnployer. influence their
word proved' is very inportant. It means allowed to practise they might
presented after former colleagues in the judiciary.
bat an address can only be
allegation has been thoroughly examined JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF
tribunal.,
y Some impartial THE SUPREME COURT
3. Security of Tenure: AJudge can
remain of law
age of 65 Jurisdiction' is the power that a court
office till he/she has attained the and enforce
President exercises to carry outjudgernents
vears. He/Shecarn be removed by the the protector and
an the ground of "proved
misbehaviour or laws. The Supreme Court isConstitution. It has
incapacity." the final interpreter of the
jurisdiction as well
both original and appellate
4. Security of Salaries and Service as advisory jurisdiction.
Conditions: Judges' salaries, allowances, etc.,
shall not be changed to their disadvantage during Original Jurisdiction
Judges to hear
their term of office. The salaries of the Original Jurisdiction means the powerinstance:
of
cannot be reduced except during periods and determine a dispute in the
first
financial emergency.Their salaries and allowances be moved in any
i.e., those cases which cannot
Fund of India Court.
are charged on the Consolidated court other than the Supreme
Parliament.
and so are not subject to vote of Disputes:
1. Centre-State or Inter-States exclusive
and
5. Freedom to Announce Decisions The Supreme Court has been given
Decrees: The Judges are free to announce their original jurisdiction in any dispute
decisions and decrees in the court chambers and one or
(i) between Government of India
without any danger to their person, property more States; or
or fame. Their decisions cannot be criticis ed any
in public or by the press. It is the
duty of the (ii) between Government of India and
or
State or States on one side and one
State to ensure their personal safety at all costs.
more States on the other; or
6. Punishment for Conternpt of Court: The
Supreme Court can punish for the contempt (iii) between two or more States.
an
of court if a person or authority makes Exception: This jurisdiction shall not
attempt to lower its authority. extend to:
7. Full Control ver its Procedure of Work (i) a dispute arising out of a treaty, agreement,
and Establish ment: The Supreme Court is etc., which is in operation,
free to decide its own procedures of work and
(ii) in certain other matters such as
its establishment as well as the conditions of inter-State water disputes, matters referred
service of its employees. Thus, it is free fromn to the Finance Commission, and
influence of any outside agency.
(ii) adjustment of certain expenses and
8. No Discussion in the Legislature on pensions between the Union and the States.
the Conduct of Judges: No discussion can
take place in the Parliament regarding the 2. Protection of Fundamental Rights:
conduct of any judge or about the discharge The original jurisdiction also extends to cases

217
The Supreme Court
 important point oflaw and needs
of violation of the Fundamental Rights
individuals and the court can issue several
of
of the Constitution, can be brought before
interpretation
Writs for the enforcement of these tights. Any Supreme Court. If the High Court refuses
case the
individual cn appreach the Supreme Court in Rive a certifleate on such a Supreme
appeal
case of violatien oa undamental riglht. Court can grant special leave of
2. Clvil Cases: Appeals in civil matters lie to
8. Teansfet of Cases from Lower Courts:
Under Article 139 A inserted by the 44th the Supreme Court, if the High Court certifes:
Amendment in 1978, the Supreme Court may () that the case involves a substantial
transfer to itself cases from one or more High question oflaw of general importance, and
Courts, if these invelve questions of law or (i) that the question needs to be decided
cases are of great importance The Supreme by the Supreme Court.
Court may transfer cases from one High Court
to another in the interest of Justice. However, if the High Court refuses to give a
certificate, the Supreme Court can grant special
4. Interpretation of Constitution: All cases,
cases where interpretation of the Constitution leave to appeal in suitable
is required can be directly iled in the Supreme 3. Criminal Cases: Two types of appeals
Court. The Supreme Court has the power of in criminal cases lie in the Supreme Court:
exclusive jurisdiction in regard to questions as (i) Cases without the certificate of the High Court
to Constitutional validity of central laws.
(i) Cases with the certificate of the High Court
Appellate Jurisdiction The certificate of the High Court js
Appellate Jurisdiction means the powers to grant
not required in a case:
special leave to appeal against the judgement
delivered by any court in the country It is a () where the High Court has reversed the
judgement of acquittal given by the Lower
Court of Appeal which means that it is a court Court and punished the accused with a
which may change the decision or reduce
the sentence passed by the lower courts. The death sentence;
Supreme Court is the final Court of Appeal. (ii) a case which is withdrawn by the High
An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from Court from a Subordinate Court and
any judgement or final order of a High Court sentenced the accused to death.
in India. The appellate jurisdiction extends to
Constitutional, civil and criminal cases. In all other criminal cases, a High Court
certification that the case involves a substantial
1. Constitutional Cases: All matters
point of law and interpretation of the Constitution
irrespective of the nature, where a certificate
is issued by a High Court that it involves an is required for appealing to the Supreme Court.

"Rights are real only if they are accompanied by remedies.

It is no use giving rights if the aggrieved person has no
legal remedy to which he can resort when his rights are
invaded."

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar

2I8
Total History & Civics-10
soryJurisdlctlon law utra vires or riull and void. if t is avasst
Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction the letter and spirit ol the Constitution or
gIveits opinion) on any question of law or Coristitution
contravenes any provision of the
(puublic importance as may be referred to This power is refered to as the power ofjudicia
ctofconsideration
for
by the President of India. review. The minimum number of Judges to hear
Supreme Court may be required to express and decide a case involving interpretation of
the the Constitution shall be five.
opinionin two classes of matters, in an
s
pdVisory capacity: The Supreme Court has the power to review
Any question of law may be referred to the all National and State laws and executive
Supreme Court if the President considers orders and declare them null and void, if they
that the question is of public importance go against the provisions of the Constítution.
and it is necessary to obtain the opinion For example, in 1970, the Supreme Court had
of the Supreme Court. Such opinion of the declared the following Acts of Parliament as
Supreme Court is advisory and not binding null and void:
on the Governmnent nor is it executable (i) Presidential order concerning derecognisation
as a judgement of the Supreme Court. of the former princes.
) Disputes arising out of pre-Constitution (i) Banking Companies Act, 1969, for the
treaties and agreements which are excluded nationalisation of 14 banks.
from original jurisdiction by Article 131.
(ii) In August 1999, the Supreme Court held
Revisory Jurisdiction that merit' should be the sole criterion
The Supreme Court under Article 137 is for admissions to post-graduate and other
empowered to review any judgement or order higher courses in medicine and engineering.
made by it with a view to removing any mistake
or error that might have crept in the judgement
Need for Judicial Review
or order. This is because the Supreme Court The Constitution has provided for a balance of
is a court of record and its decisions are of powers between the Centre and the States. If the
evidentiary value and cannot be guestioned in Union government or the State go beyond their
any court. limits, the Supreme Court can settle the dispute.
Judicial Review () In a written Constitution a law may be
The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the ambiguously worked. The question of
Constitution and its decision is final. It has the interpretation of the Constitution is bound
power to review laws passed by the Union or State to arise and the Supreme Court only has
legislatures. The Supreme Court can declare a the power of original jurisdiction.

Supreme Court Appellate

Original Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction

Protector of Guardian of
Fundamental Constitution
Rights
Court of
Record
Appeals
Advisory
Judicial Review Jurisdiction

Powers and Functions of the Supreme Court

The Suprene Court 219

 IMPORTANT WRITS
1. Habeas Corpus: It means to
body. By issuing such a writ, have the
Court or the Supreme Court cantheget High
body of any person released if it the
unlawfully detained by any person has been
or
group of persons or by the State. This a
is, thus, a great safeguard for writ
the personal
freedom of a citizen.
2 Mandamus: In Latin, it means 'we order l
is a command or an order from a
Court to a lower or an administrative Superior
Supreme Court of lndia authority to perform certain duty.
3. Writ of Prohibition: The Writ of Prohibition
(1) The legislature may not possess the
is an order issued by a superior
wisdom, experience and impartiality which to a lower court to stop Court
are needed to explain what the law means. proceedings in
a case which might be in excess of the
This function can be best performed by
the Supreme Court. jurisdiction of the lower court.
4. Writ of Certiorari: This writ is issued by a
Court of Record
ACourt of Record is a court whose
superior court to a judicial authority desiring
judgements
are recorded for evidence and testimony. The
"to be informed of what is going on." Though
it appears similar to the Writ of Prohibition
judgements are in the nature of precedents',
Le., the High Courts and other Courts are there is a difference. Writ of Prohibition
is issued when certain
bound to give a similar decision in a similar proceedings are
case. They are not to be questioned when they going on. The Writ of Certiorari is issued
are produced before any subordinate court. after the order has already been passed by
the lower court.
The Supreme Court shall be a "Court
of Record" and shall have all the 5. Quo-warranto: It mneans "by what order."
powers of
such a court including the power to punish It is issued when a person has usurped
for conternpt of itself. any office. This writ thus prevents public
The Court of Record has two implications: officers from forcibly or wrongly holding a
(i) Its judgerments and orders are preserved high public office.
as record. These can be produced in any
court as precedents. Central government and one or more States
(ii) If a person commits a contempt of court, and Union Territories (UTs) as well as between
the court has the authority to punish different States and UTs. Besides, it has original
him, No authority can deprive the court jurisdiction with regard to the enforcement of
of this right. Fundamental Rights, transfer of cases from High
Truly, the Supreme Court acts as the Courts and interpretation of the Constitution.
guardian of the Constitution, On Appeals: (1) The Supreme Court deals with
appeals which are made to it in respect of its
FUNCTIONS OP THE SUPREME COURT Original Jurisdiction. It gives its verdict on
Settlement of Disputes the interpretation of the
Constitution.
settles Inter-State or Union-State
It also
Original: The Supreme Court has the original (ii) Using its Appellate Jurisdiction, disputes.
jurisdictíon to settle disputes between the it hearS
appeals involving interpretation of the
220
Total History & Civics-10
 onstitutionon civil and criminal cases where
point of law is involved. (ii) Appeal by TERMS
peCial Leave udgenment Audgement must be adeeisior
APpeatby Special Leave: Under Article 136 pronounced by a Court determining the rights
of the parties in the proceeding
theConstitution, the Supreme Court can
allowleave to appeal against the judgement Decree t An order having the force of lae
COurt of India. It is a special power Affidavit : A written statement rmade under
whichis to be exercisedI only under exceptional
oath, swearing to the truth of the conternts of
rcumstances, The Supreme Court has laid the document.
n the principles according to which this Notarise : To formally complete a docurnent by
power shall be used. acknowledgement or oath.
Incivil cases, special leave to appeal Contempt of Court: Disrespect for the dignity
wOuld not be granted unless there is a
or authority of a Court, including acts such
ouestion of law or gerneral public interest as these bad behaviour in Court, refusing to
involved in the case.
answer a question as witness, interferingin the
In criminal cases, the Supreme Court business of the Court, speaking disrespectfully to
interferes when it is shown that exceptional the Judge or refusing to carry out a Court Order.
and special circumstances exist and grave Rule of Law: Supremacy of law, implying that
injustice has been done. no person can be made to suffer in body or goods
The Supreme Court could quash the except for a breach of law established in the
decision of a tribunal when the tribunal ordinary Court of the land. Constitution grants
has exceeded its jurisdiction or adopted wide powers to the High Courts and the Supreme
a procedure which runs against the Court for the preservation of the rule of law.
established rules of natural justice.
Writ:Awrit is an order from a judicial authority
asking a person to performn some act or refrain
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights
Any citizen whose rights are violated may move the from performing an act.
Supreme Court for the enforcement of the rights. Jurist :A person with expert knowledge of law,
The Supreme Court has power to issue orders or a someone who analyses and comnments on law
a specialist legal scholar.
writs,in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for
the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights. (iii) The Supreme Court ruled that Chief
Justice of India's recomnmendation to
The Constitution prohibits the State transfer judges of the High Courts was
from making any law which takes away or not binding on the Governmen, if the
abridges the Fundamental Rights. If it does recommendation was made without
so, the law shall be declared null and void by consulting four seniormost jidges of the
the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court.
Administrative and Supervisory Functions (iv) The Supreme Court simpified procedures
() Appointments of officers and staff of the in the area of Publie lnterest Litigation
Suprene Court are made by the Chief (PIL). A person ca register a case simply
Justice of India or by such other judge by writing on a postcard or application
as he may direct. stating his complaint. These complaints
are registered and negessary orders
(6) The Court makes rules regarding the
conduct of advocates and other persons are passed. The grievancès of women,
appearing before it. It also makes rules children, bonded labourersand other
regarding the fees to be chargedin respect weaker sections are given attention
under the scheme.
of prgeedings in the Court.
2218
Te Supreme Court
 CHAPTER AT AGLANCE >>
he Judiciary: India has a single integrated system of courts with the Supremne Court at the ton
The Supreme Court
Composition: a Chief Justice and 33 other judges who are appointed by the President in
with the Judges of Supreme Court and of High Courts besides the Cabinet. consultation
Term: can hold ofhce till the age of 65 years. Ajudge can be removed from office by the
President
by the process of impeachment on the grOunds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity if a resolutio.
to this effect is passed by a special majority in each House of the Parliament by a joint address
by both houses of Parliament by two third majority of members present and voting
Qualifications of Judges: (i)a citizen of India; (ü) either a distinguished jurist or a High Court
Judge for at least âve years or an adyocate of the High Court for at least 10 years in succession
Independence of Judiciary: (0) appointment of judges of the Supreme Court by the President after
consulting the Cabinet and the judges of the Supreme Court and High Court; (i) removal of judges by
the President through impeachment on grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity; (i) security of
tenure of the judges; (iv) security of salaries and service conditions; (v) freedom to announce decisions
and decrees in the court; (vi) punishment for contempt of court; (vi) n0 discussion in the legislature
on the conduct of judges; and (vii) prohibition of practice after retirement.
Jurisdlction
Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in all disputes between the
Union and the States as well as between the States.
Appellate Jurisdiction: Appellate Jurisdiction means the powers to grant special leave to appeal
against the judgement delivered by any court in the country.
Advisory Jurisdiction: The President of India may refer to the Supreme Court any question
of law or fact of sufficient importance for its opinion. The opinion so expressed is not
binding on the President.
Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has the power to review its own judgement or order
with a view to remove any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.
Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power to review laws passed by the Union
or State Legislatures and can declare a law ultra vires' or null and void, if it is against
the spiit of the Constitution.
Court of Record: The Supreme Court is a Court of Record whose judgements are recorded for
evidence and testimony.
Guardian of the Constitution: The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the Constitution.
Punctions
Settlement of Disputes: Supreme Court hears appeals in respect of its original and appellate
jurisdictions.
Enforcenment of Pundamental Rights: The Supreme Court has the power to issue writs (habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari) for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights

EXERCISES
1. Multiple-Choice Questions
. What is the naximum nunber of Judges that can be appointed in the Supremne Court,
excluding the Chief Justice of India?
(a) 30 (b) 33 (c) 34 (d) 28
2, What is the minimum period for which a citizen has to be the judge of a High Court or of two
or more such courts in succession in order to be appointed as a judge of
Supreme Courtr
(a) 5 years (b) 10 years (o) 2 years (d) 7 years
222 Total History & Civics-l10
 What is the term of office of a judge of the Supreme Court?
ia) Until heattains 63 years (b) Until he attains 70 years
c) Until he attains 60 years (d) Until he attains 65 years
4 The appellatejurisdiction extends to
(a) Constitutional cases (b) Criminal cases
(c) Civil cases (d) All of the above
5. The minimum number of judges to hear and decide a case involving interpretation of the
Constitution shall be
(a) Ten (b) Four (c) Five (d) Seven
6. As a "Court of Record" the Supreme count has the power to
(a) punish for contempt of itself (b) fine for collusion of opposing parties
(c) declare evidence as indisputable (d) confer titles to appellants.
7. What is thefull form of "PIL"?
(a) Public Interest Law (b) Public Interest Litigation
(c) People's Interest Litigation (d) People's Interest Law.
within 24 hours of arrest.
8. Adetained person has not been produced before the magistrate
Which legal remedy is available to him/ her?
(a) Writ of Mandamus (b) Writ of Quo Warrants
(c) Writ of Habeas Corpus (d) Writ of Prohibition.
Government as null and void, which
9. If the Supreme Court declares a law made by the Central
power is used by it?
(a) Revisory Jurisdiction (b) Judicial Review
(c) Advisory Jurisdiction (d) All of the above.

II. Short Answer Questions

1.) Who determines the strength of the Supreme Court?
2. By whom are the Judges of the Supreme Court appointed and how?
impeachment ? On what
3. With reference to the judiciary, what is meant by the term
grounds can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed from office?
4. Who decides the salaries and other emnoluments of the Judges of the Supreme Court?
Judges of the
Under what circumstances can the salaries and allowances of the
Supreme Court be reduced?
the Fundamental
5. Name the types of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. In case of violation of
applicable?
Rights of individuals, which type of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is
other courts.
6. Mention any one power of the Supreme Court which is not enjoyed by
What happens if either the Parliament or a State Legislature passes any law that is
against the Constitution?
7.)What is meant by the term Writ'? Name any two writs issued by the Supreme Court.
8. Who is the protector and final interpreter of the Constitution?
9, Mention two types under which an appeal in acriminal case lies to the Supreme Court.
10, State the difference between the Original jurisdiction and the Appellate jurisdiction.

223
The Supreme Court
IL. Structured Questions
1. The Supreme Court is the apex court in the entire judicial set up in India. In this
context answer the following questions:
Judicial System?
(a) What is meant by the term Single Integrated
under appellate Jurisdiction of the
(b) Mention three kinds of cases which come
Supreme Court.
under Original jurisdiction.
(c) Mention the types of cases that come
necessary in a federal democratic set-up. In this
2. The independence of the judiciary is
context, describe the part played by the following:
(a) Security of Tenure of Ofñce.
(b) Security of Salary and Allowances of the Judges.
(c) Power to punish for Contempt of itself.
jurisdiction. In this context answer the following:
3. The Supreme Court has extensive
Name two types of cases in which an
(a) What is meant by Appellate Jurisdiction ?
appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court.
of the Supreme Court? State the
(b) What do you understand by advisory functions
required to express its opinion.
types of cases where the Supreme Court may be
the Supremne Court?
(c) What is meant by Revisory Jurisdiction of
that the Supreme Court acts as:
4. Discuss how the Constitution has ensured
(a) Custodian of the Constitution.
(b) Guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
c) ACourt of Records and its implication.
interests of all citizens. In this
5. Supreme Court has many functions to protect the
context, answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by Judicial Review?
(b) What is the significance of the power of Judicial Review?
(c) Mention three ways in which the Constitution ensures the independence of the
Judges of the Supreme Court.
IV. Picture Study
Study the figure and answer the following questions:
(a) ldentify the building in the picture. Where
is it located? What is the position of this
court in the entire judicial set up in India?
(b) State three qualifications required to be
the judge of this court.
(c) How does this court maintain the sanctity
of the Constitution of India?

224 Total History & Civics-10