UNIT-I

SOLUTION

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

1. Which of the following factor (s) affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume
of liquid solvent?
(a) nature of solute (b) temperature (c) pressure
(i) (a) and (c) at constant T
(ii) (a) and (b) at constant V
(iii) (b) and (c) only
(iv) (c) only
2. Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same strength as those
between two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and toluene, which of the following
are not true?
(i) Δmix H = zero
(ii) Δmix V = zero
(iii) These will form minimum boiling azeotrope.
(iv) These will form ideal solution.
3. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because __________.
(i) It depends on the volume of a non electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on the
nature of the solute molecules.
(ii) It depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on
the nature of the solute particles.
(iii) It depends on the concentration of a non electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the
nature of the solute molecules.
(iv) It depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte solute in solution as
well as on the nature of solute molecules.
4. Isotonic solutions must have the same ______________.
(i) solute (ii) volume
(iii) elevation in boiling point (iv) depression in freezing point
5. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour
pressure?
(i) mole fraction (ii) parts per million
(iii) mass percentage (iv) molality
6. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch.
Under which of the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid?
(i) Sugar crystals in cold water. (ii) Sugar crystals in hot water.
(iii) Powdered sugar in cold water. (iv) Powdered sugar in hot water.
7. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is _______.
(i) less than the rate of crystallization (ii) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(iii) equal to the rate of crystallization (iv) zero
8. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when
small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is _____________.

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 (i) saturated (ii) supersaturated
(iii) unsaturated (iv) concentrated
9. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given
liquid solvent does not depend upon __________.
(i) Temperature (ii) Nature of solute
(iii) Pressure (iv) Nature of solvent
10. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
_____________.
(i) low temperature
(ii) low atmospheric pressure
(iii) high atmospheric pressure
(iv) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
11. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(i) Methanol and acetone. (ii) Chloroform and acetone.
(iii) Nitric acid and water. (iv) Phenol and aniline.
12. Colligative properties depend on .
(i) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(ii) the number of solute particles in solution.
(iii) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution.
(iv) the nature of solvent particles.
13. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point?
(i) 1.0 M NaOH (ii) 1.0 M Na2SO4
(iii) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (iv) 1.0 M KNO3
14. The unit of ebulioscopic constant is _______.
(i) K kg mol–1 or K (molality)–1 (ii) mol kg K–1 or K–1(molality)
(iii) kg mol–1 K–1 or K–1(molality)–1 (iv) K mol kg–1 or K (molality)
15. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M
MgCl2 solution is _____.
(i) the same (ii) about twice
(iii) about three times (iv) about six times
16. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because .
(i) it gains water due to osmosis. (ii) it loses water due to reverse osmosis.
(iii) it gains water due to reverse osmosis. (iv) it loses water due to osmosis.
17. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance .
(i) is higher than that at a dilute solution.
(ii) is lower than that of a dilute solution.
(iii) is same as that of a dilute solution.
(iv) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution.
18. Which of the following statements is false?
(i) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different solvents will have
the same depression in freezing point.
(ii) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation Π = CRT ( where C is the
molarity of the solution).
(iii) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride,
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 potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(iv) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
19. The values of Van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2 SO4 , respectively, are_________.
(i) 2, 2 and 2 (ii) 2, 2 and 3
(iii) 1, 1 and 2 (iv) 1, 1 and 1
20. Which of the following statements is false?
(i) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
(ii) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a
region of lower concentration of solute to a region of higher concentration.
(iii) The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent.
(iv) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.
21. Value of Henry’s constant KH___________ .
(i) increases with increase in temperature. (ii) decreases with increase in temperature.
(iii) remains constant. (iv) first increases then decreases.
22. The value of Henry’s constant KH is _______.
(i) greater for gases with higher solubility. (ii) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(iii) constant for all gases. (iv) not related to the solubility of gases.
23. Consider the Fig. and mark the correct option.

(i) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is
applied on piston (B).
(ii) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied on piston (B).
(iii) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is
applied on piston (B).
(iv) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied
on piston (A).
24. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations
0.1M, 0.01M and 0.001M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions will
be in the order .
(i) iA < iB < Ic (ii) iA > iB > iC
(iii) iA = iB = iC (iv) iA < iB > iC
25. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information:
(A) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture intermolecular interactions of A–A and B–B
type are nearly same as A–B type interactions.
(B) In ethanol and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular interactions are stronger
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 than A–B type interactions.
(C) In chloroform and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular interactions are
weaker than A–B type interactions.
(i) Solution (B) and (C) will follow Raoult’s law.
(ii) Solution (A) will follow Raoult’s law.
(iii) Solution (B) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iv) Solution (C) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
26. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of these beakers, labelled as “A”, was filled
with 400 mL water whereas the beaker labelled “B” was filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of
NaCl. At the same temperature both the beakers were placed in closed containers of same
material and same capacity as shown in Fig.

At a given temperature, which of the following statement is correct about the vapour pressure
of pure water and that of NaCl solution.
(i) vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in container (B).
(ii) vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in container (B).
(iii) vapour pressure is equal in both the containers.
(iv) vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour pressure in container (A).
27. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific composition then .
(i) A–B interactions are stronger than those between A–A or B–B.
(ii) vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and
B can escape from the solution.
(iii) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the
liquids escape from the solution.
(iv) A–B interactions are weaker than those between A–A or B–B.
28. 4L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by adding one litre of water. The molality
of the resultant solution is .
(i) 0.004 (ii) 0.008
(iii) 0.012 (iv) 0.016
29. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information : On adding acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds between methanol
molecules break.
(i) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope
and will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(ii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture forms maximum boiling azeotrope and
will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope
and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(iv) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope
and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
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30. KH value for Ar(g), CO2 (g), HCHO (g) and CH4 (g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83×10–5 and 0.413
respectively.
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
(i) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar (ii) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
(iii) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO (iv) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO

ANSWERS:
1. (i) 2. (iii) 3. (ii) 4. (iii) 5. (i) 6. (iv)
7. (iii) 8. (ii) 9. (iii) 10. (ii) 11. (i) 12. (ii)
13. (ii) 14. (i) 15. (iii) 16. (iv) 17. (i) 18. (i)
19.(ii) 20. (ii) 21. (i) 22. (ii) 23. (ii) 24. (iii)
25. (ii) 26. (i) 27. (i) 28. (iv) 29. (ii) 30. (iii)

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason.
While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
1. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.
Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
2. Assertion : If one component of a solution obeys Raoult’s law over a certain range of
composition, the other component will not obey Henry’s law in that range.
Reason : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
3. Assertion: When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi- permeable
membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region
of low concentration solution.
4. Assertion : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing
point.
5. Assertion : Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have
boiling points either greater than both the components or less than both the components.
Reason : The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of the liquid phase of an
azeotropic mixture.

ANSWERS:
1.(a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

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1. Which aqueous solution has higher concentration : 1 molar or 1 molal solution of the same
solute. Give reason.
Ans: 1 Molar solution has higher concentration than 1 molar solution. A molar solution contains
one mole of solute in one litre of solution while a one molal solution contains one mole of
solute in 1000 g of solvent. If density of water is one, then one mole of solute is present in
1000 ml of water in 1 molal solution while one mole of solute is present in less than 100 ml of
water in 1 molar solution (100 ml solution = amount of solute + amount of solvent). Thus, 1
molar solution is more concentrated.
2. When dehydrated fruits and vegetables are placed in water, they slowly swell and return to
original form. Why?
Ans: The cell walls of fruits and vegetables are semipermeable. The liquid inside the cells in the
dried fruits and vegetables is more concentrated. When these dried fruits and vegetables are
placed in water, water enters the fruits and vegetables due to osmosis and they swell and
return to their original form.
3. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood
cells in a solution containing
(i ) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii ) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
Ans: (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution is hypertonic with respect to 0.9% sodium chloride
solution or blood cells, when blood cells are placed in this solution, water flows out of the
cells and they shrink due to loss of water by osmosis.
( ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic with respect to 0.9% sodium chloride solution
or blood cells, When blood cells are placed in this solution, water flows into the cells and they
swell.
4. What is the mole fraction of the solute in 2.5 m aqueous solution?
Ans: 2.5 m aqueous solution means that 2.5 moles of solute are present in 1000 g of water
Thus, Moles of solute = 2.5
Moles of water =18/ 1000
= 55.6
So, Mole fraction of solute = 2.5 /55.6
= 0.043
5. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 ) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate
( i) the freezing point depression
(ii) the freezing point of the solution (Kf for water 1. 86 K kg mol-1)
Ans: ΔTf= (Kf x 1000 x WB )/MB xWA
WA = 600 g,
WB = 45 g,
Kf =1 .86K kg mol- 1
MB = 62
ΔTf = (1.86 x 45 x1000)/600 x 62= 2.25K
Hence, Freezing point depression = 2 .25K
6. (i) What is cause of anoxia at high altitude?

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 (ii) Why do scuba divers take air diluted with helium?
Ans:
(i) Low concentration of oxygen in blood and tissues at higher altitude causes people weak
and unable to think clearly due to anoxia.
(ii) To avoid bends (pains) as well as toxic effect of high concentration of N2 in blood ( as N2 is
more soluble in blood than Helium.)
7. (i) Cooking in pressure cooker is faster than in pan .Why?
(ii) RBC’S shrink when placed in saline water but swell in distilled water. Give reason
Ans: (i) Inside pressure cooker there is increase in pressure so the boiling point of water increases
leading to faster cooking than in pan.
(ii) In saline water due to exosmosis the RBC’s loses water while in distilled water due to
endosmosis there is entry of water in the RBC’s and so they swell.
8. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile,
nonelectrolyte solid weighing 0.50 g is added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol-1 ).
The vapour pressure of the solution, then is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid
substance ?
Ans:

9. Give reason :
(i) Soft drink bottles are sealed at high pressure .
(ii) People living at higher altitudes have poor thinking ability.
Ans: (i) To increase the solubility of carbondioxide in soft drinks their bottles are sealed at high
pressure.
(ii) Due to less atmospheric pressure there is less oxygen dissolved in the blood of people
living at higher altitudes and so they have poor thinking ability.
10. (i) Define molal elevation constant .
(ii) Why the boiling point of a solution is always higher than the boiling point of pure solvent?
Ans: (i)Molal elevation constant is the elevation in boiling point if molality of the solution is unity.
It is also called as ebullioscopic constant and denoted by symbol Kb.
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 (ii) Vapour pressure of the solvent decreases in the presence of non-volatile solute. In order to
make this solution boil, its vapour pressure must be increased to 1.013 bar by raising the
temperature above the boiling temperature of the pure solvent. Thus, the boiling point of a
solution is always higher than that of the boiling point of the pure solvent in which the
solution is prepared.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)

1. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10 per cent w/w. What would be the molality and
mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of the solution is 1.2 g ml–1,
what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Ans: 10% w/w solution of glucose means 10 grams of glucose is present in 100 g of solution, i.e.,
90 g of water.
Number of moles of glucose =10/180 = 0.0555 moles
Number of moles of water = 90/18= 5 mol
Molality of the solution = no.of moles of glucose /mass of water in kg
= 0.0555/.09
= 0.61 mol kg–1
Mole fraction of glucose,
X (C 6H 12O6) = (no.of moles of glucose /total no. of moles of glucose and water)

= 0.0555/5.0555
= 0.01
Mole fraction of water = 1.00 – 0.01 = 0.99
Volume of 100 g glucose solution = (Mass of solution/ Density of solution)
=100/1.2
=83.33ml= 83.33/1000 lit
Molarity = {no.of moles of glucose /volume of solution (in litres)}
M = n/V
= (0.0555x 1000)/83.33
= 0.661 mol /lit
2.

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Ans: 1. Reverse osmosis
2. To fresh water container
3. Film of cellulose acetate.
4.This can be used for desalination to meet potable water requirements.
3. Correct the given statement :
(i)“Osmotic pressure and boiling point are colligative properties.”
(ii) “Addition of sodium chloride lowers the boiling point and freezing point of water.”
(iii)“Freezing point of a solution is directly proportional to its molality.”

Ans: (i) Osmotic pressure and elevation in boiling point are colligative properties.
(ii) Addition of sodium chloride increases the boiling point and decreases the freezing point
of water.
(iii) Depression in freezing point of a solvent is directly proportional to its molality.
4. (i)The elevation in boiling point produced by dilute equimolar solution of three substances are
in the order A > glucose > B. Suggest a reason for this observation.
(ii) What is the condition for reverse osmosis ?
Ans: (i) Elevation in boiling point is a colligative property which depends upon number of
particles of nonvolatile solute present in the solution. Larger the molecular mass of the
solute, smaller is the value of elevation in boiling point. On dissociation, molecular mass of
the solute decreases while elevation in boiling point rises and viceversa. Thus, the reason for
the given observation in substance A dissociates while substance B associates in the solution.
(ii) External pressure > Osmotic pressure.
5. (i) Mixture of methyl alcohol and chloroform shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s
law. Explain.
(ii) Mixture of chloroform and acetone shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Explain.
Ans: (i) Methyl alcohol molecules are bonded together through hydrogen bonding. When
chloroform is added to methyl alcohol, the molecules of chloroform try to get in between the
molecules of methyl alcohol and break the hydrogen bonds. This reduces the methyl
alcohol-methyl alcohol intermolecular attraction and the volume gets increased.
(ii) Both chloroform and acetone are volatile when present alone. But when chloroform and
acetone are mixed, the hydrogen bonding takes place between the two. Thus A-B interactions
are stronger than A-A or B-B interactions and volume also decreases.
6. The molal freezing point depression constant of benzene is 4. 90 K kg mol-1 . Selenium exists
as a polymer of the type Sex . When 3.26 g of selenium is dissolved in 226 g of benzene, the
observed freezing point is 0 .112 degree celsius lower than for pure benzene. Deduce the
molecular formula of selenium. (Atomic mass of Se is 78.8 g mol-1)
Ans:

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 7. Two elements A and B form compounds having molecular formula AB2 and AB4 . When
dissolved in 20 g of benzene, 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K, whereas 1.0 g of
AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molal depression constant for benzene is 5 .1K kg mol-1 Calculate
the atomic mass of A and B .
Ans:

8. Calculate the amount of CaCl2 (molar mass 111) which must be added to 500 g of water to
lower its freezing point by 2 K, assuming CaCl2 is completely dissociated. (Kf for water is 1.86 K
kg mol -1)
Ans:

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9. A solution containing 3.1 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water boils at 100. 083°C. Calculate the Van’t
Hoff factor and molality of BaCl2 in this solution. (Kb for water 0. 52 Kkgmol-1 , molar mass of
BaCl2= 208 .3g mol-1.

Ans:

10. H2S a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell is used for qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S
in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s constant.
Ans: molality =0.195 means 0.195 moles of H2S are dissolved in 1Kg water.
Moles of water =1000/18 =55.56
Mole fraction of H2S = moles of H2S /Total moles of H2S and water
Thus X (H2S) = (0.195) / (0.195+55.56)
=0 .0035
According to Henry’s Law
P = KH X
KH = P/X
= 0.987/0.0035
=282 Bar.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS EACH)

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