International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Vol. 14, No. 6, December 2024, pp. 6248~6257

ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i6.pp6248-6257  6248

Algae content estimation utilizing optical density and image

processing method

Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin1, Agus Indra Gunawan1, Setiawardhana2,

Bima Sena Bayu Dewantara2, Era Insivitawati3, Anja Asmarany3, Ariesa Editya Pratama4
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Fishery Pathology, Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo Indonesia
4
PT. Panasonnic Gobel Life Solution Manufacturing Indonesia, Pasuruan, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: One of the factors that influence shrimp cultivation is the presence of algae.
Precise knowing algae content in the pond is essential for effective
Received Jan 5, 2024 management. Most research in the field of algae species carried out by
Revised Jul 11, 2024 researchers were observing Chlorella Sp. more than the other algae species,
Accepted Jul 17, 2024 with a particular emphasis on substance concentrations. This study proposed
non-invasive techniques for quantifying algae abundance, utilizing
optical density (OD) and image processing (IP) methods. Three different
Keywords: algae species are frequently found in Indonesia i.e., Chlorella Sp.,
Thalassiosira Sp., and Skeletonema Sp. are used as sample. Those samples
Algae are cultured and prepared in a certain volume with a certain quantity. For
Image processing experimental and observation purposes, those samples are then diluted into
Non-invasive water based on percentage value. The experimental results provided RGB
Optical density values, which were then used to establish polynomial equations. To verify
RGB analysis these equations, two approaches were employed: synthetic image analysis
and evaluation using additional data. The mean average error (MAE) was
found to be 3.467 for IP method and 3.513 for OD method. It shows that IP
method give better result compared to OD method in this study. However, it
is very possible that the two methods will complement each other.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Agus Indra Gunawan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Jl. Raya ITS, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Shrimp is one of the aquaculture commodities which is currently experiencing an increase in
production due to the high market demand. One of the important factors in the shrimp farming process is the
water quality of the cultivation [1], [2]. Water quality problems often have a negative impact on shrimp,
especially the cause of various diseases [3] and the possibility of harvest failure [4]. Water quality usually
associated to chemical and physical parameters which is affecting shrimp growth, such as temperature,
salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen [5]. In another case, water quality is also associated with the presence of
algae (good algae and bad algae) in the environment [6]. In the growth ecosystem, algae role as natural food
for shrimp in addition to artificial feeding [7]. Algal metabolism will affect the levels of nitrite, nitrate
phosphate and ammonia in the pond which maintains the pH value of the water and increases dissolved
oxygen in the water. This condition typically enhances the growth performance of shrimp [8]. However, the
presence of harmful algae [9] or an overpopulation of beneficial algae [10], [11] in the pond can negatively

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Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  6249

impact the pond environment, leading to shrimp diseases and potential crop failure. Therefore, monitoring
algae levels is crucial.
Basically, microalgae will affect the color of the water in the pond, making it possible to measure
algae content based on the color of the water [12]. In cultures of bacteria and other unicellular
microorganisms, optical density (OD), also known as absorbance or turbidity, is frequently used as a quick
and non-destructive measurement of biomass [13], [14]. The mass or number of cells in a suspension can
directly affect how much light is absorbed by the suspension. Image processing (IP) is used by adopting the
OD method. The image analysis technique used color, specifically the red-green-blue (RGB) and grey
models, allows for the discovery of a direct relationship between algal concentration and its RGB value
[15]–[17]. Measurements and machine learning are frequently combined in their implementation.
Some related research on the same topic has been done. For instance, Jia et al. [18] utilized a
multiwavelength laser diode monitor to measure cell density in microalgae. They employed wavelengths of
650 and 685 nm to estimate chlorophyll content and cell concentration, while a wavelength of 780 nm was
used for turbidity measurements. The tested species were Chlorella Sorokiniana and Scenedesmus Obliquus.
The findings indicated that measurements using optical density were good indicators for monitoring
transitions of microalgae growth and detecting disturbances within the culture system. Metsoviti et al. [19],
employed OD method using 2 wavelengths 420 to 520 nm and 580 to 680 nm to measure the amount of
Chlorella vulgaris which is cultivated by irradiating white and red light emitting diode (LED). The result of
OD measurement can be used to determine the rate of growth and the composition of biomass, protein, and
lipids. Salgueiro et al. [20] applied digital IP method to establish a relationship between dry mass weight and
light intensity of Chlorella vulgaris, to quantify its levels during growth process in a photobioreactor using
RGB and greyscale analysis.
OD and IP have been used in previous studies by different researchers to estimate algae densities
under varied circumstances. Moreover, there exists a significant deficiency in studies that precisely quantify
the types of algae present in shrimp pond environments, particularly in Indonesia. The objective of this study
is to compare non-invasive techniques i.e., optical density and image processing to estimate the biomass of
algae. Due to limited information on Skeletonema Sp., and Thalassiosira Sp., this study will focus on these
species, along with Chlorella Sp., which is commonly found in Indonesia. This study is carried out under the
same environmental conditions. During this phase of the study, algae specimens are sourced from laboratory
cultures rather than directly from a pond. Each species will be diluted in pure water to create samples with
varying concentrations, ranging from 0% to 100%, increasing by 20% increments for individual-species
samples. In the case of mixed samples, the pure water will be replaced by other blended samples. The
subsequent sections are structured as follows: section 2 provides insight into the prototyping, methods used,
and experimental procedures. In section 3, we analyze the measurement results and the shape of the trend in
the equations. Section 4 contains a discussion on the review of the measurement results. Finally, section 5
concludes the result of this study.

2. METHOD
This research builds upon the previous study [21]. In the research, a new portable measurement
system with a new setup was developed, and a specific quartz cuvette cell unit Class A container was used
instead of an acrylic container. The flow system diagram can be seen in Figure 1(a) and prototype is shown in
Figure 1(b).

(a) (b)

Figure 1. System design (a) flow diagram and (b) prototype

Algae content estimation utilizing optical density and image … (Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin)
6250  ISSN: 2088-8708

2.1. Optical density

In the OD measurement, the sample will be placed between the white LED and the RGB sensor.
Light sources use a certain wavelength because algae have different color and amount of chlorophyll [22].
Since 3 different types of algae are used as samples, utilizing white LED will give an appropriate way to
measure. Even though white LED will affect algae growth, however, the algae growth will not significantly
change the amounts of algae in a relatively short measurement time [23]. After passing the sample, intensity
values of white LED will be measured in the RGB color space using the TCS74325 sensor. The RGB sensor
response will be recorded by a microcontroller and transmitted to a Raspberry Pi. The sensor response in the
form of intensity is taken based on the Lambert-Beer law [24] according to the (1):
𝐼
𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑂𝐷 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (1)
𝐼0

where 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑂𝐷 is the intensity of the optical density, 𝐼 is the intensity that captured on the sensor when the
sample is not water (in this case algae) and 𝐼0 is when the sample is water. For this experiment, 𝐼 and 𝐼0 have
ranged between 0-255 according to the standard color scale in the RGB color space [25]. To simplify the
comparison, only the 𝐼 value will be compared for each channel so that the optical density equation becomes
(2):

𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑂𝐷(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) = 𝐼(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) (2)

where 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑂𝐷(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) is OD from 3 different channel and 𝐼(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) is captured RGB intensity on the sensor.

2.2. Image processing

The second method, i.e. IP, samples are placed between a backlight and digital camera. Since the
measurement space is a dark space, a white backlight is needed to emphasize intensity captured by camera
from the top of the space. Then, IP is used to extract color features [26] using a color histogram [27].
However, if all the image resolution data is considered, the value of the histogram will be too large. To
simplify it, a simplification process is carried out by utilizing the mean statistical methods [28], based on (3),
(4) and (5):

Σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛_𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (3)
𝑛

Σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛_𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 = (4)
𝑛

Σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐵𝑖
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛_𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 = (5)
𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
where 𝑅𝑖 , 𝐺𝑖 , 𝐵𝑖 are the R, G, B value of the 𝑖 pixel. While Σ𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖 , Σ𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖 , Σ𝑖=1 𝐵𝑖 the sums of the R, G, B
values of all pixels in the image and 𝑛 is the total number of pixels in the image. The image is reduced to a
single mean intensity value through alternate measurement processes that minimize noise.

2.3. Algae culture and measurement procedure

The samples, Chlorella Sp., Thalassiosira Sp., and Skeletonema Sp. are obtained from Balai Besar
Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP) Jepara, and thus prepared and cultured by Fisheries Pathology
Department of Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sidoarjo with cell contents of Chlorella Sp. is
710×104 cells/ml, Skeletonema Sp. is 43×104 cells/ml and 216×104 cells/ml for Thalassiosira Sp. as shown in
Figure 2. Each sample will be measured in a 4 ml cuvette utilizing various concentrations (0% to 100%). This
cuvette has 2 clear glasses and 2 opaque glasses on its side, with dimension 𝑤 × 𝑙 × ℎ is 12.5×12.5×45 mm.
The measuring equipment and materials were sterilized using an autoclave to eliminate any microorganisms
that could disrupt the culture activities.
The sample inside cuvette container is placed into the measuring chamber. For OD method, the
white LED and RGB sensor are placed on both right and left side facing clear glass. The sample is then
illuminated by white light, which on the other side RGB sensor is placed to record the optical density
response, reflecting the sample's characteristics. Similarly, in the IP method, backlight illuminated the sample
from bottom side of the sample, and the response is captured by a digital microscope that is placed on the top
side of the sample. Composition of sample is shown on Table 1.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 14, No. 6, December 2024: 6248-6257
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  6251

Figure 2. Algae samples

Table 1. Sample composition between algae and water (H2O)

Concentration (%) Composition
0 4.0 ml water
20 3.2 ml water + 0.8 ml algae
40 2.4 ml water + 1.6 ml algae
60 1.6 ml water + 2.4 ml algae
80 0.8 ml water + 3.2 ml algae
100 4.0 ml algae

2.4. Algae sample phycology

Before conducting experiments on algae samples, it is essential to understand what causes
differences in their colors. Pigments are one of the fundamental properties responsible for variations in color
in living organisms, especially in photosynthetic algae [29]. With this foundation, we aim to examine the
characteristics of the test species, particularly in terms of pigments. Chlorella Sp. belongs to the green algae
family. Naturally appears green, with a predominant content of chlorophyll a and b (in a 3:1 ratio) [30] and
lower levels of carotenoids compared to other types of green algae. Chlorophyll a tends to give a blue-green
color, while chlorophyll b imparts a blue-yellow hue [31]. Lutein is the most abundant carotenoid in
Chlorella Sp. [32], giving it a natural yellow color [33], although not as pronounced as chlorophyll. In
contrast to Chlorella Sp., Skeletonema Sp. belongs to the diatom family and is primarily characterized by its
chlorophyll and the carotenoid fucoxanthin [34]. Chlorophyll remains the predominant component [35], but
due to the morphological structure of diatoms, the fucoxanthin pigment covers the chlorophyll, resulting in a
dominant brownish-yellow coloration [36]. Like Skeletonema Sp., Thalassiosira Sp. is a group of diatoms
with the same primary components. The basis for categorizing Skeletonema Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp. lies in
their morphological shape and size, where the cell size of Skeletonema Sp. is larger than that of Thalassiosira
Sp. [37], [38]. Additionally, there is a difference in the content of the fucoxanthin pigment, with more of this
pigment present in Thalassiosira Sp. compared to Skeletonema Sp. [39], [40], resulting in its physical
appearance being more brownish in color compared to Skeletonema Sp.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section provides discussion based on the measurement results. The measurement results for
Chlorella Sp. are shown in Figure 3, with OD displayed in Figure 3(a) and IP in Figure 3(b). Figure 4
presents the measurement results for Skeletonema Sp., with OD results in Figure 4(a) and IP results in
Figure 4(b). Figures 5(a) and 5(b) display the OD and IP measurements for Thalassiosira Sp., respectively.
Figure 6(a) shows the OD measurement results, while Figure 6(b) shows the IP measurement results for a
mixed specimen of Chlorella Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp. Some studies [18]–[20] were focused on measuring
the growth rate of algae species to produce microalgae products for the industry. Typically, linear estimation
models were used [18], [20] whereas in this study, a polynomial model was employed, offering a more
flexible curve shape for estimation purposes. Additionally, this study compares the performance of optical
density methods [18], [19] and image processing [20] for estimating algae content using mean absolute error
(MAE) values.
The measurement results of Chlorella Sp. as shown in Figure 3 exhibit a similar trend, with the
dominant channel consistently appearing in the green channel, followed by red and then blue one. However, the
gaps between each channel from OD method show narrower compared to the result from IP method. In terms of
physical appearance, Chlorella Sp. exhibits a prominent dark green color, as discussed in the previous section
and shown in Figure 2. The trend of its intensity tends to decrease as the concentration increases across all
measurement methods. This is due to increment of its opacity, leading to the sensor absorption diminishing with
rising concentration. A similar outcome for Chlorella Sp. measurement was also observed in the studies by
Algae content estimation utilizing optical density and image … (Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin)
6252  ISSN: 2088-8708

Sarrafzadeh et al. [15] and Salgueiro et al. [20]. Nonetheless, there exist distinctions in gradient variations
between our findings and the studies conducted by Sarrafzadeh et al. [15] and Salgueiro et al. [20], which can
be attributed to variations in the geographic characteristics of the algae samples [41] as well as differences in the
sample densities used. Results for Skeletonema Sp. are presented in Figure 4. It shows the red channel being the
most dominant, followed by green, and then blue for both OD and IP methods. The gaps between each channel
are wider as the concentration of algae increases. The gap between the red and green channel is much narrower
compared to the gap between green and blue channel. The dominance of the red and green channels indicates a
brown color, which is in accordance with the phycology of Skeletonema Sp. compared to Chlorella Sp., the red
channel is more dominant than green channel, while blue channel is less dominant. This is because Skeletonema
Sp. is known for its physically transparent yellow appearance, primarily due to the presence of carotene pigment
(Fucoxanthin) in the chloroplast [42]–[45] as clearly shown in Figure 2.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Chlorella Sp. measurement result (a) OD and (b) IP

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Skeletonema Sp. measurement result (a) OD and (b) IP

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Thalassiosira Sp. measurement result (a) OD and (b) IP

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 14, No. 6, December 2024: 6248-6257
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  6253

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Chlorella Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp. mixture measurement result (a) OD and (b) IP

Figure 5 shows Thalassiosira Sp. measurement results, which is like Skeletonema Sp. measurement
results, where the red channel being the most dominant, followed by green, and then blue for both OD and IP
methods. However, the slope of the graph from Thalassiosira Sp. measurement shows steeper than Skeletonema
Sp. measurement results. The dominance of the red and green channels indicates that Thalassiosira Sp. is shown
by brown color, as illustrated in Figure 2. This closely resembles Skeletonema Sp.; however, Thalassiosira Sp.
tends to have a more pronounced brown hue due to its higher carotene levels when compared to Skeletonema
Sp. [39], [40], [46].
The measurements of the mixed sample are depicted in Figure 6. The graphical profiles indicate a
decrease in the concentration of Thalassiosira Sp., starting from 100% and decreasing to 0%, while the
concentration of Chlorella Sp. shows the opposite trend, increasing from 0% to 100%. As shown in the graph,
the green and red curves intersect at 60% for OD method and 35% for IP method, which ideally should occur at
50%. This difference may be due to the varying cell content between Chlorella Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp., as
already mentioned in section 2.2.
Based on those measurements, several data based on percentage of sample and equations are obtained
as shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Utilizing data based on percentage of sample, we may construct the synthetic
colors obtained from the measurement result to evaluate both OD and IP methods. Since we normalized
maximum data, i.e., 255 into 1, then it is needed to bring back the number from 1 into 255 for all red, green, and
blue channel. If we take the case of Chlorella Sp., based on Figure 3, for OD method, 0 % is obtained by 1×255
for red, green, and blue channel. 20 % is obtained by 0.98×255 for red channel, 0.972×255 for green channel
and 0.92×255 for blue channel, and so on. By doing a similar way, synthetic colors from IP method are
obtained. Table 2 shows the synthetic image based on OD and IP methods. From this table, synthetic image
from IP method is close to the real image of Chlorella Sp. sample shown in Figure 2 compared to that from OD
method. By doing same manner for Skeletonema Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp, IP method is close to the real image
of Skeletonema Sp. and Thalassiosira Sp. compared to that from OD method.
Second evaluation, we utilize the equations shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. For this purpose, we took
the case of Chlorella Sp. The equations shown in Figure 3 are inverted to produce new equations, (3) to (8).

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝑅𝑂𝐷 = −260.24 𝐶𝐻𝑅𝑂𝐷 2 + 22.143 𝐶𝐻𝑅𝑂𝐷 + 246.8 (6)

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐺𝑂𝐷 = −25.95 𝐶𝐻𝐺𝑂𝐷 2 − 416.3 𝐶𝐻𝐺𝑂𝐷 + 451.23 (7)

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 151.33 𝐶𝐻𝐵𝑂𝐷 2 − 532.07 𝐶𝐻𝐵𝑂𝐷 + 380.49 (8)

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝑅𝐼𝑃 = 70.509 𝐶𝐻𝑅𝐼𝑃 2 − 304.88 𝐶𝐻𝑅𝐼𝑃 + 234.27 (9)

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐺𝐼𝑃 = −698.35 𝐶𝐻𝐺𝐼𝑃 2 + 786.03 𝐶𝐻𝐺𝐼𝑃 − 85.738 (10)

𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐵𝐼𝑃 = 122.48 𝐶𝐻𝐵𝐼𝑃 2 − 247.46 𝐶𝐻𝐵𝐼𝑃 + 125.68 (11)

where (6), (7), and (8) are used for calculating Chlorella Sp. concentration based on OD methods for red,
green, and blue channel respectively. While (9), (10), and (11) are used for calculating Chlorella Sp.
concentration based on IP method for red, green, and blue channel respectively. 𝑌𝐶𝐻 is the output based on
concentration (%), while CH is the intensity, based on red, green, and blue channel. For instance, if we aim to
determine the Chlorella Sp. concentration through the optical density method, we can utilize (6) for red
Algae content estimation utilizing optical density and image … (Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin)
6254  ISSN: 2088-8708

channel, (7) for green channel and (8) for blue channel. The output of those equations will show
concentration base on red channel noted by 𝑌𝐶𝐻𝑅𝑂𝐷 , green channel noted by 𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐺𝑂𝐷 , and blue channel
noted by 𝑌𝐶𝐻𝐵𝑂𝐷 . The concentration of Chlorella Sp., then is obtained by summing
YCHROD+YCHGOD+YCHBOD divided by (3). The mean values across these three channels are then calculated
to obtain the MAE. MAE values for Chlorella Sp. are detailed in Table 3. To test the accuracy of the (3) to
(8), another concentration, i.e. 10% and 50% are used for observation under the same system. The smallest
error value is observed in (7), with a testing data of 10 and an error value of 1.02. On the other hand, the
largest error value is found in (8), with testing data 10 and an error value of 5.601. MAE from OD model is
3.513 while the IP model is 3.467. MAE across all models is 3.489. It shows that the image processing
method produces a smaller average error compared to the optical density method.
Despite the findings, this study solely discusses algae levels based on their concentration, without
exploring calculations per cell or dry mass, which require specialized equipment. Moreover, this study also
faces challenges with mixed-species specimens, although it has been successfully carried out. Further
investigation and analysis are necessary to accurately determine the quantity of algae content, not solely
relying on its color levels. Our research highlights that both methods are applicable solely for estimating
algae levels. However, this is restricted to just three algae species. Future research could broaden the range of
algae specimens for analysis. Furthermore, the estimation model is limited to polynomial models. In the
future, incorporating other regression models or comparing them with machine learning estimation models
may be possible. Moreover, alternative measurement techniques such as spectral or spectrophotometry
measurements could be considered. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the application of IM and IP can
determine algae levels influenced by their color intensity, consistent with a revaluation using synthesized
images.

Table 2. Synthetic image comparison from chlorella measurement

Concentration (%) OD synthetic image IP synthetic image

20

40

60

80

100

Table 3. Chlorella Sp. MAE polynomial equation

Equation AC (%) PC (%) AE MAE
(1) 10 8.703 1.297
50 55.934 5.934
(2) 10 8.98 1.02
MAEOD=3.513
50 55.540 5.540
(3) 10 4.398 5.601
50 51.685 1.685
MAEOV=3.489
(4) 10 8.268 1.731
50 55.403 5.403
(5) 10 7.978 2.021
MAEIP=3.467
50 46.326 3.673
(6) 10 6.0992 3.900
50 54.0728 4.072
Note: AC - actual concentration; PC - predicted concentration; AE - absolute error; MAE - mean absolute error
MAEOD - mean absolute error OD; MAEIP - mean absolute error IP; MAEOV - mean absolute error whole model.

4. CONCLUSION
This manuscript proposed portable measurement instrument to predict algae content. Based on the
result of this study, it is found that OD measurements and IP can be used to measure algae, without the need

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Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  6255

for traditional laboratory tests such as dry mass measurements. From the measurements, a polynomial model
curve was successfully obtained that reflects the relationship between the concentration of algae and the
channel values of R, G and B based on OD and IP methods. The result of synthetic image shows that IP
method provide better result compared to OD method. Furthermore, the result of the polynomial equation
also shows that IP method provide better result compared to OD method. It shows that MAE are 3.467 for IP
method and 3.513 for OD method. It's conceivable that the two methods may offer complementary insights,
but in this instance, the IP method proves superior in accurately depicting the measured algae compared to
the OD method. This prototype is portable, allows to measure samples outside of laboratory, to save costs
and time. However, the results may not be as accurate as measurements on dry mass. For better
improvement, some study may be done in the future research such kinds of color spaces, utilizing machine
learning, expand dataset, or combine with alternative measurement methods such as spectral analysis to
enrich the data.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin received his B.Eng. degree in applied

computer engineering from Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya. He is currently pursuing
a master's degree in engineering at the same university. He pursues research in electrical
engineering with specifications in measurement and instrumentation engineering, internet of
things and machine learning. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Agus Indra Gunawan received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Indonesia, and M.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Germany, in 2001 and 2007,
respectively. He obtained Dr. Eng degree from Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan, in
2015. Since 2001, He has joined to Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia, as a
lecturer since 2001. Currently, he focuses his research on the field of measurement and
instrumentation, especially non-destructive measurement for industrial, agricultural and
aquacultural technology. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 14, No. 6, December 2024: 6248-6257
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  6257

Setiawardhana is a lecturer in the Department of Computer Engineering from

Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. He received the bachelor’s, master’s and
doktoral degrees in electronics engineering from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember,
Indonesia, in 2000, 2010, and 2021. His research interests include the areas of artificial
intelligence, image processing, internet of things, and robotics. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Bima Sena Bayu Dewantara received the B. Eng degree in information

technology from Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia, the M.Eng. degree in
electrical engineering from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia, and the
Dr.Eng. degree in computer science and engineering from Toyohashi University of
Technology, Japan, in 2004, 2010, and 2016, respectively. Currently, he works in the major
field of autonomous intelligent systems which covers pattern recognition, computer vision,
machine learning, signal processing, robotics system and human-machine interaction. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Era Insivitawati received the S.Pi. degree in aquaculture from Brawijaya

University and M.Si. degrees in fisheries and marine biotechnology from Airlangga
University, Indonesia, in 2015. She started her career as a lecturer at the Marine and Fisheries
Polytechnic in 2019. Her research interests are aquaculture, water quality, plankton, fish
diseases, fish immune system, immunostimulant and histopathology. She can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Anja Asmarany has received B.Sc. degree in biology from Jember University,
Indonesia, in 2011 and M.Sc. degrees in microbiology from Bogor Agricultural University,
Indonesia, in 2015. In 2016-2018, she started her career as a lecturer at the Faculty of
Environmental Engineering Indonesian Islamic University. Currently, she is working as a
lecturer at Fishery Pathology Handling Engineering Program, Polytechnic of Marine and
Fisheries, Sidoarjo. Her research interests are microbiology, bacterial enzymes, phytoplankton,
fish diseases, fish immune system, quorum sensing, vaccine, and recombinant DNA
technology. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ariesa Editya Pratama received S.Tr.T. degree in electronics engineering from

Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2021. He started his career as Product
Development staff at PT. Panasonic Gobel Life Solution Indonesia in 2022. He works in the
RnD field of lighting project, designing lighting instruments according to customer request, as
well as ensuring the product designed meets company standards. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Algae content estimation utilizing optical density and image … (Muhammad Wafiq Kamaluddin)