Geo-IT Online Seminar

Freie Universität Berlin

Institute of Geographical Sciences

TRAINING ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

MODULE 4 : IMAGE in Google Earth Engine

Prof. Dr. Eng. Ayman Abdulrahman
Coordinated from
Dr. Wahib Sahwan (Freie Universität Berlin)

Geo-IT
The Technology of Data Acquisition for Sustainable Development and Crisis Management
(Germany, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria)
 Geo-IT Online Seminar
Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Geographical Sciences

MODULE 4 : IMAGE in Google Earth Engine

 Define Image
Import Image
 Image Properties
 Image Bands (Landsat, Sentinel,...)
 Mathematical Operations
 Reducing
 Masking
 Visualisation of Image
 Export of Image
 Charts
 Examples and exercises

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Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Freie Universität Berlin
Institute of Geographical Sciences

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Introduction
Some rasters have a single band, or layer (a measure of a single characteristic), of data, while others have multiple
bands. Basically, a band is represented by a single matrix of cell values, and a raster with multiple bands contains
multiple spatially coincident matrices of cell values representing the same spatial area. An example of a single-band
raster dataset is a digital elevation model (DEM). Each cell in a DEM contains only one value representing surface
elevation. You can also have a single-band orthophoto, which is sometimes called a panchromatic or grayscale image.
Most satellite imagery has multiple bands, typically containing values within a range or band of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

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There are three main ways to display (render) single-band raster datasets:
Using two colors—In a binary image, each cell has a value of 0 or 1 and is often displayed using black and white.
This type of display is often used for displaying scanned maps with simple line work, such as parcel maps.
Grayscale—In a grayscale image, each cell has a value from 0 to another number, such as 255 or 65535. These are
often used for black-and-white aerial photographs.
Color map—One way to represent colors on an image is with a color map. A set of values is coded to match a
defined set of red, green, and blue (RGB) values

When there are multiple bands, every cell location has more than one value associated with it. With multiple
bands, each band usually represents a segment of the electromagnetic spectrum collected by a sensor. Bands can
represent any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, including ranges not visible to the eye, such as the
infrared or ultraviolet sections. The term band originated from the reference to the color band on the
electromagnetic spectrum.
When you create a map layer from a raster image, you can choose to display a single band of data or form a color
composite from multiple bands. A combination of any three of the available bands in a multiband raster dataset
can be used to create RGB composites. By displaying bands together as RGB composites, often more information
is gleaned from the dataset than if you were to work with just one band.

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A satellite image, for example, commonly has multiple bands representing different wavelengths from the ultraviolet
through the visible and infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Landsat imagery, for example, is data
collected from seven different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Bands 1–7, including 6, represent data from
the visible, near infrared, and midinfrared regions. Band 6 collects data from the thermal infrared region. Another
example of a multiband image is a true color orthophoto in which there are three bands, each representing either red,
green, or blue light.

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Define Image : ee.Image(args)

An object to represent an Earth Engine image.

This constructor accepts a variety of arguments:
- A string: an EarthEngine asset id,
- A string and a number: an EarthEngine asset id and version,
- A number or ee.Array: creates a constant image,
- A list: creates an image out of each list element and combines them into a single image,
- An ee.Image: returns the argument,
- Nothing: results in an empty transparent image.

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Raster information
The Raster information section lists the raster-specific properties, including the following:

Number of columns and rows (of pixels)

Number of bands
Cell size (x,y)
Uncompressed size
Format
Source type
Pixel type (unsigned/signed, integer/floating point)
Pixel depth/Bit depth (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
NoData value
Colormap (present/absent)
Pyramids
Compression type
Mensuration Capabilities

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The information displayed on the Key Metadata tab (if available) includes the following:

Sensor name
Product name
Acquisition date
Cloud cover
Sun azimuth
Sun elevation
Sensor azimuth
Sensor elevation
Off-nadir angle
Band name (per band)
Minimum wavelength (per band)
Maximum wavelength (per band)
Radiance gain
Radiance bias
Solar irradiance
Reflectance gain
Reflectance bias

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Import Image
You can use the Asset Manager or command line interface (CLI) to
upload image or other georeferenced raster datasets in GeoTIFF or
TFRecord format.

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Image Properties

Image.propertyNames() Returns the names of properties on this element.

Image.getInfo(callback) returns information about this image
Image.get(property) Extract a property from a feature.
Image.bandNames() Returns a list containing the names of the bands of image.
Image.bandTypes() Returns a dictionary of the image's band types.

Image.metadata(property, name)
Generates a constant image of type double from a metadata property.

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Visualizatio : Map.addLayer
Map.addLayer(eeObject, visParams, name, shown, opacity)
Argument Type Details
eeObject Collection|Feature|Image|RawMapId The object to add to the map.
visParams FeatureVisualizationParameters|ImageVisualizationParameters, optional
The visualization parameters. For Images and ImageCollection, see ee.data.getMapId for
valid parameters. For Features and FeatureCollections, the only supported key is "color",
as a CSS 3.0 color string or a hex string in "RRGGBB" format. Ignored when eeObject is a
map ID.
name String, optional The name of the layer. Defaults to "Layer N".
shown Boolean, optional A flag indicating whether the layer should be on by
default.

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Visualisation of Image
Image.visualize(bands, gain, bias, min, max, gamma, opacity, palette, forceRgbOutput)
Image
Argument Type Details
this: image Image The image to visualize.
bands Object, default: null
A list of the bands to visualize. If empty, the first 3 are used.
gain Object, default: null
The visualization gain(s) to use.
bias Object, default: null
The visualization bias(es) to use.
min Object, default: null
The value(s) to map to RGB8 value 0.
max Object, default: null
The value(s) to map to RGB8 value 255.
gamma Object, default: null
The gamma correction factor(s) to use.
opacity Number, default: null
The opacity scaling factor to use.
palette Object, default: null
The color palette to use. List of CSS color identifiers or hexadecimal
color strings (e.g. ['red', '00FF00', 'bluevlolet']).
forceRgbOutput Boolean, default: false Whether to produce RGB output even for single-band inputs.

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Mathematical Operations

Arithmitical Functions logical Functions

Image.add(image2)  Image.gt(image2)
Image.subtract(image2)  Image.gte(image2)
Image.multiply(image2)  Image.lt(image2)
Image.divide(image2)  Image.lte(image2)
 Image.eq(image2)
 Image.neq(image2)

 mage.and(image2)
 Image.or(image2)
 Image.not()

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Image Functions
 Image.addBands(srcImg, names, overwrite)
 ee.Image.cat(var_args)
 Image.clamp(low, high)
 Image.clip(geometry)
 ee.Image.constant(value)
 Image.convolve(kernel)
 Image.expression(expression, map)
 Image.gradient()
 Image.hypot(image2)
 Image.mask(mask)
 ee.Image.pixelArea()
 ee.Image.pixelCoordinates(projection)
 ee.Image.pixelLonLat()
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Image Functions
 Image.projection()
 ee.Image.random(seed, distribution)
 Image.select(var_args)
 Image.set(var_args)
 Image.signum()
 Image.slice(start, end)
 Image.unitScale(low, high)
 Image.where(test, value)

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Reducing
Applies a reducer to all of the bands of an image.
The reducer must have a single input and will be called at each pixel to
reduce the stack of band values.
The output image will have one band for each reducer output.

Image.reduce(reducer)

Argument Type Details

this: image Image The image to reduce.
reducer Reducer The reducer to apply to the given image.

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Reducing
Image.reduceNeighborhood(reducer, kernel, inputWeight, skipMasked, optimization)

Image.reduceRegion(reducer, geometry, scale, crs, crsTransform, bestEffort, maxPixels,

tileScale)

Image.reduceRegions(collection, reducer, scale, crs, crsTransform, tileScale)

Image.reduceToVectors(reducer, geometry, scale, geometryType, eightConnected,

labelProperty, crs, crsTransform, bestEffort, maxPixels, tileScale,
geometryInNativeProjection)

Image.reduceConnectedComponents(reducer, labelBand, maxSize)

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Rrducer
ee.Reducer.mean()
ee.Reducer.median(maxBuckets, minBucketWidth, maxRaw)
ee.Reducer.min(numInputs)
ee.Reducer.max(numInputs)
ee.Reducer.minMax()
ee.Reducer.sum()
ee.Reducer.mode(maxBuckets, minBucketWidth, maxRaw)
ee.Reducer.percentile(percentiles, outputNames, maxBuckets,
minBucketWidth, maxRaw)

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Kernel
– ee.Kernel.chebyshev(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.circle(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.compass(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.cross(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.diamond(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.euclidean(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.fixed(width, height, weights, x, y, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.gaussian(radius, sigma, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.kirsch(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.laplacian4(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.laplacian8(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.manhattan(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.octagon(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.plus(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.prewitt(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.rectangle(xRadius, yRadius, units, normalize, magnitude)
– ee.Kernel.roberts(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.sobel(magnitude, normalize)
– ee.Kernel.square(radius, units, normalize, magnitude)

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Masking
 Masking pixels in an image makes those pixels transparent and
excludes them from analysis.
 Each pixel in each band of an image has a mask. Those with a mask
value of 0 or below will be transparent. Those with a mask of any value
above 0 will be rendered.
 The mask of an image is set using a call like image1.mask(image2). This
call takes the values of image2 and makes them the mask of image1. Any
pixels in image2 that have the value 0 will be made transparent in
image1.

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 Export of Image

You can export images, map tiles, tables and video from Earth Engine.
The exports can be sent :
1. to your Google Drive account,
2.to Google Cloud Storage or
3. to a new Earth Engine asset.

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Export.image.toAsset
Creates a batch task to export an Image as a raster to an Earth Engine asset. Tasks can be started from the Tasks tab.
Export.image.toAsset(image, description, assetId, pyramidingPolicy, dimensions, region, scale, crs, crsTransform,
maxPixels, shardSize)
Argument Type Diletas
image Image The image to export.
description String, optional A human-readable name of the task. Defaults to "myExportImageTask".
assetId String, optional The destination asset ID.
pyramidingPolicy Object, optional The pyramiding policy to apply to each band in the image, keyed by band name. Values must
be one of: mean, sample, min, max, or mode. Defaults to "mean".
A special key, ".default" may be used to change the default for all bands.
dimensions Number|String, optional The dimensions to use for the exported image. Takes either a single positive integer as
the maximum dimension or"WIDTHxHEIGHT" where WIDTH and HEIGHT are each positive integers.
region Geometry.LinearRing|Geometry.Polygon|String, optional A LinearRing, Polygon, or coordinates representing region to
export. These may be specified as the Geometry objects or coordinates serialized as a string. If not
specified, the region defaults to the viewport at the time of invocation.
scale Number, optional Resolution in meters per pixel. Defaults to 1000.
crs String, optional CRS to use for the exported image.
crsTransform List, optional Affine transform to use for the exported image. Requires "crs" to be defined.
maxPixels Number, optional Restrict the number of pixels in the export. By default, you will see an error if the export exceeds
1e8 pixels. Setting this value explicitly allows one to raise or lower this limit.
shardSize Number, optional Size in pixels of the tiles in which this image will be computed. Defaults to 256.

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Export.image.toCloudStorage
Creates a batch task to export an Image as a raster to Google Cloud Storage. Tasks can be started from the Tasks tab.
Export.image.toCloudStorage(image, description, bucket, fileNamePrefix, dimensions, region, scale, crs, crsTransform,
maxPixels, shardSize, fileDimensions, skipEmptyTiles, fileFormat, formatOptions)
Argument Type Details
image Image The image to export.
description String, optional A human-readable name of the task. Defaults to "myExportImageTask".
bucket String, optional The Cloud Storage destination bucket.
fileNamePrefix String, optional The string used as the output's prefix. A trailing "/" indicates a path. Defaults to the task's description.
dimensions Number|String, optional The dimensions to use for the exported image. Takes either a single positive integer as
the maximum dimension or "WIDTHxHEIGHT" where WIDTH and HEIGHT are each positive integers.
region Geometry.LinearRing|Geometry.Polygon|String, optional
A LinearRing, Polygon, or coordinates representing region to export. These may be specified as the Geometry objects or coordinates serialized as a
string. If not specified, the region defaults to the viewport at the time of invocation.
scale Number, optional Resolution in meters per pixel. Defaults to 1000.
crs String, optional CRS to use for the exported image.
crsTransform List, optional
Affine transform to use for the exported image. Requires "crs" to be defined.
maxPixels Number, optional Restrict the number of pixels in the export. By default, you will see an error if the export exceeds 1e8 pixels.
Setting this value explicitly allows one to raise or lower this limit.
shardSize Number, optional Size in pixels of the tiles in which this image will be computed. Defaults to 256.
fileDimensions List, optional The dimensions in pixels of each image file, if the image is too large to fit in a single file. May specify a single
number to indicate a square shape, or an array of two dimensions to indicate (width,height). Note that the image will still be clipped to the overall
image dimensions. Must be a multiple of shardSize.
skipEmptyTiles Boolean, optional If true, skip writing empty (i.e. fully-masked) image tiles. Defaults to false.
fileFormat String, optional The string file format to which the image is exported. Currently only 'GeoTIFF' and 'TFRecord' are supported, defaults to
'GeoTIFF'.
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Export.image.toDriv
Creates a batch task to export an Image as a raster to Drive. Tasks can be started from the Tasks tab.
Export.image.toDrive(image, description, folder, fileNamePrefix, dimensions, region, scale, crs, crsTransform, maxPixels, shardSize, fileDimensions,
skipEmptyTiles, fileFormat, formatOptions)
Argument Type Details
image Image The image to export.
description String, optional A human-readable name of the task. May contain letters, numbers, -, _ (no spaces). Defaults to "myExportImageTask".
folder String, optional The Google Drive Folder that the export will reside in. Note: (a) if the folder name exists at any level, the output is written
to it, (b) if duplicate folder names exist, output is written to the most recently modified folder, (c) if the folder name does not exist, a new folder will be
created at the root, and (d) folder names with separators (e.g. 'path/to/file') are interpreted as literal strings, not system paths. Defaults to Drive root.
fileNamePrefix String, optional The filename prefix. May contain letters, numbers, -, _ (no spaces). Defaults to the description.
dimensions Number|String, optional The dimensions to use for the exported image. Takes either a single positive integer as the maximum
dimension or "WIDTHxHEIGHT" where WIDTH and HEIGHT are each positive integers.
region Geometry.LinearRing|Geometry.Polygon|String, optional
A LinearRing, Polygon, or coordinates representing region to export. These may be specified as the Geometry objects or coordinates serialized as a string.
If not specified, the region defaults to the viewport at the time of invocation.
scale Number, optional Resolution in meters per pixel. Defaults to 1000.
crs String, optional CRS to use for the exported image.
crsTransform List, optional Affine transform to use for the exported image. Requires "crs" to be defined.
maxPixels Number, optional Restrict the number of pixels in the export. By default, you will see an error if the export exceeds 1e8 pixels. Setting
this value explicitly allows one to raise or lower this limit.
shardSize Number, optional Size in pixels of the tiles in which this image will be computed. Defaults to 256.
fileDimensions List, optional The dimensions in pixels of each image file, if the image is too large to fit in a single file. May specify a single
number to indicate a square shape, or an array of two dimensions to indicate (width,height). Note that the image will still be clipped to the overall image
dimensions. Must be a multiple of shardSize.
skipEmptyTiles Boolean, optional If true, skip writing empty (i.e. fully-masked) image tiles. Defaults to false.
fileFormat String, optional The string file format to which the image is exported. Currently only 'GeoTIFF' and 'TFRecord' are supported, defaults to
'GeoTIFF'.
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Charts
ui.Chart.image.byRegion
Generates a Chart from an image. Extracts and plots band values in one or more regions in the
image, with each band in a separate series.
- X-axis = Region labeled by xProperty (default: 'system:index')
- Y-axis = Reducer output.
- Series = Band name.
ui.Chart.image.byRegion(image, regions, reducer, scale, xProperty)
Argument Type Details
image Image Image to extract band values from.
regions Feature|FeatureCollection|Geometry|List, optional
Regions to reduce. Defaults to the image's footprint.
reducer Reducer, optional Reducer that generates the value(s) for the y-axis. Must return a
single value per band. Defaults to ee.Reducer.mean().
scale Number, optional Scale to use with the reducer in meters.
xProperty String, optional Property to be used as the label for each Region on
the x-axis. Defaults to 'system:index'.
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ui.Chart.image.histogram
Generates a Chart from an image. Computes and plots histograms of the values of the bands in the specified region of
the image
- X-axis: Histogram buckets (of band value).
- Y-axis: Frequency (number of pixels with a band value in the bucket).
ui.Chart.image.histogram(image, region, scale, maxBuckets, minBucketWidth, maxRaw, maxPixels)
Argument Type Details
image Image The image to generate a histogram from.
region Feature|FeatureCollection|Geometry, optional The region to reduce. If omitted, uses the entire image.
scale Number, optional The pixel scale used when applying the histogram reducer, in meters.
maxBuckets Number, optional The maximum number of buckets to use when building a histogram; will be rounded
up to a power of 2.
minBucketWidth Number, optional The minimum histogram bucket width, or null to allow any power of 2.
maxRaw Number, optional The number of values to accumulate before building the initial histogram.
maxPixels Number, optional If specified, overrides the maximum number of pixels allowed in the histogram
reduction. Defaults to 1e6.

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ui.Chart.image.regions
Generates a Chart from an image. Extracts and plots the value of each band in one or more regions.
- X-axis = Band labeled by xProperty (default: band name).
- Y-axis = Reducer output.
- Series = Region labeled by seriesProperty (default: 'system:index').
ui.Chart.image.regions(image, regions, reducer, scale, seriesProperty, xLabels) ui.Chart
Argument Type Details
image Image Image to extract band values from.
regions Feature|FeatureCollection|Geometry|List, optional Regions to reduce. Defaults to the image's footprint.
reducer Reducer, optional Reducer that generates the value(s) for the y-axis. Must return a single value per band.
scale Number, optional The pixel scale in meters.
seriesProperty String, optional Property to be used as the label for each region in the legend. Defaults to
'system:index'.
xLabels List, optional A list of labels used for bands on the x-axis. Must have the same number of elements as
the image bands. If omitted, bands will be labeled with their names. If the labels are
numeric (e.g. wavelengths), x-axis will be continuous.

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