22.09.

2024

Definitions
The slope of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at the point 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 is the number
Calculus I
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑚 = lim (provided the limit exists)
ℎ→0 ℎ

The tangent line to the curve at 𝑃 is the line through 𝑃 with this slope.
𝑦 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ

𝑓 𝑥0 𝑥
Chapter 3. Differentiation
𝑥0 𝑥0 + ℎ

1 2

Derivative at a point Derivative of a function

The derivative of a function 𝑓 at a point 𝑥0, denoted 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 , is The derivative of the function 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to the variable 𝑥 is the function 𝑓’
whose value at 𝑥 is
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 = lim (provided the limit exists)
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
The followings are all interpretations for the limit of the difference quotient, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim (provided the limit exists)
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Alternative formula for the derivative
1. The slope of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 .
𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑥
2. The slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑥0. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
3. The rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to x at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 .
4. The derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 at a point.

3 4

Calculation derivatives from the definition Example 2. a) Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑥 b) Find the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4.
Example 1. Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥−1

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Notations
There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function y=f(x), where the
independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y. Some common
alternative notations for the derivative are
d𝑦 d𝑓 d
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ = = = 𝑓 𝑥 = D 𝑓 𝑥 = D𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥
d
The symbols and D indicate the operation of differentiation.
d𝑥
d𝑦 d𝑓 d
We read as «the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥» and and 𝑓 𝑥 as «the
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥
derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥».

7 8

Differentiability on an interval; one-sided derivatives Example 3. Show that the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 is differentiable on −∞, 0 and 0, ∞
but has no derivative at 𝑥 = 0.
A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable on an open interval (finite or infinite) if it has
a derivative at each point of the interval.
It is differentiable on a closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 if it is differentiable on the interior
𝑎, 𝑏 and if the limits

𝑓 𝑎 +ℎ −𝑓 𝑎 𝑓 𝑏+ℎ −𝑓 𝑏
lim lim
ℎ→0+ ℎ ℎ→0− ℎ
right-hand derivative at 𝑎. left-hand derivative at 𝑏.

exist at the endpoints.

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Does 𝒇′ 𝒙 always exist? Theorem – Differentiability implies continuity

No.
Derivative is defined as a limit, so if this limit does not exist, 𝑓′ 𝑥 does not exist. If 𝑓 has a derivative at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then f is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
The function may be discontinuous, or it may have different tangent lines from
the left and right, or it may have a vertical tangent. The converse of the theorem is false.
These are some functions whose derivative is not defined at the indicated point. A function need not have a derivative at a point where it is continuous.

13 14

Differentiation rules Differentiation rules

Derivative of a constant function Power rule for positive integers
𝑦
If 𝑓 has the constant value 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐, then If 𝑛 is a positive integer, then
d𝑓 d 𝑥, 𝑐 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑐 d 𝑛
= 𝑐 =0 𝑐 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑐−𝑐 ℎ
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim = lim =0 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑥 𝑧𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 +ℎ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim = lim
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥 𝑧→𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥

d = lim 𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑧 𝑛−2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑧 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛−1

The rule d𝑥 𝑐 = 0 is another way to say that the values of constant functions 𝑧→𝑥

never change and that the slope of a horizontal line is zero at every point. = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1

15 16

Differentiation rules Example 4. a)

d
𝑥 3 =?
d𝑥
d 1
Power rule – general version b) d𝑥 𝑥4
=?
If 𝑛 is any real number, then
d 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
d𝑥

for all 𝑥 where the powers 𝑥 𝑛 and 𝑥 𝑛−1 are defined.

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Differentiation rules Example 5. Does the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2 have any horizontal tangents? If so,
where?
Derivative constant multiple rule
If 𝑢 is a differentiable function of 𝑥, and 𝑐 is a constant, then

d d𝑢
𝑐𝑢 =𝑐
d𝑥 d𝑥

Derivative sum rule

If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥, then their sum 𝑢 + 𝑣 is differentiable at
every point where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both differentiable. At such points

d d𝑢 d𝑣
𝑢+𝑣 = +
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥

19 20

Differentiation rules Differentiation rules

Products and quotients Derivative quotient rule

While the derivative of the sum of two functions is the sum of their derivatives, If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable at 𝑥 and if 𝑣 𝑥 ≠ 0, then the quotient 𝑣 is
𝑢

the derivative of the product of two functions is not the product of their
differentiable at 𝑥, and
derivatives. For instance, d𝑢 d𝑣
d d 2 d d d 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑥. 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑥 . 𝑥 = 1.1 = 1 = d𝑥 2 d𝑥
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 𝑣 𝑣

Derivative product rule

d 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
= (in function
d d𝑣 d𝑢 d d𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 notation)
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 (in function
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥 notation)

𝑢𝑣 ′ = 𝑢𝑣′ + 𝑣𝑢′ (in prime notation)

21 22

𝑥2 − 1
Example 6. Find the derivative of 𝑦 =
𝑥3 + 1
. Second and higher-order derivatives

If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is a differentiable function, then its derivative 𝑓′ 𝑥 is also a function. If

𝑓′ is also differentiable, then we can differentiate 𝑓′ to get a new function of 𝑥
denoted by 𝑓′′. So 𝑓′′ = 𝑓 ′ ′.

The function 𝑓′′ is called the second derivative of 𝑓 because it is the derivative of
the first derivative. It is written in several ways:

d2 𝑦 d d𝑦 d𝑦′
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = = = = 𝑦 ′′ = D2 𝑓 𝑥 = D2𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
d𝑥 2 d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥

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Second and higher-order derivatives Example 7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2

If 𝑦′′ is differentiable, its derivative

d𝑦′′ d3 𝑦
𝑦 ′′′ = = 3
d𝑥 d𝑥
is the third derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. The names continue with
d𝑦 𝑛−1
𝑛
d𝑛 𝑦
𝑦 == 𝑛 = D𝑛 𝑦
d𝑥 d𝑥
denoting the 𝑛 th derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 for any positive integer 𝑛.

𝑦′ 𝑦 prime 𝑛 𝑦 super 𝑛 d𝑛 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑 to the 𝑛 of 𝑦 by 𝑑𝑥 to the 𝑛
d𝑥 𝑛
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 double prime d2 𝑦
𝑑 squared 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 squared 𝑛
𝑦 ′′′ 𝑦 triple prime d𝑥 2 𝐷 𝑑 to the 𝑛 of 𝑦 by 𝑑𝑥 to the 𝑛

25 26

Derivatives of trigonometric functions Derivatives of trigonometric functions

The derivative of sin 𝑥 is The derivative of cos 𝑥 is

27 28

d
Derivatives of trigonometric functions Example 8. Find
d𝑥
tan 𝑥

d 1
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 = = 1 + tan2 𝑥
d𝑥 cos2 𝑥
d 1
cot 𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥 = − 2 = −1 − cot 2 𝑥
d𝑥 sin 𝑥
d sin 𝑥
sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 =
d𝑥 cos2 𝑥
d cos 𝑥
csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = − 2
d𝑥 sin 𝑥

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Example 9. Find 𝑦′′ if 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. Note

The differentiability of the trigonometric functions throughout their domains gives

another proof of their continuity at every point in their domains. So we can
calculate limits of algebraic combinations and composites of trigonometric
functions by direct substitution.
For example,

2 + sec 𝑥 2 + sec 0 2+1 3

lim = = = =− 3
𝑥→0 cos 𝜋 − tan 𝑥 cos 𝜋 − tan 0 cos 𝜋 − 0 −1

31 32

d
The chain rule Example 10. Find
d𝑥
sin2 5𝑥 + 2

If 𝑓 𝑢 is differentiable at the point 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 is differentiable at 𝑥, then

the composite function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is differentiable at 𝑥, and

𝑓∘𝑔 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥

in Leibnitz notation, if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then

d𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑢
=
d𝑥 d𝑢 d𝑥
d𝑦
where d𝑢 is evaluated at 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).

33 34

d
Example 11. Find
d𝑥
tan 5 − sin 2𝑥 The chain rule with powers of a function

d 𝑛 d𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
d𝑥 d𝑥

𝑛 is any real number

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d d 1
Example 12. Find 5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 7 Example 13. Find
d𝑥 d𝑥 3𝑥 − 2

37 38

Example 13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 is not differentiable at x=0 (there is no derivative at the Implicit differentiation
origin because the one-sided derivatives differ there). However, the function is
differentiable at all other real numbers:

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25 = 0

Thes equations define an implicit relation between the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. In some
cases we may be able to solve such an equation for 𝑦 as an explicit function of 𝑥.
When we cannot put an equation 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 to
d𝑦
differentiate it in the usual way, we may still be able to find d𝑥 by implicit
differentiation.

39 40

Example 14. Find the slope of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at the point 3, −4 .

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Example 15. Find

d2 𝑦
if 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑦 2 = 8. Derivatives of inverse functions
d𝑥 2

If 𝑓 has an inverse, then

𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =𝑥
Differentiating both sides and using chain rule, we obtain:
′ ′ 1
𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥

In other words, if 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏, then

d𝑓 −1 𝑥 1
อ =
d𝑥 d𝑓 𝑥
𝑥=𝑏 ฬ
d𝑥 𝑥=𝑎

43 44

Derivatives of inverse functions Example 16. Find the derivative of ln 𝑥.

For example, suppose

𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 , 𝑓 4 = 3 and 𝑓 ′ 4 = 2
1
then 𝑔′ 3 =
2

𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
4 𝑚 = 1/2
3 𝑚=2

4 𝑥 3 𝑥

45 46

Example 17. Find the derivative of f 𝑥 = ln 1 + 𝑥 2 . Example 18. Find the derivative of f 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0.

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Logarithmic differentiation Example 19. Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + e𝑥 ln 𝑥 .

Logarithm transforms products into sums. This helps in finding derivatives of

some complicated functions.
For example, if
𝑥3 + 1 𝑥2 − 1
𝑦=
𝑥 8 + 6𝑥 4 + 1
then
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3 + 1 + ln 𝑥 2 − 1 − ln 𝑥 8 + 6𝑥 4 + 1
Derivative of both sides gives
𝑦′ 3𝑥 2 2𝑥 8𝑥 7 + 24𝑥 3
= + −
𝑦 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 8 + 6𝑥 4 + 1

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Inverse trigonometric functions Inverse trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions are periodic, so they are not one to one. Many different 𝑥
Function Domain Range
values are mapped into the same 𝑦 value. We have to restrict the 𝑥 ranges to be 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 −
≤𝑦≤
able to define their inverses. Note that we may use the notation 2 2
𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 or 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 −∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞ − <𝑦<
2 2
𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 −∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞ 0<𝑦<𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
Both of them mean that 0≤𝑦< or < 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋
𝑦 = sec−1 𝑥 𝑥 ≥1 2 2

𝑥 = tan 𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦= csc−1 𝑥 𝑥 ≥1 − ≤ 𝑦 < 0 or 0 < 𝑦 ≤
2 2

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Inverse trigonometric functions Example 20. Find arccos 2 .

1

For example arcsin 0 = 0. We know that sin 𝜋 = 0 but we can not say that
arcsin 0 = 𝜋. The function arcsin 𝑥 has a single value at 𝑥 = 0.

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Example 21. Find tan sin−1 2 .

1 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

We can find the derivative of the arctan function as follows:

If 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 then tan 𝑦 = 𝑥. Using implicit differentiation, we obtain:

tan 𝑦 = 𝑥
d d
tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 =1
d𝑥 d𝑥

1 + tan2 𝑦 𝑦′ = 1

1 1
𝑦′ = =
1 + tan2 𝑦 1 + 𝑥2

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Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions Intermediate forms and L’Hospital’s rule

𝟎
After similar steps for other inverse trigonometric functions, we obtain: Intermediate form
𝟎
Function Derivative Theorem (L’Hospital’s rule)
1
𝑦= sin−1 𝑥
1 − 𝑥2
if 𝑥 < 1 Suppose that 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑔 𝑎 = 0, that 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable on an open interval
−1 𝕀 containing 𝑎, and that 𝑔′ 𝑥 ≠ 0 on 𝕀 if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎. Then
𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥 if 𝑥 < 1
1− 𝑥2
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 lim = lim ,
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ 𝑥
−1
𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1 assuming that the limit on the right side of this equation exists.
𝑦 = sec−1 𝑥 if 𝑥 > 1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
−1
𝑦 = csc−1 𝑥 if 𝑥 > 1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1

57 58

3𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1+𝑥−1
Example 22. lim Example 23. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

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1 + 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥/2 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
Example 24. lim Example 25. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥3

61 62

1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Example 26. lim Example 27. lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥2

63 64

sin 𝑥
Example 28. lim ∞
𝑥→0− 𝑥2 Intermediate form , ∞. 𝟎, ∞ − ∞,
∞
sec 𝑥
Example 29. lim𝜋
𝑥→ 1 + tan 𝑥
2

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ln 𝑥 e𝑥
Example 30. lim Example 31. lim
𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2

67 68

1
Example 32. lim 𝑥 sin Example 33. lim+ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→0

69 70

Example 34. Find the limit of this ∞ − ∞ form: Indeterminate powers

1 1
lim − Limits that lead to the indeterminate forms 1∞ , 00 and ∞0 can sometimes be
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 𝑥
handled by first taking the logarithm of the function. We use L’Hospital’s Rule to
find the limit of the logarithm expression and then exponentiate the result to find
the original function limit.

If lim ln 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿, then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim eln 𝑓 𝑥 = e𝐿 .

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Here 𝑎 may be either finite of infinite.

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Example 35. Show that lim+ 1 + 𝑥 1/𝑥 = e. Example 36. lim 𝑥1/𝑥 =?
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞

73 74

3 𝑥2 − 1
Example 37. 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
𝑥2 + 1

Additional examples

75 76

𝑥2 − 1 1 3
Example 38. 𝑦 = +2 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 39. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+1 2 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
3𝑥 𝑥2

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4 1
Example 40. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑥+1 3 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 41. 𝑦 = sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
2

79 80

1
Example 42. 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 43. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? , 𝑦 ′′ =?
5 1
cos3
𝑥

81 82

2 2𝑥
Example 44. 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?

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1+𝑥 1 e𝑥
Example 45. 𝑦 = 𝑒 arctan 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 46. 𝑦 = arctan e𝑥 − ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
1 + 𝑥2 2 2 e2𝑥 + 1

85 86

Example 48. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
3
𝑥+1 2 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
Example 47. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
3
8 − 𝑥3 2 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?

87 88

Example 49. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + arcsin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 arcsin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?

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5 1 − 𝑥2 3
Example 50. 𝑦 = e−2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?, 𝑦 ′′ =? Example 51. 𝑦 = ln ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
1 + 𝑥2 4

91 92

1 2 arcsin 𝑥 1−𝑥
Example 52. 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 1 − arccos ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 53. 𝑦 = + log ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2 1+𝑥

93 94

cos 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
Example 54. 𝑦 = − log tan ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 55. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒1/𝑥 ln ⇒ 𝑓′ 1 =?, 𝑓′′ 1 =?
2 sin2 𝑥 2 2 𝑥

95 96

16
 22.09.2024

Example 56. 𝑦 = 5 cos 2𝑥 4 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦′ =?

97 98

𝑥
Example 57. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ =? Example 58. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 ln 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦′ =?

99 100

2 3 cos 𝑥 𝑥
Example 59. 𝑦 = 2 e 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 6 ⇒ 𝑦′ =? Example 60. 𝑦 = − + 3 ln tan ⇒ 𝑦′ =?
sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 2

101 102

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 22.09.2024

cos 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
Example 61. lim =? Example 62. lim =?
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥3

103 104

e𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
Example 63. lim =? Example 64. lim =?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥3 𝑥→𝜋 𝑥 − 𝜋 sin 𝑥

105 106

ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 1 1
Example 65. lim =? Example 66. lim+ − =?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 e𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 ln 𝑥

107 108

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 22.09.2024

1 𝑥
1
Example 67. lim+ 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 =? Example 68. lim 1 + =?
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

109 110

3𝑥
4
Example 69. lim 1 − =?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

111 112

2𝑥−1
𝑥+1
Example 70. lim =?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1

113 114

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 22.09.2024

ln 1 + 𝑥 e𝑥 − 1
Example 71. lim =? Example 72. lim =?
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

115 116

1 1+𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 1
Example 73. lim ln =? Example 74. lim =?
𝑥→0 𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑥→e 𝑥−e

117 118

cosh 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Example 75. lim =?
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥

119 120

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 22.09.2024

1+𝑥
ln 1 − 𝑥
Example 76. lim =?
𝑥→0 arctan 𝑥 + 1 − arctan 1 − 𝑥

121 122

𝜋
ln 𝑥 − 2 1
Example 77. lim𝜋 =? Example 78. lim ln 2 + 3 e𝑥 ln 1 + =?
𝑥→ 2 sec 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

123 124

𝜋𝑥 𝑥+1
tan
Example 79. lim 2 − 𝑥 2 =? Example 80. 𝑦 = tan2 5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cot ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

125 126

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 22.09.2024

1
Example 81. 𝑦 = ln2 3𝑥 − ln ln 𝑥 + ln cot ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 82. 𝑦 = sin sin sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
𝑥

127 128

sin 𝑥 2 − ln 1 + 𝑥 2
Example 83. 𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =? Example 84. lim =?
𝑥→0 1 − cos 𝑥 2

129 130

1
sin 𝑥
Example 85. lim 1
=? Example 86. lim+ cot 𝑥 sin 𝑥 =?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
arctan 𝑥

131 132

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 22.09.2024

3𝑥
Example 87. lim =?
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥

133 134

d𝑦 3 1
Example 88. 𝑦 = ln sin 𝑥 , 𝑥= arccos 2−3𝑡 , =? Example 89. 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 + ⇒ 𝑦 ′ =?
d𝑡 cos 3 2𝑥

135 136

1
𝑥 3 cos
Example 90. lim 𝑥 =?
𝑥→0 1 − sec 𝑥

137

23