Scribd
Upload
32 views25 pages

Lecture 2 - Frames

Uploaded by

manase.phl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views25 pages

Lecture 2 - Frames

Uploaded by

manase.phl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

FRAMES

D.MARENGE
Different types of frame structures are available that have been used in
building construction. They are classified into two major types namely
rigid frame structure and braced frame structure. These are further
divided into various forms for instance the former is categorized into fixed
end rigid frame structure and pin ended rigid frame structure whereas the
latter is divided into gabled frames and portal frames.
Different types of frame structures can be constructed from various
materials such as reinforced concrete, steel, and wood. A Frame
structure is a structure having the combination of beam, column and slab
to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually used
to overcome the large moments developing due to the applied loading.
Types of Frame Structures?
Rigid Frame System

• Rigid frame system, which is also termed as moment frame systems, consists of linear
element like beams and columns. The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation.
It is used in steel and reinforced concrete buildings. Rigid frames are characterized by the
lack of pinned joints within the frame, and typically statically indeterminate.

• A rigid frame is capable of resisting both vertical and lateral loads by the bending of
beams and columns. Stiffness of the rigid frame is provided mainly by the bending
rigidity of beams and columns that have rigid connections. The joints shall be designed in
such a manner that they have adequate strength and stiffness and negligible
deformation.
Structural analysis methods such as the portal
method (approximate), the method of virtual
work, Castigliano’s theorem, the force method,
the slope-displacement method, the stiffness
method, and matrix analysis, can be used to
solve for internal forces and moments and
support reactions.

Fig. 1: Rigid Frame Systems (Home Issurance Building, Chicago,


USA)
Rigid frame structure is classified into two main types:
1. Fix Ended Rigid Frame Structure

The supports of the rigid frame is fix ended


as shown in Fig.2.

Fig. 2: Fixed Ended Rigid Frame Structure


Fig. 3: Pin Ended Rigid Frame Structure

The support of this type of rigid frame is pin


ended, and it is not considered to be rigid
frame if its support conditions are removed.

Fig. 3: Pin Ended Rigid Frame Structure


Braced Frame System
• Braced frames are composed of beams and columns that are “pin” connected
with bracing to resist lateral loads. This type of frame simple to analyze and
simple to construct. The resistance to lateral forces in obtained through both
horizontal and vertical bracing.

• Many types of bracing can be used for example, knee-bracing, diagonal


bracing, X bracing, K or chevron bracing, and shear walls that resist lateral
forces in the plane of the wall. This frame system provides more efficient
resistance against the earthquake and wind forces. It is more effective than
rigid frame system.
Fig. 4: Braced Structural Frames with Various
Types of Bracings
1. Gabled Frames
• It usually has the peak at their top. This frame system is used where
there are possibilities of heavy rain and snow

Fig. 5: Gable Frame Steel Structure


2. Portal Frames

• Portal frames look like a door and very much in use for construction
of industrial and commercial buildings.

Fig. 6: Portal Frame


ANALYSIS METHOD OF BUILDING FRAME
• Building frames can be analyzed by various methods such as force method,
displacement method, and approximate method. The method of analysis to
adopt depends upon the types of frame, its configuration (portal bay or
multi-bay) in multi-storied frame and degree of indeterminacy.

• Building frames are the most common structural form that is encountered
practically. Commonly, the building frames are designed in such a way that
the beam-column joints stay rigid. A typical example of a building frame is
the reinforced concrete multistory frames.
1. Force Method
• It is also called flexibility method or method of consistent deformation.

• Used to compute internal forces and reactions in statically indeterminate


structures.

• It is suitable for analyzing statically indeterminate frames that have a single storey
and uncommon geometry such as a gabled frame.

• Force method of frame analysis is dependent on transforming a given structure


into a statically determinate primary system and calculating the magnitude of
statically redundant forces required to restore the geometric boundary conditions
of the original structure.
2. Displacement Method
• This method requires writing the unknown displacements in terms of the
loads using the load-displacement relationship. After that, solving the
equilibrium equation for these displacements.

• After the determination of displacements, the unknown loads are


determined from the compatibility equations. All displacement methods
follow this general procedure. In displacement method, three methods
which are closely related to each other are presented:
• 2.1 Slope Deflection Method

• It can be used to analyze statically determinate and indeterminate beams


and frames.

• In slope deflection method, it is assumed that all deformations are due


to bending only; influences of axial and shear stresses are ignored.

• Another assumption is that all the joints of the frame are rigid, i.e, the
angles between the members at the joints do not change, when the
members of the frame are loaded.
• 2.2 Moment Distribution Method

• It is a method of successive approximation that may be conducted for


any desired degree of accuracy.

• Basically, the method begins by assuming each joint of a structure fixed.

• After that, unlocking and locking each joint in succession, the internal
moments at joints are distributed and balanced until the joints have
rotated to their final position.
2.3 Direct Stiffness Method
• The direct stiffness method is a matrix analysis method which means
equilibrium equations are formulated into a single matrix relationship.
•Free joint displacement equations can be automatically selected from the full
system matrix and solved.
3. Approximate Methods

• Approximate analysis is useful in determining (approximately) the forces


and moments in the different members and in coming up with
preliminary designs. Based on the preliminary design, a more detailed
analysis can be conducted and then the design can be refined.

• Approximate analysis is conducted by making realistic assumptions about


the behavior of the structure. For analysis of frames subjected to vertical
loads, points of inflection are used whereas portal method or cantilever
method is used for frames subjected to horizontal loads
3.1 Portal Method
It is used to analyze frames subjected to horizontal loads.

• Assumptions made in portal method include:

• The points of inflection are located at the mid-height of each column above the first floor.
If the base of the column is fixed, the point of inflection is assumed at mid-height of the
ground floor columns as well; otherwise, it is assumed at the hinged column base.

• Points of inflection occur at mid-span of beams.

• Total horizontal shear at any floor is distributed among the columns of that floor such that
the exterior columns carry half the force carried by the inner columns.
Fig. 1: Portal Method
3.2 Cantilever Method
• This method is applicable to high rise structures.

• The basic assumption of the method are:

• An inflection point occurs at the midpoint of each girder.

• An inflection point occurs at mid-height of each column.

• In a storey, the intensity of axial stress in a column is proportional to its


horizontal distance from the center of gravity of all the columns in that
storey
3.3 Points of Inflection Method

• This method is used to analyze frames subjected to vertical loads.


• The frame is reduced to a statically determinate form by introducing an
adequate number of points of inflection.
• The loading on the frames is usually uniformly distributed loads.
• Assumptions used in this method include points of inflection located at
0.1L from both left support and right support, and axial forces in beams are
negligible.
Fig. 2: Approximate Method (Points of Inflection Method)
4. Kani’s Method

• It involves distributing the unknown fixed end moments of structural


members to adjacent joints, in order to satisfy the conditions of
continuity of slopes and displacements.

• The most important feature of Kani’s method is that it is self-


corrective. Any error at any stage of iteration is corrected in
subsequent steps.
NEXT???

Types of High-Rise Buildings Structural Systems

You might also like