2 Arithmetic Progressions

Topics Covered
1. Sequence / Progression 2. Arithmetic Progressions and its nth term
3. Sum of First n Terms of an AP

1. Sequence/Progression
• Sequence/Progression: A sequence/progression is a succession of numbers or terms formed according to some pattern
or rule. Various numbers occurring in a sequence are called terms or elements.
Consider the following arrangements of numbers:
1 1 1 1
(i) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ... (ii) 1, , , , , ... (iii) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
2 3 4 5
In each of the above arrangements, numbers are arranged in a definite order according to some rule. So, they are
sequences.
A sequence is generally written as < an > : a1, a2, a3, ..., an where a1, a2, a3, ... are the first, second and third terms of
the sequence.
• A sequence with finite number of terms or numbers is called a finite sequence.
• A sequence with infinite number of terms or numbers is called an infinite sequence.
Example 1. Write first four terms of each of the following sequence, whose general terms are:
(i) an = 3n – 7 (ii) an = (– 1)n+1 × 3n
Solution. (i) an = 3n – 7
\ a1 = 3 × 1 – 7 = 3 – 7 = – 4, a2 = 3 × 2 – 7 = 6 – 7 = – 1,
a3 = 3 × 3 – 7 = 9 – 7 = 2 and a4 = 3 × 4 – 7 = 12 – 7 = 5
(ii) an = (– 1)n+1 × 3n
fi a1 = (– 1)1+1 × 31 = 3,
\ a2 = (– 1)2+1 × 32 = (–1)3 × 32 = –9,
a3 = (– 1)4 × 33 = 27 and a4 = (– 1)5 × 34 = – 81
n(n − 3)
Example 2. What is 18th term of the sequence defined by an = ?
n+4
n(n − 3)
Solution. We have, an =
n+4
18 × (18 − 3)
Putting n = 18, we get a18 =
18 + 4
18 × 15 135
= =
22 11

Exercise 2.1
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Choose the correct answer from the given options:
(1) If an = 5n – 4 is a sequence, then a12 is
(a) 48 (b) 52 (c) 56 (d) 62
(2) If an = 3n – 2, then the value of a7 + a8 is
(a) 39 (b) 41 (c) 47 (d) 53
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(3) The second term of the sequence defined by an = 3n + 2 is

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
2. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(1) Assertion (A): The arrangement of numbers, i.e., – 4, 16, – 64, 256, – 1024, 4096, ... form a sequence.
Reason (R): An arrangement of numbers which are arranged in a definite order according to some rule, is called a
sequence.
(2) Assertion (A): Sequence 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, ... is a finite sequence.
Reason (R): A sequence with finite number of terms or numbers is called a finite sequence.
3. Answer the following:
(1) Write down the first six terms of each of the following sequences, whose general terms are:
2n + 1
(a) an = 5n – 3 (b) an = (– 1)n ⋅ 22n (c) an = (d) an = (–1)n – 1 ⋅ n2
n+2
(2) Find the 10th term of the sequence defined by an = (–1)2n – 1 ⋅ 5n.
(3) Find the difference between the 12th term and 10th term of the sequence whose general term is given by an = 5n – 1.
Answers
1. (1) (c) 56 (1) (2) (b) 41 (1) 3. (1) (a) 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27
(3) (d) 8 (1) (b) –4, 16, –64, 256, –1024, 4096
2. (1) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and 5 7 3 11 13
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (c) 1, , , , ,
4 5 2 7 8
(A).(1)
(2) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (1) (d) 1, –4, 9, –16, 25, –36 (1)
(2) –9765625 (1)
(3) 10 (1)
2. Arithmetic Progression and its nth Term
• An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number ‘d’ to
the preceding term, except the first term ‘a’. This fixed number is known as common difference of the AP. Common
difference of an AP can be negative, positive or zero.
The general form of an AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...
Examples:
(i) The sequence 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... is an AP whose first term is 1 and the common difference is equal to 3.
(ii) The sequence 11, 7, 3, –1, ... is an AP whose first term is 11 and the common difference is equal to –4.
• In the list of numbers a1, a2, a3, ... if the differences a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, ... give the same value, i.e., if ak +1 – ak is
the same for different values of k, then the given list of numbers is an AP.
• The nth term an (or the general term) of an AP is an = a + (n – 1) d, where a is the first term, d is the common difference
and n is the number of terms. Also, d = an + 1 – an.
• If three terms a, b and c are in AP, then b – a = c – b or 2b = a + c.
• If l is the last term of an AP, then nth term from the end of the AP = l + (n – 1)(–d) = l – (n – 1)d.
Example 1. In an AP, if d = – 4, n = 7, an = 4, then find the value of a. [CBSE Standard SP 2020-21, Delhi 2018]
Solution. We have an = 4 for n = 7
\ an = a + (n – 1) d fi 4 = a + 6(– 4) fi a = 28
Example 2. Is 0 a term of the AP: 31, 28, 25, ...? Justify your answer. [NCERT Exemplar]
Solution. Given AP is 31, 28, 25, ...
Here, a = 31, d = 28 – 31 = – 3 = 25 – 28
For 0 be a term of this AP, 0 = an for some ‘n’ ⇒ 0 = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 0 = 31 + (n – 1) (– 3) ⇒ 31 – 3n + 3 = 0
34 1
⇒ – 3n = – 34 fi n= = 11
3 3
which is not possible as n cannot be a fraction.
Therefore, 0 cannot be a term of this AP.
Example 3. Find the 12th term from the end of the AP: –2, – 4, – 6, ..., – 100. [Imp]
Solution. Let a be the first term, d the common difference and l the last term of AP.
Here, a = –2, d = (–4 + 2) = –2, l = –100 and n = 12
\ nth term from end = l – (n – 1) d
fi 12th term from end = –100 – (12 – 1) (–2) = –100 + 24 – 2 = –78
Example 4. For what value of x: 2x, x + 10 and 3x + 2 are in AP?
Solution. Since, given numbers are in AP.
So, (x + 10) – 2x = (3x + 2) – (x + 10)
⇒ –x + 10 = 2x – 8 or 3x = 18 or x = 6
th −5 5
Example 5. Find the 25 term of the AP: −5, , 0, , ...
2 2
−5 5
Solution. We have, a = –5, d = − ( −5) =
2 2
Q an = a + (n – 1) d
5 5
\ a25 = (– 5) + (25 – 1) = (−5) + 24   = − 5 + 60 = 55
2 2
Example 6. Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP: 3, 8, 13,..., 253. [NCERT] [Imp.]
Solution. Given, last term = l = 253
And, common difference = d = 8 – 3 = 5 = 13 – 8
\ 20th term from end = l – (n – 1) × d = 253 – 19 × 5 = 253 – 95 = 158
Example 7. Which term of the AP: 3, 8, 13, 18, ..., is 78? [NCERT] [Imp.]
Solution. Let an be the required term of the AP: 3, 8, 13, 18,...
Here, a = 3, d = 8 – 3 = 5 and an = 78
Now, an = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 78 = 3 + (n – 1) × 5 ⇒ 78 – 3 = (n – 1) × 5
75
⇒ 75 = (n – 1) × 5 ⇒ =n–1
5
⇒ 15 = n – 1 ⇒ n = 15 + 1 = 16
Hence, 16th term of given AP is 78.
Example 8. The sum of the 5th and 7th terms of an AP is 52 and the 10th term is 46. Find the AP.
 [NCERT Exemplar] [Imp.]
Solution. Let the first term and the common difference of an AP be ‘a’ and ‘d’.
\ a5 = a + 4d and a7 = a + 6d
So, a5 + a7 = 2a + 10d = 52 ⇒ 2a + 10d = 52 ...(i)
Also, a10 = a + 9d = 46 ⇒ a + 9d = 46 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), d = 5 and a = 1
So, the AP is as follows 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, ...
Example 9. An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29th term.
 [CBSE SP 2018-19] [NCERT] [Imp.]
Solution. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
Since, given AP has 50 terms, so n = 50
 a3 = 12 ⇒ a + (3 – 1) d = 12
⇒ a + 2d = 12 ...(i)
Also, a50 = 106 ⇒ a + (50 – 1) d = 106
⇒ a + 49d = 106 ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
94
47d = 94 ⇒ d = =2
47
Putting the value of d in equation (i), we get
a + 2 × 2 = 12 ⇒ a = 12 – 4 = 8
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Here, a = 8, d = 2
So, 29th term of the AP is given by
a29 = a + (29 – 1)d = 8 + 28 × 2 ⇒ a29 = 8 + 56 ⇒ a29 = 64
Example 10. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73. [NCERT]
Solution. Let the first term be a and common difference be d.
Now, given a11 = 38 ⇒ a + (11 – 1)d = 38
⇒ a + 10 d = 38 ...(i)
Also, a16 = 73 fi a + (16 – 1) d = 73
⇒ a + 15d = 73 ...(ii)
Now, subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
a + 10 d = 38
a + 15 d = 73
– –    –
–5 d = –35 ⇒ 5 d = 35
35
⇒ d= =7
5
Putting the value of d in equation (i), we get
a + 10 × 7 = 38 ⇒ a + 70 = 38
⇒ a = 38 – 70 ⇒ a = –32
We have a = –32 and d = 7
Therefore, a31 = a + (31 – 1)d = a + 30 d
⇒ a31 = (–32) + 30 × 7 = –32 + 210 ⇒ a31 = 178
Example 11. The first term of an AP is x and its common difference is y. Find its 12th term.
Solution. a12 = a + 11d = x + 11y.
Exercise 2.2
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Choose the correct answer from the given options:
(1) In an AP, if d = – 4, n = 7, an = 4, then a is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 20 (d) 28
(2) The nth term of the AP: a, 3a, 5a, ... is
(a) na (b) (2n – 1)a (c) (2n + 1)a (d) 2na
(3) The first term of an AP is p and the common difference is q, then its 10th term is
(a) q + 9p (b) p – 9q (c) p + 9q (d) 2p + 9p
4
(4) If , a, 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP, then the value of a is
5
5 2 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 7 7 5
2. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(1) Assertion (A): Common difference of the AP: –5, –1, 3, 7, ... is 4.
Reason (R): Common difference of the AP : a, a + d, a + 2d, ... is given by d = 2nd term – 1st term.
(2) Assertion (A): If nth term of an AP is 7 – 4n, then its common difference is – 4.
Reason (R): Common difference of an AP is given by d = an+1 – an.
(3) Assertion (A): Common difference of an AP in which a21 – a7 = 84 is 14.
Reason (R): nth term of an AP is given by an = a + (n – 1) d.
3. Answer the following:
(1) Write first four terms of the AP, whose first term and the common difference are given as follows:
a = 10, d = 10
(2) Find the 10th term of the AP: 2, 7, 12, ... [NCERT] [Imp.]
(3) In the given AP, find the missing terms: ......., 13, ......., 3. [NCERT]
(4) Find the 6th term from the end of the AP: 17, 14, 11, ..., –40. [Imp.]
(5) Which term of the AP: 21, 18, 15, ... is zero? [Delhi 2008 (C)] [Imp.]
(6) Write the next term of the AP: 8 , 18 , 32 , ........... [AI 2008]
(7) Find a, b, and c such that the numbers a, 7, b, 23, c are in AP. [NCERT Exemplar]
(8) Find the 9th term from the end (towards the first term) of the AP: 5, 9, 13, ..., 185.  [Delhi 2016]
(9) For what value of k will k + 9, 2k – 1 and 2k + 7 are the consecutive terms of an AP? [Delhi 2016]
(10) For what value of k will the consecutive terms 2k + 1, 3k + 3 and 5k – 1 form an AP? [Foreign 2016]
(11) Find the eleventh term from the last term of the AP: 27, 23, 19, ..., –65. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
(12) If the first three terms of an AP are b, c and 2b, then find the ratio of b and c. [CBSE Standard SP 2019-20]
(13) Find the value of x so that –6, x, 8 are in AP.
(14) Find the 11th term of the AP: –27, –22, –17, –12, ... .
(15) The nth term of an AP is (7 – 4n), then what is its common difference?
(16) Find the common difference of the AP whose first term is 12 and fifth term is 0.
II. Short Answer Type Questions - I [2 Marks]
4. Find how many integers between 200 and 500 are divisible by 8. [AI 2017]
1 1 3
5. Which term of the progression 20, 19 , 18 , 17 , ... is the first negative term? [AI 2017]
4 2 4
6. Is –150 a term of the AP: 17, 12, 7, 2, ...? [Delhi 2011]
7. Find the number of two-digit numbers which are divisible by 6. [AI 2011]
th
8. Which term of the AP: 3, 14, 25, 36, ... will be 99 more than its 25 term? [AI 2011]
9. Which term of the AP: 3, 15, 27, 39, ... will be 120 more than its 21st term? [Delhi 2019]
10. How many natural numbers are there between 200 and 500, which are divisible by 7? [AI 2011]
11. How many two-digit numbers are divisible by 7? [Foreign 2011]
12. How many two digits numbers are divisible by 3? [Delhi 2019]
1 1 1
13. If , and are in AP, find the value of x. [Foreign 2011]
x+2 x+3 x+5
14. How many three digit numbers are divisible by 11? [AI 2012]
15. In an AP, the first term is 12 and the common difference is 6. If the last term of the AP is 252, find its middle term.
 [Foreign 2017]
16. Find the number of natural numbers between 101 and 999 which are divisible by both 2 and 5. [AI 2014]
17. The 4th term of an AP is zero. Prove that the 25th term of the AP is three times its 11th term. [AI 2016]
18. Find the middle term of the AP: 6, 13, 20, ..., 216. [Delhi 2015]
19. The nth term of an AP is 6n + 2. Find its common difference. [Delhi 2008]
20. Find the 10th term from end of the AP: 4, 9, 14, ..., 254. [Imp.]
21. Determine k so that k2 + 4k + 8, 2k2 + 3k + 6, 3k2 + 4k + 4 are three consecutive terms of an AP. [NCERT Exemplar]
22. Find the number of natural numbers between 102 and 998 which are divisible by 2 and 5 both.
 [CBSE Standard SP 2019-20]
III. Short Answer Type Questions - II [3 Marks]
23. Which term of the AP: 115, 110, 105, ..... is its first negative term?
24. If the 9th term of an AP is zero, prove that its 29th term is double of its 19th term.  [NCERT Exemplar]
25. The angles of a triangle are in AP. The greatest angle is twice the least. Find all the angles of the triangle.
[NCERT Exemplar]
26. For what value of n, the nth term of two APs: 63, 65, 67, ... and 3, 10, 17, ... are equal. [NCERT]
27. The 8th term of an AP is 37 and its 12th term is 57. Find the AP. [Imp.]
28. The pth, qth and rth terms of an AP are a, b and c respectively. Show that a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q) = 0.
 [Foreign 2016]
29. If the nth terms of two APs: 23, 25, 27, ... and 5, 8, 11, 14, ... are equal, then find the value of n.
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IV. Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

30. If m times the mth term of an Arithmetic Progression is equal to n times its nth term and m ≠ n, show that the (m + n)th
term of the AP is zero. [AI2019]
31. The 19th term of an AP is equal to three times its sixth term. If its 9th term is 19, find the AP. [AI 2013]
32. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find the first three terms of
the AP. [Imp.]
33. The eighth term of an AP is half its second term and the eleventh term exceeds one-third of its fourth term by 1. Find the
15th term. [Imp.]
34. If 4 times the 4th term of an AP is equal to 18 times the 18th term, then find the 22nd term.

Case Study Based Questions

I. Your friend Veer wants to participate in a 200 m race. Presently, he can run 200 m in 51 seconds and during each day
practice it takes him 2 seconds less. He wants to do in 31 seconds.

1. Which of the following terms are in AP for the given situation?

(a) 51, 53, 55, ... (b) 51, 49, 47, ... (c) –51, –53, –55, ... (d) 51, 55, 59, …
2. What is the minimum number of days he needs to practice till his goal is achieved?
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 9
3. Which of the following term is not in the AP of the above given situation?
(a) 41 (b) 30 (c) 37 (d) 39
4. If nth term of an AP is given by an = 2n + 3 then common difference of an AP is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1
5. The value of x, for which 2x, x + 10, 3x + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP is
(a) 6 (b) – 6 (c) 18 (d) –18
II. India is competitive manufacturing location due to the low cost of manpower and strong technical and engineering
capabilities contributing to higher quality production runs. The production of TV sets in a factory increases uniformly
by a fixed number every year. It produced 16000 sets in 6th year and 22600 in 9th year.

1. The production during first year is

(a) 3000 TV sets (b) 5000 TV sets (c) 7000 TV sets (d) 10000 TV sets
2. The production during 8th year is
(a) 10500 (b) 11900 (c) 12500 (d) 20400
 3. The production during first 3 years is
(a) 12800 (b) 19300 (c) 21600 (d) 25200
4. In which year, the production is 29,200?
(a) 10th year (b) 12th year (c) 15th year (d) 18th year
5. The difference of the production during 7 year and 4th year is
th

(a) 6600 (b) 6800 (c) 5400 (d) 7200

Answers and Hints
1. (1) (d) 28     (1) (2) (b) (2n – 1)a(1) 4. AP formed is 208, 216, 224, ...., 496
(3) (c) p + 9q  (1) (4) (a) = (1)
7 an = 496 (1)
5 fi 208 + (n – 1) × 8 = 496
2. (1) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion fi n = 37 (1)
(A).(1) −3
5. Here d = (½)
(2) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and 4
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion th
Let the n term be first negative term.
(A).(1)  −3 
(3) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (1) \ 20 + (n − 1)   < 0 fi 3n > 83 (1)
 4
3. (1) 10, 20, 30, 40 (1) (2) 47(1) 2
(3) 18, 8 (1) (4) –25(1) fi n > 27
3
(5) 8 (1) (6) 50 or 5 2 (1) Hence, 28th term is first negative term. (½)
(7) a = –1, b = 15, c = 31 (1) 6. Let an = –150
(8) Reversing the given AP, we get a + (n – 1)d = –150
185, 181, 174, ..., 9, 5 fi 17 + (n – 1)(–5) = –150 (1)
Ninth term a9 = a + (9 – 1)d fi (n – 1)(–5) = – 167
= 185 + 8 × (– 4) 167 + 5 172 2
= 185 – 32
fi n= = = 34
5 5 5
= 153 (1)
(9) Given that k + 9, 2k – 1 and 2k + 7 are in AP Here, n is not a natural number.
Then, \ –150 is not a term of the given AP. (1)
(2k – 1) – (k + 9) = (2k + 7) – (2k – 1) 7. Two-digit numbers which are divisible by 6 are 12, 18, 24,
fi k – 10 = 8 ..., 96
fi k = 18 (1) Q Last term,
(10) Given that 2k + 1, 3k + 3 and 5k – 1 are in AP. an = 96
So, (3k + 3) – (2k + 1) = (5k – 1) – (3k + 3) fi 12 + (n – 1)6 = 96 (1)
fi k + 2 = 2k – 4 fi (n – 1)6 = 96 – 12 = 84
fi 2k – k = 2 + 4 fi n = 15
fi k = 6 (1) \ There are 15 two-digit numbers divisible by 6. (1)
(11) a11 = –25 (1) 8. Let an be the term which is 99 more than 25th term of given
(12) b, c and 2b are in AP AP.
3b ATQ, an = a25 + 99
⇒ c= fi a + (n – 1)d = a + 24d + 99 (1)
2
∴ b : c = 2 : 3 (1) fi 11(n – 1) = 24 × 11 + 99
(13) 1 (1) fi n = 34
(14) 23 (1) Hence, 34th is the required term.(1)
(15) an = 7 – 4n 9. AP: 3, 15, 27, 39, ...
⇒ a1 = 7 – 4 × 1 = 3 a = 3, d = 15 – 3 = 12
⇒ a2 = 7 – 4 × 2 = 7 – 8 = –1 a21 = a + 20d = 3 + 20 × 12
a3 = 7 – 4 × 3 = 7 – 12 = –5 = 3 + 240 = 243
120 more than a21 = 243 + 120 = 363(1)
Now, a2 – a1 = –1 – 3 = –4
Let 363 be nth term.
a3 – a2 = –5 – (–1)
So, 363 = 3 + (n – 1) 12
= –5 + 1 = –4
⇒ 360 = 12(n – 1)
So, the common difference of AP is –4.  (1)
30 = n – 1 ⇒ n = 31
(16) A5 = a1 + 4d = 0
Thus, 31st term of the given AP is 120 more than its 21st
12 + 4d = 0
term.(1)
d = –3 (1)
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10. Natural numbers between 200 and 500 which are divisible 16. Numbers between 101 and 999 which are divisible by both
by 7 are as 203, 210, 217, ..., 497 2 and 5 (i.e., by 10) are 110, 120, 130, ... 990.
Let above are n numbers and an = 497 Now, an = a + (n – 1)d(1)
a + (n – 1)d = 497 (1) fi 990 = 110 + (n – 1)10
fi 203 + 7(n – 1) = 497
fi n = 89
fi n = 43
\ Natural numbers which are divisible by 2 and 5 both
\ There are 43 natural numbers between 200 and 500
divisible by 7. (1) are 89.(1)
11. Two-digit numbers which are divisible by 7 are 14, 21, 28, 17. a4 = a + (4 – 1)d
..., 98. 0 = a + 3d
Let an = 98 fi a = –3d[Q Given, a4 = 0] (1)
fi a + (n – 1)d = 98 (1) Now a25 = a + (25 – 1)d = a + 24d
fi 14 + 7(n – 1) = 98 = –3d + 24d = 21d = 3 × 7d
n = 13 Hence, a25 = 3 × a11
Hence, there are 13 two-digit numbers which are divisible [Q Since a11 = a + (11 – 1)d = –3d + 10d = 7d] (1)
by 7.(1)
18. Given AP is 6, 13, 20, ..., 216
12. 2-digit numbers divisible by 3 are 12, 15, 18, ..., 99 which
is in AP. nth term, an = 216
So, an = 99, d = 15 – 12 = 3 fi a + (n – 1)d = 216
Now, an = a + (n – 1) d(1) fi 6 + 7(n – 1) = 216
fi 99 = 12 + (n – 1) 3 fi 7n = 217
fi 87 = 3 (n – 1) fi n = 31 (1)
fi 29 = n – 1 Since, the number of terms in AP are 31, so, the middle
fi n = 30 most term is 16th term.
Thus, 30, 2-digit numbers are divisible by 3.(1)  (31 + 1) 
13. Given term are in AP Q middle term = = 16 th term 
2 
2 1 1
So, = + \ 16th term, a16 = a + 15d = 6 + 15 × 7 = 111. (1)
x+3 x+2 x+5
19. 6 (2) 20. 209 (2) 21. k = 0 (2)
2 ( x + 5) + ( x + 2) 22. 110, 120, 130, … , 990
fi = (1)
x+3 ( x + 2)( x + 5) an = 990
fi 2x2 + 14x + 20 = 2x2 + 13x + 21 ⇒ 110 + (n − 1) × 10 = 990
\ x = 1(1) ∴ n = 89 (2)
14. Three-digit numbers which are divisible by 11 are 110, 23. 25th term (3) 25. 40°, 60°, 80° (3)
121, 132, ..., 990 26. 13 (3) 27. 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ...  (3)
Let an = 990(1) 28. Let A and d be the first term and common difference of
fi a + (n – 1)d = 990 the given AP, then
fi 110 + 11(n – 1) = 990 ap = A + (p – 1)d = a ...(i)
\ n = 81 aq = A + (q – 1)d = b ...(ii)
Hence, there are 81 three-digit numbers which are divisible ar = A + (r – 1)d = c ...(iii)
by 11.(1) Now, subtracting (i) and (ii), we get
15. Let an = 252 = last term (p – q)d = a – b
fi a + (n – 1)d = 252 a b
p – q = − (1)
fi 12 + (n – 1)6 = 252 d d
fi n = 41(1) Multiplying by ‘c’ on both sides,
\ Since number of terms is odd, so only one middle
ca cb
term. c(p – q) = − ...(iv)
d d
 41 + 1
Now,middle term =  Now, (ii) - (iii), we get
 2 
(q – r)d = b – c
= 21st term b c
\ 21st term, a21 =
a + 20d q–r= −
d d
= 12 + 20 × 6
Multiplying by ‘a’ on both sides,
= 132
ab ac
= middle term value.(1) a(q – r) = − ...(v)(1)
d d
 Now, (iii) - (i), we get ⇒ am + m2d – md = an + n2d – nd(1)
(r – p)d = c – a ⇒ am – an + m2d – n2d – md + nd = 0
c a ⇒ a(m – n) + d(m2 – n2) – d(m –n) = 0
(r – p) = −
d d ⇒ a(m – n) + (m + n) (m – n)d – (m – n)d = 0(1)
Multiplying by ‘b’ on both sides, ⇒ (m – n) [a + (m + n) d – d] = 0
bc ba ⇒ a + md + nd – d = 0(1)
(r – p)b = − ...(vi)
d d ⇒ a + (m + n –1)d = 0
Adding (iv), (v) and (vi), we get Since, m ≠ n, it is clear that (m + n)th term of the AP is zero.
a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q) (1)
ab ac bc ba ca cb 31. 3, 5, 7, 9, ... (5) 32. –13, –8, –3 (5)
= − + − + − = 0 (1)
d d d d d d 33. 3 (5)
29. AP1 = 23, 25, 27, ...
34. Let a1, a2, a3, ... an, ... be the AP with its first term a and
Here, a1 = 23
common difference d.
d1 = 25 – 23 = 27 – 25 = 2
It is given that
\ nth term = a1 + (n – 1)d1
4a4 = 18a18(1)
= 23 + (n – 1)2
⇒ 4(a + 3d) = 18(a + 17d)(1)
AP2 = 5, 8, 11, 14, ... (1)
⇒ 4a + 12d = 18a + 306d(1)
Here, a2 = 5 ⇒ 14a + 294d = 0 ⇒ 14(a + 21d) = 0 (1)
d2 = 8 – 5 = 11 – 8 = 3 ⇒ a + 21d = 0 ⇒ a + (22 – 1)d = 0
\ nth term = a2 + (n – 1)d2 ⇒ a22 = 0
= 5 + (n – 1)3 (1) Thus, 22nd term is 0. (1)
Now, 23 + (n – 1)2 = 5 + (n – 1)3
⇒ 23 + 2n – 2 = 5 + 3n – 3 Case Study Based Questions
⇒ 3n – 2n = 23 – 2 – 5 + 3 I. 1. (b) 51, 49, 47…. 2. (c) 11
3. (b) 30 4. (a) 2
⇒ n = 26 – 7 = 19 (1)
5. (a) 6
30. We know that an = a + (n – 1)d II.1. (b) 5000 TV sets 2. (d) 20400
From the given conditions, 3. (c) 21600 4. (b) 12th year
m[a + (m – 1) d] = n[a + (n – 1)d](1)
5. (a) 6600
⇒ m[a + (md – d)] = n[a + nd – d]

3. Sum of First n Terms of an AP

• If first term of an AP be a and its common difference is d, then the sum Sn of the first n terms of an AP is given by
n n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] or, Sn = (a + an) where
2 2
an = nth term of the AP.
• If l is the last term of an AP of n terms, then the sum of all ‘n’ terms can also be given by
n
Sn = (a + l). Sometimes Sn is also denoted by S.
2
• The sum of first n positive integers is given by
n (n + 1)
Sn = .
2
• If Sn is the sum of the first n terms of an AP, then its nth term is given by an = Sn – Sn–1, i.e., the nth term of an AP is the
difference of the sum to first n terms and the sum to first (n – 1) terms of it.
Example 1. Find the sum of the given AP: – 5 + (– 8) + (– 11) + ... + (– 230). [NCERT][CBSE Standard 2020]
Solution. We have, a = – 5 and d = –8 + 5 = – 3
So, an = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ – 230 = – 5 + (n – 1) (– 3) ⇒ – 230 = – 5 – 3n + 3
228
⇒ – 230 + 2 = – 3n ⇒ – 228 = – 3n ⇒ n = = 76
3
n 76
\ Sn = (a + an) ⇒ S76 = [– 5 – 230]
2 2
= 38 [– 235] = – 8930
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1
Example 2. Find the sum of the AP: 7 + 10 + 14 + ... + 84 [NCERT]
2
Solution. Let a be the first term, d the common difference and an the last term of given AP.
1 21 21 − 14 7
We have, a = 7, d = 10 − 7 = −7= = and an = 84
2 2 2 2
7
Now, an = a + (n – 1)d ⇒ 84 = 7 + (n – 1) ×
2
7
⇒ 77 = ( n − 1) × ⇒ 11 × 2 = (n – 1) ⇒ 22 = n – 1
2
\ n = 22 + 1 = 23
n
Now, Sn = [2a + (n − 1) d ]
2
23  7
⇒ S23 = 2 × 7 + (23 − 1) × 
2  2
23  7 23 23 2093 1
⇒ S23 = 14 + 22 ×  = [14 + 77] = × 91 = = 1046
2  2 2 2 2 2
Example 3. How many terms of the AP: 9, 17, 25, ... must be taken to give a sum of 636?  [NCERT] [Imp.]
Solution. Let sum of n terms be 636.
Then, Sn = 636, a = 9, d = 17 – 9 = 8
n n
⇒ [2a + (n − 1)d ] = 636 ⇒ [2 × 9 + (n − 1) × 8] = 636
2 2
n
⇒ × 2[9 + (n − 1) × 4] = 636 ⇒ n(9 + 4n – 4) = 636
2
⇒ n[5 + 4n] = 636 ⇒ 5n + 4n2 = 636 ⇒ 4n2 + 5n – 636 = 0
−5 ± (5)2 − 4 × 4 × ( −636) −5 ± 25 + 10176
\ n= =
2×4 8
−5 ± 10201 −5 ± 101 96 −106 53
= = = , = 12, −
8 8 8 8 4
−53
But nπ , So, n = 12
4
Thus, the sum of 12 terms of the given AP is 636.
Example 4. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n terms.
[Delhi 2008] [Imp.]
Solution. We have, S7 = 49
7
⇒ 49 = [2a + (7 − 1) × d ] ⇒ 7 × 2 = [2a + 6d]
2
⇒ 14 = 2a + 6d ⇒ a + 3d = 7 ...(i)
and S17 = 289
17 289 × 2
⇒ 289 = [2a + (17 − 1) d ] ⇒ 2a + 16d = = 34
2 17
⇒ a + 8d = 17 ...(ii)
Now subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get
5d = 10 ⇒ d = 2
Putting the value of d in equation (i), we get
a+3×2=7 ⇒ a=7–6=1
Here a = 1 and d = 2
n
Now, Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
n n n
= [2 × 1 + (n − 1 ) × 2] = [2 + 2n − 2] = × 2n = n
2
2 2 2
Example 5. The sum of the first 7 terms of an AP is 63 and the sum of its next 7 terms is 161. Find the 28th term of
this AP. [Foreign 2014]
n
Solution. We have, Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
7 7
\ S7 = [2a + (7 − 1)d ] ⇒ S7 = [2a + 6d ]
2 2
⇒ 63 = 7a + 21d [S7 = 63 (given)]
63 – 21d
⇒ a= ...(i)
7
14
Also, S14 = [2a + 13d]
2
⇒ S14 = 14a + 91d
But according to question, S1–7 + S8 – 14 = S14
⇒ 63 + 161 = 14a + 91d ⇒ 224 = 14a + 91d
 63 − 21d 
⇒ 2a + 13d = 32 ⇒ 2  + 13d = 32 ...(ii)
 7
⇒ 126 – 42d + 91d = 224
⇒ 49d = 98 ⇒ d = 2
63 − 21 × 2 63 − 42 21
\ a= = = =3
7 7 7
Thus, a28 = a + 27d = 3 + 27 × 2
⇒ a28 = 3 + 54 = 57
Example 6. Find the sum of the integers between 100 and 200 that are:
(i) divisible by 9 (ii) not divisible by 9 [NCERT Exemplar]
Solution. (i) Numbers divisible by 9 between 100 and 200 are 108, 117, 126, ..., 198.
Here, a = 108, d = 9, an = 198
\ an = a + (n – 1) d fi 198 = 108 + (n – 1) 9
fi 198 = 108 + 9 n – 9 fi 198 = 99 + 9 n
99
fi 198 – 99 = 9 n fi =n
9
fi n = 11
n
Thus, Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
11 11
S11 = [2 × 108 + 10 × 9] = [216 + 90] = 1683
2 2
(ii) Numbers between 100 and 200 are 101, 102,..., 199.
Here, a = 101, d = 1, an = 199
Now, an = a + (n – 1)d
fi 199 = 101 + (n – 1) 1 fi 199 = 100 + n fi n = 99
n
So, Sn = (a + l), where l is the last term
2
99 99
= (101 + 199) = × 300 = 14850
2 2
Sum of the numbers which are not divisible by 9
= Sum of total numbers – sum of numbers which are divisible by 9
= S99 – S11 = 14850 – 1683 = 13167
a − b 3a − 2b 5a − 3b
Example 7. Find the sum: + + + ... to 11 terms. [NCERT Exemplar]
a+b a+b a+b
a−b
Solution. The first term, a1 =
a+b
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3a − 2b (a − b) 2a − b
Common difference d= − =
a+b a+b a+b
11  2(a − b)  2a − b  
\ S11 = + 10 
2  a + b  a + b  
11 11
= [2a – 2b + 20a – 10 b] = [11a – 6 b]
2(a + b) a+b
Example 8. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 6n. Find the nth term of this AP. [Foreign 2014]
Solution. We have, Sn = 3n2 + 6n
Sn–1 = 3(n – 1)2 + 6(n – 1)
= 3(n2 + 1 – 2n) + 6n – 6
= 3n2 + 3 – 6n + 6n – 6 = 3n2– 3
The nth term will be an
Sn = Sn–1 + an
fi an = Sn – Sn – 1
= 3n2 + 6n – 3n2 + 3 = 6n + 3
Example 9. In an AP, the sum of first ten terms is – 150 and the sum of next ten terms is – 550. Find the AP.
[Delhi 2010]
Solution. Let a be the first term and d the common difference of the AP.
We have, S10 = – 150
10
⇒ [2a + 9d] = – 150 fi 2a + 9d = –30 ...(i)
2
and S20 – S10 = – 550
⇒ S20 = – 550 – 150 = – 700
R V
⇒
20
[2a + 19d] = – 700 SSSa S = 20 [2a + 19d]WWW
2 S 20 2 W
T X
⇒ 2 a + 19 d = –70 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
d = – 4 and a = 3
So, the AP is: 3, –1, –5, ...
Example 10. If an = 3 – 4n, show that a1, a2, a3, ... form an AP. Also find S20. [NCERT Exemplar]
Solution. We have, an = 3 – 4n
\ a1 = – 1, a2 = – 5, a3 = – 9, ...
Since a2 – a1 = – 4 = a3 – a2
So, –1, –5, –9, ... form an AP.
20
S20 = [–2 + 19 × (–4)] = 10 [– 2 – 76] = 10 × (–78) = –780
2
Example 11. If the sum of the first p terms of an AP is ap2 + bp, find its common difference. [CBSE 2010]
2 2
Solution. ap = Sp – Sp – 1 = (ap + bp) – [a(p – 1) + b(p – 1)]
= ap2 + bp – (ap2 + a – 2ap + bp – b)
= ap2 + bp – ap2 – a + 2ap – bp + b = 2ap + b – a
\ a1 = 2a + b – a = a + b
a2 = 4a + b – a = 3a + b
⇒ d = a2 – a1 = (3a + b) – (a + b) = 2a
Example 12. The first and the last terms of an AP are 5 and 45 respectively. If the sum of all its terms is 400, find its
common difference ‘d ’. [Delhi 2014]
Solution. We have, a = 5, Tn = 45, Sn = 400
\ Tn = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 45 = 5 + (n – 1)d ⇒ (n – 1)d = 40 ...(i)
n
Sn = (a + Tn )
2
 n
⇒ 400 = (5 + 45) ⇒ n = 2 × 8 = 16
2
Substituting the value of n in (i), we get
(16 – 1)d = 40 ⇒ 15d = 40
40 8
\ d= =
15 3
Example 13. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = 3n2 – 4n. Determine the AP and the 12th term.
[Delhi 2019] [Imp.]
Solution. We have, Sn = 3n2 – 4n...(i)
Replacing n by n – 1, we get
Sn – 1 = 3 (n – 1)2 – 4 (n – 1) ...(ii)
Since, an = Sn – Sn–1 = {3n2 – 4n} – {3(n – 1)2 – 4(n – 1)}
= {3n2 – 4n} – {3n2 + 3 – 6n – 4n + 4}
= 3n2 – 4n – 3n2 – 3 + 6n + 4n – 4 = 6n – 7
So, nth term, an = 6n – 7 ...(iii)
Substituting n = 1, 2, 3, ... respectively in (iii), we get
a1 = 6 × 1 – 7 = –1, a2 = 6 × 2 – 7 = 5
and a3 = 6 × 3 – 7 = 11
Hence, AP is – 1, 5, 11, ...
12th term, a12 = 6 × 12 – 7 = 72 – 7 = 65 [From (iii)]
th 1 th 1 th
Example 14. If the m term of an AP is n and n term is m , then show that its (mn) term is 1. [Delhi 2017]
Solution. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of the AP respectively.
1 1
Then, am = n and an = m
1
⇒ a + (m – 1)d = n ...(i)
1
and a + (n – 1)d = m ...(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
1 1
a + (m – 1)d – [a + (n – 1)d] = n – m
m–n 1
fi (m – n) d = mn fi d = mn

Putting the value of d in (i), we get

1 1 1
a + (m – 1) mn = n fi a – mn = 0
1
fi a = mn
1 1
\ amn = a + (mn – 1) d = mn + (mn – 1) mn = 1
Example 15. If Sn denotes the sum of the first n terms of an AP, prove that S30 = 3 (S20 – S10). [Foreign 2014]
n
Solution. We have, Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
30
\ S30 = [2a + (30 − 1)d ]
2
fi S30 = 15(2a + 29d) = 30a + 435d ...(i)
20
and S20 = [2a + (20 – 1) d]
2
S20 = 10(2a + 19d) = 20a + 190d
10
S10 = [2a + (10 – 1)d]
2
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fi S10 = 5(2a + 9d) = 10a + 45d

3(S20 – S10) = 3[20a + 190d – 10a – 45d]
= 3[10a + 145d] = 30a + 435d = S30  [From (i)]
Hence, S30 = 3(S20 – S10) Hence proved.

Example 16. The sum of n, 2n, 3n terms of an AP are S1, S2 and S3 respectively. Prove that S3 = 3(S2 – S1). [HOTS]
Solution. Let a be the first term and d the common difference of the AP
n
\ S1 = [2a + (n − 1) d ] ...(i)
2
2n
S2 = [2a + (2n − 1) d ] ...(ii)
2
3n
S3 = [2a + (3n − 1)d ] ...(iii)
2
2n n
Now, S2 – S 1 =
[2a + (2n − 1) d ] − [2a + (n − 1) d ]
2 2
n
= [2{2a + (2n − 1) d } − {2a + (n − 1) d }]
2
n
= [4a + 4nd − 2d − 2a − nd + d ]
2
n n
= [2a + 3nd − d ] = [2a + (3n − 1) d ]
2 2
3n
\ 3(S2 – S1) = [2a + (3n − 1) d ] = S3  [From (iii)]
2
⇒ 3(S2 – S1) = S3
Example 17. If the sum of m terms of an AP is the same as the sum of its n terms, show that the sum of its (m + n)
terms is zero. [HOTS] [CBSE Standard SP 2019-20]
Solution. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of the given AP respectively.
Then, Sm = Sn
m n
⇒ {2a + (m − 1) d } = {2a + (n − 1) d }
2 2
⇒ 2a(m – n) + {m(m – 1) – n (n – 1)] d = 0
⇒ 2a(m – n) + {(m2 – n2) – (m – n)}d = 0
⇒ (m – n){2a + (m + n – 1)d} = 0
⇒ 2a + (m + n – 1) d = 0 ...(i) [ m – n π 0]
m+n
Now, Sm + n = {2a + (m + n – 1) d}
2
m+n
⇒ Sm + n = × 0 = 0 [From (i)]
2
Example 18. Find the common difference of an AP whose first term is 5 and the sum of its first four terms is half the sum
of the next four terms. [CBSE 2012]
Solution. Given the first term of the AP, a = 5. Let d be the common difference.
Then, as per the question
4 8
/ an = 12 / an
n =1 n=5
1
fi a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 =
[a + a6 + a7 + a8]
2 5
1
fi [a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a + 3d)] = [(a + 4d) + (a + 5d) + (a + 6d) + (a + 7d)]
2
 1
fi 4a + 6d = (4a + 22d) fi 2(4a + 6d) = 4a + 22d
2
fi 2(20 + 6d) = 20 + 22d [ a = 5 (given)]
fi 40 + 12d = 20 + 22d fi 20 = 22d – 12d
fi 20 = 10d fi d = 2

Exercise 2.3
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Choose the correct answer from the given options:
(1) The sum of first five terms of the AP: 3, 7, 11, 15, ... is:
(a) 44 (b) 55 (c) 22 (d) 11
(2) If the first term of an AP is 1 and the common difference is 2, then the sum of first 26 terms is
(a) 484 (b) 576 (c) 676 (d) 625
(3) If the sum to n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 4n, then the common difference of the AP is
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 6
(4) If a, b, c are in AP then ab + bc =
1
(a) b (b) b2 (c) 2b2 (d)
b
(5) The sum of all natural numbers which are less than 100 and divisible by 6 is
(a) 412 (b) 510 (c) 672 (d) 816
2. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation ofassertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(1) Assertion (A): Sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic progression –0.5, –1.0, –1.5,... is 27.5.
n
Reason (R): Sum of first n terms of an AP is given as Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] where a = first term, d = common
2
difference.
(2) Assertion (A): The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = 3n2 – 4n. Then its nth term, an = 6n – 7.
Reason (R): nth term of an AP, whose sum of n terms is Sn, is given by an = Sn – Sn–1.
(3) Assertion (A): Sum of first hundred even natural numbers divisible by 5 is 500.
n
Reason (R): Sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = [a + l] where l = last term.
3. Answer the following: 2
(1) Find the sum of first 10 terms of the AP: 2, 7, 12, ... [NCERT] [Imp.]
(2) If the sum of first m terms of an AP is 2 m2 + 3 m, then what is its second term? [Foreign 2010]
(3) Find the sum of first 10 multiples of 6. [AI 2019]
(4) What is the sum of five positive integers divisible by 6? [CBSE Sample Paper 2012]
(5) If the sum of the first q terms of an AP is 2q + 3q2, what is its common difference? [AI 2010]
(6) If nth term of an AP is (2n + 1), what is the sum of its first three terms? [CBSE SP 2018-19]
(7) Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers. [CBSE Standard 2020]
II. Short Answer Type Questions - I [2 Marks]
4. Find the sum of first 8 multiples of 3. [CBSE 2018]
5. Find the number of terms of the AP: 54, 51, 48, ... so that their sum is 513. [Imp.]
6. In an AP, the first term is –4, the last term is 29 and the sum of all its terms is 150. Find its common difference.
[Foreign 2016]
7. Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers, which are multiples of 11. [Delhi 2012]
8. The first and the last terms of an AP are 8 and 65 respectively. If sum of all its terms is 730, find its common difference.
 [Delhi 2014]
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9. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n2 + 2n. Find the nth term of this AP. [Foreign 2013]
10. How many terms of the AP: 18, 16, 14, ... be taken so that their sum is zero? [Delhi 2016]
11. In an AP, if S5 + S7 = 167 and S10 = 235, then find the AP, where Sn denotes the sum of its first n terms. [AI 2015]
12. The sum of first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = 2n2 + 3n. Find the sixteenth term of the AP.
III. Short Answer Type Questions - II [3 Marks]
13. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250? Also find their sum. [AI 2011]
14. Find the sum of first n terms of an AP whose nth term is 5n – 1. Hence find the sum of first 20 terms. [AI 2011]
15. The sum of first six terms of an AP is 42. The ratio of its 10th term to its 30th term is 1 : 3. Calculate the first and the
thirteenth terms of the AP. [AI 2009]
16. Find the sum of all multiples of 7 lying between 500 and 900. [AI 2010]
17. If M, N and T are in AP, prove that (M + 2N – T) (2N + T – M) (T + M – N) = 4MNT.
18. In an AP, if the 6th and 13th terms are 35 and 70 respectively, find the sum of its first 20 terms. [Foreign 2011]
nd th th th
19. The sum of the 2 and the 7 terms of an AP is 30. If its 15 term is 1 less than twice its 8 term, find the AP.
[AI 2014]
20. If the ratio of the sum of first n terms of two AP’s is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27), find the ratio of their mth terms. [AI 2016]
21. The digits of a positive number of three digits are in AP and their sum is 15. The number obtained by reversing the digits
is 594 less than the original number. Find the number. [AI 2016]
22. The sums of first n terms of three A.Ps’ are S1, S2 and S3. The first term of each AP is 5 and their common differences
are 2, 4 and 6 respectively. Prove that S1 + S3 = 2S2. [Imp]
 1  2  3
23. Find the sum of n terms of the series  4 −  +  4 −  + 4 −  + ...  [Delhi 2017]
 n  n  n
24. Solve the equation: 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ... + x = 287.
IV. Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]
25. The sum of the first three numbers in an arithmetic progression is 18. If the product of the first and the third terms is 5
times the common difference, find the three numbers. [Al 2019]
26. If m times the mth term of an arithmetic progression is equal to n times its nth term and m ≠ n, show that the (m + n)th
term of the AP is zero. [Al 2019]
27. The first and the last term of an AP are 8 and 350 respectively. If its common difference is 9, how many terms are there
and what is their sum? [AI 2011]
(a + c) (b + c − 2a )
28. Show that the sum of an AP whose first term is a, the second term b and the last term c, is equal to .
2(b − a )
[NCERT Exemplar][CBSE Standard 2020]
th 1 th 1 1
29. If the p term of an AP is and q term is , prove that the sum of the pq terms is (pq + 1). [CBSE 2012]
q p 2
30. The ratio of the 11th term to the 18th term of an AP is 2 : 3. Find the ratio of the 5th term to the 21st term, and also the ratio
of the sum of the first five terms to the sum of the first 21 terms. [NCERT Exemplar]
31. The sum of the first five terms of an AP is 55 and sum of the first ten terms of this AP is 235, find the sum of its first 20
terms. [Imp.]
32. The sums of n terms of two APs are in the ratio 5n + 4 : 9n + 6. Find the ratio of their 25th terms.  [Imp.]
33. Find the middle term of the sequence formed by all three-digit numbers which leave a remainder 3, when divided by 4.
Also, find the sum of all numbers on both sides of the middle terms separately. [Foreign 2015]
34. If the ratio of the sum of the first n terms of two APs is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27), then find the ratio of their 9th terms.
[AI 2017]
35. If the sum of first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term.
36. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and sum is 400. Find the number of terms and the common difference.
37. How many terms of the AP: 24, 21, 18, ... must be taken so that their sum is 78?
 Case Study Based Questions
I. Pollution—A Major Problem: One of the major serious problems that the world is facing today is the environmental
pollution. Common types of pollution include light, noise, water and air pollution.

In a school, students thoughts of planting trees in and around the school to reduce noise pollution and air pollution.
Condition I: It was decided that the number of trees that each section of each class will plant be the same as the class in
which they are studying, e.g. a section of class I will plant 1 tree a section of class II will plant 2 trees and so on a section
of class XII will plant 12 trees.
Condition II: It was decided that the number of trees that each section of each class will plant be the double of the class
in which they are studying, e.g. a section of class I will plant 2 trees, a section of class II will plant 4 trees and so on a
section of class XII will plant 24 trees.
Refer to Condition I
1. The AP formed by sequence i.e. number of plants by students is
(a) 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 12 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 12 (c) 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 15 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 15
2. If there are two sections of each class, how many trees will be planted by the students?
(a) 126 (b) 152 (c) 156 (d) 184
3. If there are three sections of each class, how many trees will be planted by the students?
(a) 234 (b) 260 (c) 310 (d) 326
Refer to Condition II
4. If there are two sections of each class, how many trees will be planted by the students?
(a) 422 (b) 312 (c) 360 (d) 540
5. If there are three sections of each class, how many trees will be planted by the students?  
(a) 468 (b) 590 (c) 710 (d) 620
II. Your elder brother wants to buy a car and plans to take loan from a bank for his car. He repays his total loan of ` 1,18,000
by paying every month starting with the first instalment of ` 1000. If he increases the instalment by ` 100 every month ,
answer the following:

1. The amount paid by him in 30th installment is

(a) ` 3900 (b) ` 3500 (c) ` 3700 (d) ` 3600
2. The total amount paid by him upto 30 installments is
(a) ` 37000 (b) ` 73500 (c) ` 75300 (d) ` 75000
3. What amount does he still have to pay after 30th installment?
(a) ` 45500 (b) ` 49000 (c) ` 44500 (d) ` 54000
4. If total installments are 40, then amount paid in the last installment is
(a) ` 4900 (b) ` 3900 (c) ` 5900 (d) ` 9400
5. The ratio of the 1st installment to the last installment is
(a) 1 : 49 (b) 10 : 49 (c) 10 : 39 (d) 39 : 10
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Answers and Hints

1. (1) (b) 55 (1) (2) (c) 676 (1) 7. 3-digit natural numbers which are multiples of 11 are 110,
(3) (d) 6 (1) (4) (c) 2b2(1) 121, 132, ..., 990
(5) (d) 816 (1) nth term, 990 = 110 + (n – 1)11
2. (1) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and fi n = 81 (1)
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion \ Sum of ‘n’ terms,
(A).(1)
n
(2) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and Sn = [a + l ]
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion 2
(A).(1) 81
= [110 + 990] = 44550
(3) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (1) 2
3. (1) 245 (1) (2) 9 (1) \ Sum of all three-digit natural numbers, which are
(3) First 10 multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, ....., 60. multiples of 11 is 44550. (1)
This is an AP in which a = 6, n = 10 and d = 6. n
8. Sn = (a + an )
∴ Sum of first 10 multiples of 6 = S10  (½) 2
⇒ S10 = 62a + ]n – 1g d @
n n 73n
730 = (8 + 65) fi = 730
2 2 2
62×6 + ]10 – 1g 6@
10 fi n = 20 (1)
=
2
\ Given a20 = 65, where an = a + (n – 1)d
= 5 (12 + 54)
fi a + 19d = 65 fi 8 + 19d = 65
= 5 × 66 = 330 (½) fi 19d = 57
(4) 90 (1) Hence, common differences = d = 3. (1)
(5) Given that, 9. Given, Sn = 4n2 + 2n
Sq = 2q + 3q2 So, Sn – 1 = 4(n – 1)2 + 2(n – 1)
S1 = 2 + 3 = 5 = T1 = First term [put q = 1] = 4(n2 – 2n + 1) + 2n – 2
S2 = 4 + 3(4) = 16 [put q = 2] = 4n2 – 8n + 4 + 2n – 2
S3 = 6 + 3(9) = 33 [put q = 3](½) = 4n2 – 6n + 2 (1)
\ 2nd term, an = Sn – Sn – 1 = nth term
T2 = S2 – S1 = 16 – 5 = 11 = (4n2 + 2n) – (4n2 – 6n + 2)
\ 3rd term, = 4n2 + 2n – 4n2 + 6n – 2
T3 = S3 – S2 = 33 – 16 = 17 = 8n – 2 (1)
Common difference 10. Let the number of terms taken for sum to be zero be n.
= T3 – T2 = 17 – 11 = 6 (½) Then, sum of n terms
3
(6) a1 = 3, a3 = 7, S3 = (3 + 7) = 15 [½+½] (Sn) = 0 (Given)
2 n
(7) Natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, ... fi Sn = [2a + (n − 1) d ] (1)
2
The sum of first 100 natural numbers is given by
n
n(n + 1) 100 × (100 + 1)
fi [2 × 18 + (n − 1)( −2)]
0=
Sn = =   (½) 2
2 2
fi n = 19
100 × 101 Hence, sum of 19 terms is 0. (1)
=
2 11. S5 + S7 = 167
= 50 × 101 = 5050 (½) 5 7
fi (2a + 4d ) + (2a + 6d ) = 167
4. S8 = 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 +....+ 24 2 2
 n 
= 3(1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ 8) (1) Q Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
8×9   2 
= 3 × = 108 (1)
2 fi 5a + 10d + 7a + 21d = 167
5. 18 or 19 (2) fi 12a + 31d = 167 ...(i)
n n Also, S10 = 235
6. 150 = ( −4 + 29) Q Sn = (a + l )
2 2 10
fi (2a + 9d ) = 235

fi 300 = 25n fi n = 12 (1) 2

\ Then, l = a12 = 29 = –4 + 11d fi 2a + 9d = 47 ...(ii)(1)

fi 11d = 33 fi d = 3 (1) Multiplying eq. (ii) by 6, we get
6(2a + 9d) = 6 × 47
 fi 12a + 54d = 282 ...(iii) n
[2a + (n − 1)d ]
\ Subtracting eq. (i) from (iii), we get Sn
= 2
12a + 54d = 282 Sn′ n
[2a ′ + (n − 1)d ′ ]
12a + 31d = 167 2
– –     –  n − 1
a+  d

 2  7n + 1
23d = 115 = = ...(i)(1)
\ d=5  n − 1 4n + 27
a′ +  d′
Putting ‘d’ in (ii) equation, a = 1  2 
\ Required AP is 1, 6, 11, ... (1) tm a + (m − 1)d
12. Sn = 2n2 + 3n Since =
tm′ a ′ + (m − 1) d ′
S1 = 5 = a1
S2 = a1 + a2 = 14 fi a2 = 9 (1) [ Let tm, t¢m be mth terms of two APs]
d = a2 – a1 = 4 n −1
So, replacing by m – 1, i.e., n = 2m – 1 in (i)
a16 = a1 + 15d = 5 + 15(4) = 65 (1) 2
13. 60, 7800 (3) tm a + (m − 1)d
= (1)
14. Given: an = 5n – 1 tm′ a ′ + (m − 1) d ′
a1 = 4
\ a2 = 5(2) – 1 = 9 7(2m − 1) + 1 14m − 6
= =
d = a2 – a1 = 9 – 4 = 5 (1) 4(2m − 1) + 27 8m + 23
Now, sum of first ‘n’ terms, Thus, the ratio of their mth terms is
n    14m – 6 : 8m + 23. (1)
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2 21. Let the required numbers in AP are a – d, a, a + d
n respectively.
= [2 × 4 + 5(n − 1)]
2 Now, a – d + a + a + d = 15 [ Sum of digits = 15]
n n(5n + 3) fi 3a = 15 fi a = 5 (1)
= (8 + 5n − 5) = (1)
2 2 According to question, number is
Now, sum of first 20 terms, 100(a – d) + 10a + a + d, i.e. 111a – 99d
20(5 × 20 + 3) Number on reversing the digits is
S20 =
2 100(a + d) + 10a + a – d, i.e. 111a + 99d
= 10 × 103 = 1030 (1) Now, as per given condition in question,
15. 2 and 26 (3) 16. 39, 900 (3) (111a – 99d) – (111a + 99d) = 594 (1)
18. Given that, a6 = 35 fi a + 5d = 35 ...(i) fi d = –3
and also a13 = 70 fi a + 12d = 70 ...(ii)(1) \ Digits of number are [ 5 – (–3), 5, (5 + (–3))]
On solving the above equations, we get = 8, 5, 2.
a = 10; d = 5 (1) \ Required number is 1 11 × (5) – 99(–3)
Now, sum of first 20 terms, = 555 + 297 = 852. (1)
S20 =
20
2
[2 × 10 + 19 × 5]
n
( )( )( )
1 2
23. Sn = 4 − + 4 − + 4 − + .... 
n n
3
n
upto n terms
Q Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ] 1
= (4 + 4 + ... + 4) − (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n) (1)
 2 n
= 1150 (1) 1 n(n + 1)
= 4n − × (1)
19. Given, a2 + a7 = 30 n 2
fi a + d + a + 6d = 30 7n − 1
= (1)
fi 2a + 7d = 30 ...(i)(1) 2
[ an = a + (n – 1)d] 24. Given equation: 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ... + x = 287
Also, given a15 = 2a8 – 1 Here, a = 1, d = 4 – 1 = 7 – 4 = 3
fi a + 14d = 2(a + 7d) – 1 fi a = 1 (1) Sn = 287
Putting the value of a in (i), we get n
2 + 7d = 30 fi d = 4 Bur, Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
\ a = 1, d = 4
n
Hence, AP is 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, ... (1) 287 = [2 × 1 + (n – 1)3]
2
20. Let Sn and Sn′ be the sum of n terms of two APs. Let a,
⇒ 287 × 2 = n(2 + 3n – 3)
a¢ and d, d¢ be first terms and common differences of two
APs. Then ⇒ 574 = n(3n – 1) = 3n2 – n
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⇒ 3n2 – n – 574 = 0 (1) 27. 39; 6981 (5) 30. 1 : 3, 5 : 49 (5)
We know that, 31. 970 (5) 32. 249 : 447 (5)
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
n = 33. List of 3-digit number leaving remainder 3 when divided
2a by 4, are 103, 107, 111, ..., 999.
−( −1) ± ( −1) 2 − 4 × 3 × ( −574) Now, an = 999 fi a + (n – 1)d = 999
=
2×3
103 + (n – 1)4 = 999 fi n = 225 (1)
1 ± 1 + 6888 1± 6889 1 ± 83 Since, number of terms is odd, so there will be only one
= = = (1)
6 6 6 middle term
1 ± 83 1 − 83 225 + 1
Either n = or n = Middle term = = 113 (1)
6 6 2
84 −82 \ a113 = a + 112d

⇒ n= or n = = 103 + 112 × 4 = 551 (1)
6 6
−41 There are 112 numbers before 113th term.
⇒ n = 14 or n =
3 \ Sum of all terms before middle term
\ n = 14 112
n 14 S112 = [2 × 103 + 111 × 4]
Now, Sn = (a + l) ⇒ 287 = (1 + x) 2
2 2 = 36400 (1)
⇒ 287 = 7(1 + x) ⇒ 287 = 7 + 7x
\ Sum of all terms = S225 = 123975
280
⇒ 7x = 280 ⇒ x = = 40 (1)
\ Sum of terms after middle term
7
25. Let the three numbers in AP are a – d, a, a + d = S225 – (S112 + 551)
Then a – b + a + a + d = 18 = 87024 (1)
⇒ 3a = 18 ⇒ a = 6 (1) 34. Let the first terms be a and a′ and d and d′ be their respective
Given: (a – d) (a + d) = 5d
common differences.
⇒ a2 – d2 = 5d ⇒ a2 = 5d + d2
n
⇒ 36 = 5d + d2 [Q a = 6](1)  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
Sn 2
⇒ d + 5d – 36 = 0 ' =
Sn n
⇒ d2 + 9d – 4d – 36 = 0 (1)  2a ′ + ( n − 1) d ′ 
2
⇒ d(d + 9) – 4(d + 9) = 0
⇒ (d – 4) (d + 9) = 0 7n + 1
= (1)
⇒ d – 4 = 0 or d + 9 = 0 4n + 27
⇒ d = 4 or d = –9 [Reject]  n − 1
a+ d
⇒ d = 4 (1)  2  7n + 1

⇒ = (1)
Thus, three numbers are a – d, a, a + d  n − 1 4 n + 27
a′ +  d ′
= 6 – 4, 6, 6 + 4  2 
= 2, 6, 10 (1) n −1
To get ratio of 9th terms, replacing = 8   (1)
26. We know that an = a + (n – 1)d 2
From the given conditions,
⇒ n = 17 (1)
m[a + (m – 1) d] = n[a + (n – 1)d] t9 a + 8d 120 24
⇒ m[a + (md – d)] = n[a + nd – d](1) Hence, = = or (1)
t9′ a ′ + 8d ′ 95 19
⇒ am + m2d – md = an+ n2d – nd
⇒ am – an + m2d – n2d – md + nd = 0 (1) 35. Let common difference be d.
⇒ a(m – n) + d(m2 – n2) – d(m – n) = 0 14
⇒ a(m – n) + (m + n) (m – n)d – (m – n)d = 0 (1)
⇒ [2(10) + (n − 1)d] = 1050 (2)
2
⇒ (m – n) [a + (m + n)d – d = 0
⇒ d = 10 (1)
⇒ a + md + nd – d = 0 (1)
a20 = a + 19d
⇒ a + (m + n – 1)d = 0
= 10 + 19 (10) = 200 (2)
Since, m ≠ n, it is clear that (m + n)th term of the AP is zero.
(1)
36. a=5
49 ± (49) 2 − 4 × 3 × 156
an = 45 =
2×3
Sn = 400
n 49 ± 2401 − 1872

⇒ (5 + 45) = 400 (2) =
2 6
50n = 800 (1)
49 ± 529
n = 16 =
6
also an = 45
5 + 15d = 45 49 ± 23
= (1)
15d = 40 6
8 49 + 23 49 − 23
d = (2) Either n = or n =
3 6 6
37. AP is 24, 21, 18, ...
Here, a = 24 and d = 21 – 24 = 18 – 21 = –3 (1) 72 26 13
n= or n = =
Let the sum of n terms of the AP be 78. 6 6 3
n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] 1
2 n = 12 or n = 4
3
n

fi 78 = [2 × 24 + (n – 1)(–3)] Thus, n = 12. (2)
2

fi 78 × 2 = n[48 – 3n + 1] Case Study Based Questions
fi 156 = n(49 – 3n) I. 1. (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 12
fi 156 = 49n – 3n2 2. (c) 156 3. (a) 234
2
fi 3n – 49n + 156 = 0 (1) 4. (b) 312 5. (a) 468
We know that
II. 1. (a) ` 3900 2. (b) ` 73500
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 3. (c) ` 44500 4. (a) ` 4900
n=
2a 5. (b) 10 : 49

Experts’ Opinion
Questions based on following types are very important for Exams. So, students are advised to revise them thoroughly.
1. Finding nth term of given AP.
2. Finding nth term of given AP from the end.
3. Finding n when nth term of an AP is given.
4. Finding AP or nth term or both when its two terms are given.
5. Finding sum of first n terms of an AP.
6. Finding number of terms when sum of first n terms and AP are given.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
th
•• The n term of an AP, an = a + (n – 1) d
•• The nth term of an AP from end, an = l – (n – 1) d
•• Sum of finite terms of an AP
n n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] or Sn = (a + an)
2 2
•• If there are only n terms in an AP, then
an = l, the last term
n
Sn = (a + l)
2
Note: an = Sn – Sn – 1
where, a = first term, n = number of terms, d = common difference, and an = nth term, l = last term.
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QUICK REVISION NOTES

•• A succession of numbers or terms formed and arranged according to some rule is called a sequence /
progression.
•• An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed
number to the preceding term except the first term. This fixed number is called the common difference
of the AP, which can be positive, negative or zero.
•• The sequence a1, a2, a3, a4,..., an is an AP of n terms with common difference ‘d’ iff
an – an – 1 = an – 1 – an –2 = ...
= a2 – a1
= d
•• General term (nth term) of an AP (from the beginning) is given by
an = a + (n – 1)d.
•• Three numbers a, b, c are in AP if and only if b – a = c – b or 2b = c + a.
c+a
fi b=
2
Note that b is known as arithmetic mean of a and c.

•• If ‘l’ is the last term of an AP, then nth term from the end of an AP
= l + (n – 1)(–d)
= l – (n – 1)d.
•• Let a be the 1st term, ‘d’ the common difference and ‘n’ the number of terms of an AP, then Sn, the sum
of ‘n’ terms of an AP is given by
n
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
n
Also Sn = (a + an)
2
where, an is the last term.

COMMON ERRORS
Errors Corrections
(i) Finding incorrectly the common difference (d) when (i) For finding the common difference, we should subtract the
the numbers in AP is in descending order or if the preceding term from the succeeding term, even if the numbers
succeeding term is smaller. in AP is in descending order or the succeeding term is smaller.
(ii) When ‘d’ is negative in questions to find ‘n’, (ii) Put ‘d’ with negative sign in bracket so that multiplication
multiplying (n – 1) incorrectly by positive value of will be taken up in the next step.
‘d’.
(iii) Incorrectly differentiating an and Sn. (iii)Sn represents the sum of n terms whereas an represents nth
term.
(iv) Trying incorrectly to find nth term when sum to first (iv) The nth term of an AP is the difference of the sum to first n
n terms and the sum to first (n – 1) terms are given. terms and the sum to first (n – 1) terms of it.
i.e., an = Sn – Sn – 1