Name: ________________________

C9 Crude Oil and Fuel Exam Pack

and Mark scheme Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 76 minutes

Marks: 76 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 25
 Crude oil is a fossil fuel.
1
(a) To make crude oil more useful it is separated into fractions.

Use the correct word from the box to complete each sentence.

boiling compound decomposition distillation

filtration mixture molecule

mixture
(i) Crude oil is a .................................................. of different substances.
(1)

(ii) The substances in crude oil have different

boling
.................................................. points.
(1)

(iii) distillation.
Crude oil is separated by fractional ..................................................
(1)

(b) Petrol is one of the fractions produced from crude oil.

Car engines use a mixture of petrol and air.

The diagram shows some of the gases produced.

(i) What type of reaction happens to petrol in a car engine?

Tick ( ) one box.

combustion tick

decomposition

neutralisation

(1)

Page 2 of 25
 (ii) Petrol contains octane (C8H18).

Complete the word equation for the reaction of octane with oxygen.

oxygen
octane + ............................ carbon
............................ dioxidfe
+ ............................
(2)

(iii) Cars use sulfur-free petrol as a fuel.

Describe why sulfur should be removed from petrol.

sulfur can create acid rain which can damage crops and life
...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Some fractions from crude oil contain large hydrocarbon molecules.

These molecules can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules.

An equation for cracking decane is:

C10H22 C3H8 + C2H4 + C5H10

decane propane ethene pentene

(i) Why is propane useful?

Tick ( ) one box.

Propane is a polymer.

Propane is an alloy.

Propane is a fuel. ticka

(1)

(ii) Draw bonds to complete the displayed structure of ethene.

(1)

Page 3 of 25
 (iii) What is the colour change when bromine water reacts with ethene?

Tick ( ) one box.

Orange to colourless

Orange to green

Orange to red

(1)

(iv) Complete the sentence.

Pentene is useful because many pentene molecules can join together

polythene
to form .................................................. .
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Barbecues are heated by burning charcoal or burning hydrocarbons.

2

(a) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

The chemical equation for charcoal burning is:

C + O2 CO2

Complete the word equation for this reaction.

oxygen
carbon + ................................... carbon dioxide
(1)

Page 4 of 25
(b) Propane is a hydrocarbon.

(i) Complete the displayed structure of propane. Draw in the missing bonds.

(1)

(ii) C3H8
Write the chemical formula of propane. ..................................................
(1)

Page 5 of 25
 (iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

hydrogen.

Propane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and hydroxide.

water.
(1)

(c) The table shows information about six hydrocarbons.

State at room
Hydrocarbon Boiling point in °C
temperature (20°C)

Ethane (C2H6) gas −89

Ethene (C2H4) gas −104

Butane (C4H10) gas −1

Butene (C4H8) gas −6

Hexane (C6H14) liquid +69

Hexene (C6H12) liquid +64

Tick ( ) two correct statements about the six hydrocarbons.

Statement Tick ( )

Ethane and butane boil at temperatures less than 20°C.

tick
Hexene and butene are alkanes.

Butane and hexane are liquid at 0°C.

Ethene and hexene each have a carbon-carbon double bond.

tick
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 6 of 25
 This question is about oil reserves.
3
(a) Diesel is separated from crude oil by fractional distillation.

Describe the steps involved in the fractional distillation of crude oil.

crude oil is heated to approx 350 degress it starts to condense and rise up
........................................................................................................................
the column then substances will low boiling points will rise to the top
........................................................................................................................
where as substances will high boiling points will go to the bottom
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Diesel is a mixture of lots of different alkanes.

What are alkanes?

alkanes are made out of hydrocarbons which are carbon atoms

........................................................................................................................
and hydrogen atoms only
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 7 of 25
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Petroleum products, such as petrol, are produced from crude oil.

The graph shows the possible future production of petroleum products from crude oil and
the expected demand for petroleum products.

Canada’s oil sands hold about 20% of the world’s known crude oil reserves.

The oil sands contain between 10 to 15% of crude oil. This crude oil is mainly bitumen.

In Canada the oil sands are found in the ground underneath a very large area of forest. The
trees are removed. Then large diggers and trucks remove 30 metres depth of soil and rock
to reach the oil sands. The oil sands are quarried. Boiling water is mixed with the quarried
oil sands to separate the bitumen from the sand. Methane (natural gas) is burned to heat
the water.

The mixture can be separated because bitumen floats on water and the sand sinks to the
bottom of the water. The bitumen is cracked and the products are separated by fractional
distillation.

Page 8 of 25
Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to suggest the
advantages and disadvantages of extracting petroleum products from oil sands.
One advantage is it increases canda GDP. Another it creates jobs.
........................................................................................................................
Finally producing the oils can try and meet the demand of the oils.
........................................................................................................................
A disadvantage would be burning methane contributes to the greenhouse effect.
........................................................................................................................
Another is when hydrocarbons is combusted they product carbon dioxide.
........................................................................................................................
which contributes to the greenhouse effect. Finally it is a non-renewable
........................................................................................................................

resource
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 9 of 25
 Crude oil is a fossil fuel.
4
(a) Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) Fuel oil is one of the fractions from crude oil.

Power stations burn fuel oil to generate electricity. The waste gases from the combustion of
fuel oil contain carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.

The waste gases are passed through a suspension of limestone in water. Limestone is
mainly calcium carbonate.

Suggest how the use of a suspension of limestone decreases one of the environmental
impacts that the waste gases would cause.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 10 of 25
 (c) Some fractions from crude oil contain large hydrocarbon molecules.

(i) Hydrocarbon molecules, such as decane, can be cracked to produce smaller, more
useful molecules.

Write the correct formula of the third product to complete the chemical equation.

You do not need to give the name of this product.

C10H22 C5H10 + C3H8 + C2H18

................

decane pentene propane

(1)

(ii) Pentene is used to produce poly(pentene).

Complete the equation and the displayed structure of poly(pentene).

(3)

(iii) Some polymers are described as smart polymers.

Suggest one property of a smart polymer that is different to that of an ordinary

polymer.
shape memory
...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Alkanes are hydrocarbons found in crude oil.

5
(a) (i) Complete the sentence.

carbon
Hydrocarbons contain the elements ......................... hydrogen
and .........................
only.
(1)

Page 11 of 25
 (ii) Ethane is an alkane with the formula C2H6

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

C nH n

Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n

CnH2n+2
(1)

(b) Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Describe and explain how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Use the diagram to help you answer the question.

crude oil is heated to approx 350 degress celcious. It then boils

.........................................................................................................................
and vapourises then rises up the column. The vapor condenses at
.........................................................................................................................
different levels of the column
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

Page 12 of 25
 (c) Dodecane (C12H26) from crude oil is cracked to produce ethene (C2H4).

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.

C12H26 C8H18
2 C2H4 + ............................
(1)

(ii) Give two conditions needed for cracking.

High heat
1 ............................................................................................................

Cataylst
2 ............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

The figure below shows the displayed structures of five organic compounds, A, B, C, D and E.
6
A B C

D E

(a) Choose which organic compound, A, B, C, D or E, matches the descriptions.

You may choose each compound once, more than once or not at all.

Write the letter of the compound that:

(i) is a saturated hydrocarbon d

(1)

b
(ii) comes from a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n
(1)

(iii) has the empirical formula C2H6O a

(1)

Page 13 of 25
 (iv) reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide c
(1)

(v) reacts with compound A to produce compound C.

e
(1)

(b) Compound B (C2H4) and C8H18 are produced by cracking C14H30

C14H30 3C2H4 + C8H18

(i) Give two conditions for cracking.

cataylst
...............................................................................................................
high heat
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain why C8H18 has a lower boiling point than C14H30
because it has weaker intermolecular forces meaning it is easier to break down
...............................................................................................................
when combusted.
...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Compound B is a colourless gas.

Give a chemical test and its result to show that compound B is unsaturated.

Test ...............................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Result ............................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Compound B is ethene.

Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.

(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 14 of 25
 This question is about magnesium.
7
(a) (i) The electronic structure of a magnesium atom is shown below.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

electrons neutrons protons shells

neutrons
The nucleus contains protons and ..................

The particles with the smallest relative mass that move around the nucleus are
electrons
called ..................

Atoms of magnesium are neutral because they contain the same number of electrons

protons
and ..................
(3)

(ii) A magnesium atom reacts to produce a magnesium ion.

Which diagram shows a magnesium ion?

Tick ( ) one box.

(1)

Page 15 of 25
(b) Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid react to produce magnesium chloride solution and
hydrogen.

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) State two observations that could be made during the reaction.

1 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Describe a method for making pure crystals of magnesium chloride from magnesium
and dilute hydrochloric acid.

In your method you should name the apparatus you will use.

You do not need to mention safety.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 16 of 25
Mark schemes
(a) (i) mixture (of different substances)
1 1

(ii) boiling (points)

1

(iii) distillation
1

(b) (i) combustion

1

(ii) (reactant)

oxygen
allow correct formulae
1

(products)
products in any order

carbon dioxide
allow carbon or carbon monoxide
and
water
allow water vapour or steam or hydrogen oxide
1

(iii) (burning sulfur) produces sulfur dioxide / S02

allow it / sulfur reacts with oxygen ignore sulfur oxide
1

causes acid rain

1

(c) (i) propane is a fuel

1

(ii) double bond drawn between carbon atoms

do not allow any other bonds or symbols
1

(iii) orange to colourless

1

(iv) poly(pentene)
allow polymer(s)
1
[12]

Page 17 of 25
 (a) oxygen
2
must be name
do not accept oxide or dioxide
1

(b) (i) 2 x C–C

and

5 x C–H
all single (line) bonds
1

(ii) C 3 H8
must be formula
do not accept lower case h
1

(iii) water
1

(c) ethane and butane boil at temperatures less than 20°C

1

ethene and hexene each have a carbon-carbon double bond

1
[6]

(a) heat to vaporise (the crude oil)

3
do not accept cracking / burning
1

vapours condense
1

at different temperatures
allow they have different boiling points
1

(b) (alkanes) are hydrocarbons or are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only
1

alkanes are saturated or have only (carbon-carbon) single bonds

accept have no (carbon-carbon) double bonds
accept general formula is CnH2n+2 for 2 marks
1

Page 18 of 25
(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication
(QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

There is a basic description of at least one advantage or one disadvantage of
extracting petroleum products from oil sands.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

There is a clear description of an advantage and a disadvantage of extracting
petroleum products from oil sands.

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

There is a detailed description of both advantages and disadvantages of extracting
petroleum products from oil sands.

Page 19 of 25
 Examples of the chemistry/environmental/economic/social points made in the
response

Advantages:

• the oil sands are needed because crude oil is running out

• this crude oil is needed because demand is increasing

• the oil sands contain a large amount of crude oil

• the oil sands could improve Canada’s economy

• the oil sands provide employment for a lot of people

• the trees / forest are used for wood products / fuel

Disadvantages:

• destruction of environment / habitats

• fewer trees / forests to absorb carbon dioxide

• specified pollution, for example, visual, noise, atmospheric (including dust),

water (including river or drinking) with cause, e.g. gases / particulates from
burning diesel

• large amounts of methane (natural gas) are used to provide energy

• energy / fuel needed for cracking and fractional distillation

• burning fuel releases carbon dioxide

• crude oil / natural gas contains locked up carbon

• crude oil is non-renewable

6
[11]

(a) any four from:

4 • (crude oil is) heated
• to evaporate / vaporise / boil (the substances / hydrocarbons)
• the column is hotter at the bottom or is cooler at the top
• (vapours / fractions) condense
• at their boiling points or at different levels.
marks can be taken from a diagram
max 3 marks for reference to cracking
allow fractional distillation allow vapours (enter the column)
allow temperature gradient or (vapours) cool as they rise
allow description e.g. vapour turns to liquid)
allow they have different boiling points
4

Page 20 of 25
 (b) acid rain is caused by
allow consequences of acid rain
1

sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen

second marking point is dependent on first marking point
1

they react with / are neutralised by calcium carbonate or limestone

OR
global warming is caused by
carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide will react or dissolve in suspension of limestone

allow greenhouse effect is caused by or allow consequences of
global warming
1

(c) (i) C2H4

must be formula
ignore any name
1

(ii) a single bond between carbon atoms

would score 3 marks

1

other four bonds linking hydrogen atoms and C3H7 group plus two trailing /
connecting bonds
1

n at the bottom right hand corner of the bracket

1

(iii) has a shape memory

or
(a smart polymer) can return to original shape (when conditions change)
1
[12]

(a) (i) hydrogen / H and carbon / C

5
answers can be in either order
if letters given, must be capital H
1

(ii) CnH2n+2
1

Page 21 of 25
 (b) (most) crude oil vaporises / evaporates or crude oil enters as a vapour
1

(vapour) cools as it rises up the tower / column or tower / column cooler at the top or
negative temperature gradient
1

the fractions have different boiling / condensation points / ranges

accept the larger the molecules, the higher the boiling point /
condensation point
1

so they will condense at different levels in the tower

allow will collect at different levels if condensation mentioned
allow will condense to give different fractions
if no other mark is gained allow 1 mark for mention of heating
1

(c) (i) C8H18

if one answer is given C8H18 is the only acceptable answer
credit any correct combination of alkanes and alkenes, eg C5H12
and C3H6
1

(ii) hot / high temperature

accept any temperature in the range 300 − 900 °C
‘heat’ is insufficient
1

catalyst
accept a named catalyst − alumina or zeolites or aluminosilicates
or broken pot
ignore other named catalysts
allow (mixing with) steam as an alternative to second marking point
ignore pressure
1
[9]

(a) (i) D
6 1

(ii) B
1

(iii) A
1

(iv) E
1

(v) E
1

Page 22 of 25
(b) (i) high temperature
ignore hot / heat
allow temperature quoted (range 300-900 °C)
1

catalyst or steam
1

(ii) C8H18 smaller molecule

It = C8H18
1

therefore there are weaker intermolecular forces

allow intermolecular bonds
do not accept breaking covalent bonds / bonds

or

weaker intermolecular forces in C8H18 (1)

allow intermolecular bonds

so less energy to break (1)

1

(c) add bromine water

1

turns (from orange / yellow / red / brown) to colourless or decolourises

do not accept discoloured
ignore clear incorrect test = 0 marks
1

(d)

single C – C bond
1
four carbon-hydrogen bonds in place and two trailing bonds
1
structure in brackets and n at bottom right
1
[14]

Page 23 of 25
 (a) (i) neutrons
7
this order only
1

electrons
1

protons
1

(ii) box on the left ticked

1

(b) (i) effervescence / bubbling / fizzing / bubbles of gas

do not accept just gas alone
1

magnesium gets smaller / disappears

allow magnesium dissolves
allow gets hotter or steam produced
ignore references to magnesium moving and floating / sinking and
incorrectly named gases.
1

Page 24 of 25
(ii) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and
apply a ‘best–fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

There are simple statements of some of the steps in a procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

There is a description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining magnesium
chloride from dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted or a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

There is a well organised description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride that can be followed by another person.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted and a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

examples of the points made in the response:

• hydrochloric acid in beaker (or similar)
• add small pieces of magnesium ribbon
• until magnesium is in excess or until no more effervescence occurs *
• filter using filter paper and funnel
• filter excess magnesium
• pour solution into evaporating basin / dish
• heat using Bunsen burner
• leave to crystallise / leave for water to evaporate / boil off water
• decant solution
• pat dry (using filter paper).

*Student may choose to use a named indicator until it turns a neutral colour,
record the number of pieces of magnesium added then repeat without the
indicator.
6
[12]

Page 25 of 25