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Bessel Equation Lect1

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13 views9 pages

Bessel Equation Lect1

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xeyoron233
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Bessel Functions

24
Bessel Functions

� The differential equation x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ + ( x 2 − p 2 ) y = 0


where p is a non negative constant, is called Bessel’s equation,
and its solutions are known as Bessel ffunctions.
� These functions first arose in Daniel Bernoulli’s investigation of
the oscillations of a hanging chain, appeared again in Euler’s
th
theory off the
th vibration
ib ti off a circular
i l membrane.b
� Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846) studied disturbances in
planetary motion, which led him in 1824 to make the first
systematic analysis of solutions of this equation.

25
Bessel Functions
� Bessel’s Equation of order p:
2
′′ ′ (
x y + xy + x − p y = 0 .
2 2
)
� The origin
g that is x = 0 is a regular
g singular
g ppoint.
� The indicial equation is m2 - p2 =0, and the exponents are m1 =
p and m2 = -p.
� It follows from Theorem 30-A that BE has a solution of the
∞ ∞
form
y = x ∑ an x = ∑ an x n+ p ,
p n

n =0 n =0
where a 0 ≠ 0 and the power series ∑ n converges for all x.
a x n

26
Bessel Functions
� Hence we have
∞ ∞
y ( x) = ∑ n , y ′( x ) =
a x n+ p
∑ n
a (n + p )x n + p −1
,
n=0 n=0
∞
y ′′( x ) = ∑ n
a (n + p )(n + p − 1)x n+ p−2
.
n=0
� The terms of the equation becomes
∞ ∞
− p 2 y = ∑ − p 2 an x n + p , x 2 y = ∑ an − 2 x n + p ,
n =0 n=0
∞ ∞
xy ′ = ∑ an ( n + p ) x n+ p
, x y′′ = ∑ an ( n + p )( n + p − 1) x n + p .
2

n=0 n =0

27
Bessel Functions

� Inserting into the equation and equating the coefficients of xn+p


to zero, we get the following recursion formula

an − 2
an = −
n( 2 p + n)
� Since a0 ≠ 0 and a1(2p+1) = 0 tells us that a1 = 0, and
� Repeated application of this recursion formula yields the fact
that an= 0 for every odd subscript n.
n

28
Bessel Functions
� The nonzero coefficients of our solution are therefore
a0 a
a2 = − =− 2 0 ,
2(2 p + 2) 1⋅ 2 ( p + 1)
a2 a0 (−1)2 a0
a4 = − = = ,
4(2 p + 4) 2 ⋅ 4(2 p + 2)(2 p + 4) 2!2 ( p +1)( p + 2)
4

a4 a0 (−1)3 a0
a6 = − =− = 6 ,,...
6(2 p + 6) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅6(2
6(2 p + 2)(2 p + 4)(2 p + 6) 3!2 ( p + 1)( p + 2)( p + 3)

� And the solution is

⎡ x 2
x 4
x 6
⎤
y = a0 x ⎢ 1− 2
p
+ 4 − 6 + ...⎥
⎣ 2 ( p +1) 2 2!( p +1)( p + 2) 2 3!( p +1)( p + 2)( p + 3) ⎦

29
Bessel Functions
� Or we have
∞ 2n
x
y = a 0 x p ∑ (−1) n 2 n .
n =0 2 n!( p + 1)( p + 2) � ( p + n)
� This solution y is known as Bessel ffunction off the ffirst kind off
order p.
� This is denoted by Jp(x) and is defined by replacing the arbitrary
constant
t t a0 by
b 1 /( 2 p p ! ) . So
S we have
h

xp ∞ x 2n
J p ( x ) = p ∑ ( − 1)) 2 n
n

2 p ! n=0 2 n !( p + 1)( p + 2) � ( p + n )
2n+ p
∞
( − 1) n ⎛ x ⎞
=∑ ⎜ ⎟
n=0 n !( p + n )! ⎝ 2 ⎠
30
Bessel Functions
� The most useful Bessel functions are those of order 0 and 1
which are

� and

31
Bessel Functions

Graphs of J0(x) and J1(x), and J2(x).

32

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