Class – 10 ICSE SUBJECT : HISTORY[2022 - 23]

CHAPTER – 6 MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE

NATIONAL MOVEMENT
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1)Which period of Indian history is known as the Gandhian era and
why?
Ans.The period between 1915 to 1947 is referred to as the Gandhian
era.
This period of the Indian National movement was completely
dominated by Gandhiji.
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2)State the methods of political struggle evolved by Mahatma
Gandhiji.
Ans i)Satyagraha
ii)Doctrine of Non – Violence
iii)Swadeshi
iv)Mass Movement
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3) State the causes that led to the Non – Cooperation Movement
Ans .i)Rowlatt Act, passed in March 1919, gave extra ordinary
powers to the Government to imprison a person without trial. It was
a sudden blow to the Indians who were expecting self – governance.
ii)The terrible massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on April 13,
1919 shattered the faith of the Indian people.
iii)Ali brothers – Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat
Movement for the preservation of the office of the Caliph, who was
the religious head and political head in Turkey.
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4)Explain the following events;
Ans.a)Rowlatt Act; i) In order to crush the revolutionary trend, the
British Government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919.
ii)The Rowlatt Act implied;
*Arrest of a person without Warrant
*In camera trial
*Restriction on movements of individuals
*Suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus
This led to a wave of anger throughout the country.
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b)The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
i)An agitation was launched against the Rowlatt Act at the Jallianwala
Bagh in Amritsar in Punjab on April 13,1919.
ii)It was also a protest meeting for the arrest of leaders like Dr.
Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal .
iii)The Bagh had only one exit, its other three sides were enclosed by
buildings.
iv)General Dyer, the military commander surrounded the Bagh with
his soldiers. He ordered them to shoot at the crowd.
v)About one thousand innocent demonstrators were killed and many
were wounded.
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c)Khilafat Movement;
i)In the first world war Turkey was defeated and the Ottoman Empire
was divided.
ii)The Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph was deprived of all
authority. He was looked upon by large sections of Muslims as their
religious head.
ii)The Muslim population in India started a powerful agitation known
as the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of Ali Brothers –
Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali.
iii)They formed a three point programme like (a)the Ottoman Caliph
should retain his empire (b)the Caliph must be left with sufficient
territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith (c)the Arab lands
must remain under the Muslim rule.
iv)Gandhiji saw in the Khilafat Movement an opportunity for uniting
Hindus and Muslims.
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5)What were the objectives of Non – Cooperation Movement
according to the Nagpur Congress session 1920?
Ans.i)To attain self government within the British Empire.
ii)Annulment of Rowlatt Act
iii)An apology for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
iv)solving the Khilafat problem.
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6)Mention the programmes of Non – Cooperation Movement of
1920
Ans.Boycott Programmes
i)Boycott of government schools, colleges and courts.
ii)Boycott of foreign goods.
iii)Surrender of titles and honorary offices.
iv)Refusal to attend government functions.
Swadeshi programmes
i)Popularisation of Swadeshi and Khadi.
ii)Establishment of national schools, colleges and panchayats.
iii)Development of unity between Hindus and Muslims.
iv)Emancipation and upliftment of women.
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7)State the activities that took place during the Non Cooperation
Movement.
Ans i)Lawyers like C.R Das, Moti Lal Nehru, C.Rajagopalachari and
many others gave up their legal practice.
ii)Students left schools and colleges.
iii)Charkhas were manufactured for the people to spin cloth.
iv)Rabindranath Tagore and many others renounced their titles.
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8)Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non – Cooperation Movement?
Ans i)A tragedy at Chauri Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district in
Uttar Pradesh, occurred on February 5, 1922.
ii)A procession of about 3,000 peasants marched to the police station
to protest against the police officer who had beaten some volunteers
picketing a liquor shop.
iii)The police fired at the peasants.
This angered the demonstrators and they set the nearby police
station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside the police
station. Violence was also spread to near by areas.
iv)Gandhiji, a believer in ‘Ahimsa’ was greatly shocked at these
incidents and withdrew the Non – Cooperation Movement on
February 12, 1922.
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9)Mention the impact of Non – Cooperation Movement.’
[Or the importance or the significance of Non -Cooperation
movement.]
Ans i)The National Movement became a mass Movement with the
participation of different sections of Indian society such as peasants,
workers, students, teachers and women.
ii)It instilled confidence among the people and inspired them
challenge the colonial rule.
iii)It fostered Hindu – Muslim unity which could be seen in the
merger of the Khilafat issue.
iv)It promoted social reforms like prohibiting the untouchability and
boycotting foreign goods led to swadeshi.
v)The Non – Cooperation movement greatly popularized the cult of
Swaraj.
VI)The Congress organization was able to reach down to villages as
its membership fee was reduced and it was reorganized on linguistic
lines.
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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT [1930]
10) Differentiate between Non – Cooperation movement and Civil
Disobedience movement.
Ans.The Non Cooperation movement is ‘a way of protesting in which
one does not cooperate with the evil – doer’. It sought to bring the
working of the government to a standstill by not cooperating with the
administration.
Civil Disobedience Movement was an attempt at paralysing the
administration by breaking some specific rules and regulations.
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11)Mention the factors that led to Civil Disobedience Movement.
Or the causes for the Civil Disobedience movement.
Ans.i)The Simon Commission;
a)It was an all – British Commission appointed in November 1927 to
investigate the need for further constitutional reforms in India.
b)The absence of Indians in the Commission was seen as an insult and
they decided to boycott the Commission at every stage and in every
form.
ii)Demand for Poorna Swaraj;
a)The British government did not accept the Nehru Report and the
Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution at its Lahore session in
1929.
b)Poorna Swaraj became the objective of the Congress working
committee and they made preparation for Civil Disobedience
movement.
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12)Why was the Simon Commission appointed by the British
government? Why did the Congress boycott the Commission ?
Ans i)The British government appointed the Simon Commission to
investigate the need for further constitutional reforms.
ii)The Commission included seven British members of Parliament and
it had no Indian member.
iii)This was seen as a deliberate insult to the self – respect of the
Indians.
Hence, the Congress decided to boycott the Commission at every
stage and in every form.
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13)How did people react to the Simon Commission?
Ans i)When the Simon Commission reached Bombay, an all India
hartal was organized.
ii)Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted with black flag
demonstrations under the slogan ‘Simon, go back’.
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14)State the importance of the Lahore session of the INC held in
1929.
Ans i) Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of the Congress at the
historic Lahore session of 1929.
ii) It passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj to be the objective
of the Congress.
Some of programmes decided by the session were
a)Preparation for Civil Disobedience
b)Observance of 26th of January as the ‘Poorna Swaraj’ day.
c)Withdrawal of all possible association with the British Government.
d)Resignation by members of the legislature.
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15) Explain the Dandi March.
Ans i)On 12th March,1930, Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march
from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
ii)On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Law at Dandi
by picking up some salt left by the sea waves.
iii)He had selected to attack the Salt Laws because the salt-tax affected
all sections of society, especially the poor.
iv)According to the Salt Law, the government had the monopoly to
manufacture and sell the salt.
v)Gandhiji’s breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
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16) Enlist the programmes of Civil Disobedience movement.
Ans i)Defiance of Salt Laws.
ii)Boycott of liquor
iii)Boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds
iv)Non -payment of taxes and revenues.
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17)Who took leadership of Civil Disobedience Movement in North
Western Frontier?
Ans, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan who was popularly known as Frontier
Gandhi.
He organized the society of Khudai khidmatgars also known as Red
Shirts.
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18)When and why was the Civil Disobedience Movement launched?
Ans .The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930 with the
historic Dandi march.
The Congress working committee attempted to paralyse the British
administration in India.
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ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES
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19)State the terms of the Gandhi – Irwin Pact, 1931.
Ans. The pact signed by Gandhiji and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, in March
1931 is known as Gandhi – Irwin Pact.
The British government agreed to
i)Release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
ii)Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
iii)Restore the confiscated properties of the satyagrahis.
iv)Permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near
the seacoast.
The Congress consented to the following
i)To suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
ii)To participate in the second session of the Round Table Conference.
iii)Not to press for investigation into police excesses.
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20)When was the Second Round Table Conference held? Mention
the result.
Ans. i)The second Round Table Conference was held between 7th
September to December 1, 1931.
ii)Gandhiji participated in the conference.
iii)The conference was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue, with
separate electorates being demanded by the Depressed classes,
Indian Christians, Anglo – Indians and others.
iv)The British government refused to grant dominion status to India.
Gandhiji returned to India disappointed
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21) When and why was the Civil Disobedience Movement renewed?
When was it finally suspended?
Ans.Gandhiji sought an interview with the new Viceroy, Lord
Wellington but he refused.
Under these circumstances, the Congress passed a resolution for the
renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
On 4th January,1932, Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were
arrested .Congress was declared illegal.
Finally, Civil Disobedience Movement lost its force. Congress called it
off in 1934.
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22)Mention the impact of Civil Disobedience Movement. OR
State the importance or significance of the CDM.
Ans i) The movement caused a tide of patriotic fervour in the country
that could not leave the country in peace.
ii)It widened the base of the freedom struggle as large number of
social groups like merchants, peasants, tribals and workers
participated.
iii)It made the people understand the significance of the principles of
non – violence.
iv)The movement also popularized new methods of propaganda like
Prabhat Pheris. Handwritten Patrikas were issued in large numbers.
v)Children were organized into Vanara Sena and girls had their own
separate Manjari Sena or the cat army.
vi)The depressed classes were given entry into temples and access to
wells, which was earlier denied to them.
vii)It brought women out of their homes to participate in politics and
to make them equal partners in the freedom struggle. (Any 5 points)
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