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Chi Square

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5 views13 pages

Chi Square

Uploaded by

nivedithareddyyerragunta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Non-Parametric Test

Chi-Square
Chi-Square - Non-Parametric Test
Non-parametric tests

(i) do not depend on the form of the underlying population distribution from which the samples were
drawn
ii) use data that are of insufficient strength, that is, data are categorical (nominally) scaled or ranks
(ordinally) scaled.

A non-parametric procedure (or method), also called distribution free test, satisfies at least one of the
following criteria:
THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

→ The chi-square test belongs to non-parametric category of methods to test a hypothesis. The
calculated value of χ2-test statistic is compared with its critical (or table) value to know whether the null
hypothesis is true.
→ The decision of accepting a null hypothesis is based on how ‘close’ the sample results are to the
expected results.
Contingency Table Analysis : Chi-Square Test of Independence
✔ When observations are classified according to two qualitative – variables or attributes — and arranged in a table,
the display is called a contingency table. The test of independence uses the contingency table format and is also
referred to as a Contingency Table Analysis (or Test).
Contingency Table
✔ The value Oij is the observed frequency for the
cell in row i and column j. The row and column
totals are the sums of the frequencies. The row
and column totals are added up to get a grand total
n, which represents the sample size.

✔ The expected frequency, Eij, corresponding to an


observed frequency Oij in row i and column j
under the assumption of independence is based on
the multiplicative rule of probability.
A company is interested in determining whether an association exists between the commuting time of their
employees and the level of stress-related problems observed on the job. A study of 116 assembly-line workers
reveals the following:

At α = 0.01 level of significance, is there any evidence of a significant relationship between commuting time and
stress?
A certain drug is claimed to be effective in curing cold. In an experiment on 500 persons
with cold, half of them were given the drug and half of them were given sugar pills. The
patients’ reactions to the treatment are recorded in the following table:

On the basis of the data, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference in the effect
of the drug and sugar pills?

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