ANALYZING FACTRS CONTIBUTING TO MOTORCYCLE

ACCIDENT IN OCAMPO CAMSRINES SUR

A Thesis
Proposal to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
of Pili Capital College Inc
Pili Camsrines Sur

In Partial Fulfillment
of theRequirements for the Degree
Bachelorf Science in Criminology

By;

JOHN DIMBER BORELA

2024
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Ocampo, Camarines Sur is a rapidly growing urban center, home to a large

population of motorcycle riders who rely on these vehicles for their daily commute.

However, the region has seen a concerning rise in motorcycle accidents, leading to

injuries, fatalities, and economic losses. Ocampo, Camarines Sur, a municipality

located in the Bicol region of the Philippines, has seen a concerning rise in the

number of motorcycle accidents in recent years. Motorcycles are a popular mode of

transportation in the area due to their affordability and maneuverability, but this

increased usage has also led to a higher incidence of collisions and related injuries.

Understanding the factors that contribute to these accidents is crucial for developing

effective interventions and improving road safety for all residents.

Motorcycle accidents pose a significant public health concern globally, with a

substantial number of fatalities and injuries recorded annually. In the Philippines,

motorcycle accidents are a common occurrence, particularly in rural areas. Ocampo,

Camarines Sur, situated in the Bicol Region, is no exception. This study focuses on

analyzing factors contributing to motorcycle accidents in Ocampo, aiming to identify

key contributing factors and propose practical solutions for accident prevention.

Motorcyclists are classified as vulnerable road users as they are involved in a

disproportionate number of road traffic collisions (RTCs) given the distance travelled

(Robbins et al., 2019). Right of way (ROW) RTCs occur when a road user pulls out of

the side road at a junction into the path of another vehicle on the main carriageway,

and claims to have not seen the oncoming vehicle (Clarke et al., 2007) - commonly

termed “looked but fail to see” (LBFTS) errors (Brown, 2002). One possible reason
for LBFTS errors is poor conspicuity. Conspicuity is the combined effects of visibility

(perceptual conspicuity) and expectation (cognitive conspicuity). Adapting the

pedestrian-focused definitions of Tyrrell et al. (2016) a motorcyclist is visible when

seen by a driver who has reason to expect a motorcyclist to be present; a motorcyclist

is conspicuous when recognized by a driver who had no advance warning or

expectation of encountering a motorcyclist. In other words, a conspicuous motorcycle

is an object which is easily detected and identified as a motorcycle when the observer

did not expect to see a motorcycle. Visual responses are impaired after dark due to the

lower light level (Plainis et al., 2005), which reduces the visual component of

conspicuity. Visibility is a function of the contrast of an object against its background

and its size (the angle it subtends at the eye of the observer). The Relative Visual

Performance model shows the reduction in visual performance (e.g. reaction time)

with objects of smaller contrast and size (Rea and Ouellette, 1991). The ability to

discriminate detail according to size is known as visual acuity. Reductions in visual

acuity and contrast sensitivity after dark are mitigated to some extent by road lighting,

but for cost-effective use it is installed only where it is predicted to be of benefit.

Motorcycle riding can be an exhilarating and liberating experience, but it also

carries inherent risks. The key factors that contribute to motorcycle accidents, delving

into rider behavior, road conditions, vehicle design, and safety measures. To

understanding these critical elements by creating a safer environment for all

motorcyclists on the road.

Motorcycles are a serious mode of transportation that are involved in many

accidents, and motorcyclists are at a higher risk of injury or death than other drivers.

Motorcyclists are inherently more vulnerable on the road compared to car drivers.

They lack the protective structure and safety features of a traditional vehicle, making
them more susceptible to serious injuries in the event of a collision. Motorcycle

accidents often result in severe injuries or fatalities. According to the National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), motorcyclists are 28 times more

likely to die in a crash than occupants of a passenger car.

Motorcycle accidents pose a significant public health concern in Ocampo,

Camarines Sur, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden.

Despite national and regional road safety initiatives, localized data and targeted

interventions remain insufficient. This thesis addresses this gap by comprehensively

investigating the contributing factors to motorcycle accidents within Ocampo, aiming

to provide evidence-based recommendations for improved road safety strategies. The

research will delve into the complex interplay of human factors (driver behavior, rider

experience, and safety equipment usage), environmental factors (road infrastructure,

lighting, and weather), and vehicular factors (motorcycle condition and maintenance).

A thorough understanding of these interacting factors is crucial for developing

effective and sustainable solutions to reduce the frequency and severity of

motorcycle-related incidents in the municipality. This study will contribute to a more

nuanced understanding of motorcycle safety in a specific context, informing both

local policy and broader road safety initiatives.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to analyze the factors that contribute to motorcycle accidents

in Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following question;

1. What are the most common contributing factors to motorcycle accidents in

Ocampo, Camarines Sur?

2. What are the demographic and behavioral characteristics of motorcycle riders

involved in accidents?

3. What are the effectiveness of current road safety measures and infrastructure in the

municipality?

4. What are the specific situations and circumstances that pose the greatest threats to

motorcycle safety, enabling targeted interventions?

5. What recommendations can be proposed to address for improving motorcycle

safety and reducing the occurrence of accidents in Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Objectives of the Study

The study aims to analyze the factors that contribute to motorcycle accident in

Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

The primary objectives of this study are to:

1. Identify the most common contributing factors to motorcycle accidents in Ocampo,

Camarines Sur.

2. Analyze the demographic and behavioral characteristics of motorcycle riders

involved in accidents.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of current road safety measures and infrastructure in the

municipality.
4. Highlight the specific situations and circumstances that pose the greatest threats to

motorcycle safety, enabling targeted interventions.

5. Provide recommendations for improving motorcycle safety and reducing the

occurrence of accidents in Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Significance of the Study

This study holds significant importance for both the local government and the

community of Ocampo, Camarines Sur. By gaining a deeper understanding of the

factors contributing to motorcycle accidents, policymakers and transportation

authorities can develop targeted interventions to address the root causes. Improved

road safety measures can lead to a reduction in the number of accidents, injuries, and

fatalities, ultimately enhancing the well-being and quality of life for all residents.

Additionally, the findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for other

municipalities in the region facing similar challenges with motorcycle safety.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the municipality of Ocampo, Camarines

Sur, and focuses on analyzing the factors contributing to motorcycle accidents within

this specific geographic area. The study will primarily rely on data collected from

local government records, police reports, and interviews with relevant stakeholders,

such as motorcycle riders, law enforcement, and transportation authorities.

Due to the nature of the data collection and the potential for incomplete or inaccurate

records, the findings of this study may be subject to certain limitations. Additionally,
the study does not encompass broader regional or national trends in motorcycle

accidents, as the focus is on the unique challenges faced by the Ocampo community.

Place and Duration of the Study

The study were conducted at the Municipality of Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Motorcycle Rider interview were conducted at selected Barangay.

Definition of Terms

Motorcycle Accident is an incident that involves a motorcyclist and their motorcycle

that results in harm, injury, or damage.

Road Rash a common injury for motorcyclists, it caused by friction between the road

and the rider’s skin when they slide.

Distracted Driving is an activities like eating, talking on the phone, texting, or

adjusting the radio can make a driver less aware of their surroundings and more likely

to cause an accident.

Accident an undesirable or unfortunate event that happens unintentionally and usually

results in harm, injury, damage, or loss.

Motorcycle a two-wheeled or three-wheeled motor vehicle that is usually propelled

by an internal-combustion engine.

Prevalence of Motorcycle Accident the frequency of injuries caused by motorcycles.

Motorcycle Safety is the study of the risks and dangers of motorcycling, and how to

reduce those risks. It focuses on motorcycle design, road design, traffic rules, rider

training, and the attitudes of motorcyclists and other road users.

Motorcycle Rider a person who rides a motorcycle for work or as a hobby.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE OF THE STUDY

This chapter will review existing literature on motorcycle safety, focusing on

studies that have investigated the contributing factors to accidents in similar contexts.

It will examine established risk factors such as driver behavior (speeding, drunk

driving, distracted driving), environmental factors (road conditions, lighting,

weather), and vehicle factors (motorcycle maintenance and condition). The review

will synthesize findings from previous research to establish a theoretical framework

for the current study, highlighting gaps in knowledge and informing the research

design. Particular attention will be given to studies conducted in developing

countries, where motorcycle use is often prevalent and road safety infrastructure may

be limited. This review will provide a foundation for understanding the complexities

of motorcycle accidents and guide the selection of variables for investigation in the

empirical study.

The Importance of Motorcycle Safety

Vulnerability of Motorcyclists are inherently more vulnerable on the road

compared to car drivers. They lack the protective structure and safety features of a

traditional vehicle, making them more susceptible to serious injuries in the event of a

collision. High Fatality Rates motorcycle accidents often result in severe injuries or

fatalities. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA), motorcyclists are 28 times more likely to die in a crash than occupants of a

passenger car.
Common Causes of Motorcycle Accidents

Speeding and Reckless Riding excessive speed and aggressive riding

behaviors, such as weaving through traffic or performing stunts, significantly increase

the risk of accidents. Alcohol and Substance Abuse impaired riding, whether from

alcohol consumption or drug use, significantly impairs a rider's judgment,

coordination, and reaction time, leading to a higher probability of crashes. Lack of

Visibility motorcycles are smaller and less visible to other drivers, making them more

susceptible to being overlooked, especially in blind spots or during lane changes.

Road Hazards unexpected road conditions, such as potholes, oil spills, or debris, can

cause a motorcycle to lose traction and control, leading to a crash.

Rider Behavior and Errors

Lack of Training inexperienced riders who have not received proper training

and education on safe riding techniques are more prone to making critical errors that

can lead to accidents. Risk-Taking Attitude some riders may engage in risky

behaviors, such as lane splitting, ignoring traffic signals, or attempting dangerous

maneuvers, which dramatically increase the likelihood of a crash. Distracted riding

using smartphones, adjusting music, or engaging in other distractions while riding can

severely compromise a rider's attention and situational awareness, leading to

devastating consequences. Fatigue and Inattention riding while fatigued or mentally

distracted can impair a rider's ability to react quickly and make sound decisions,

elevating the risk of an accident.

Road Conditions and Environmental Factors

Inclement Weather rain, snow, ice, and strong winds can significantly reduce

traction and visibility, making it challenging for motorcyclists to maintain control and

safely navigate the road. Road Surface Conditions potholes, cracks, loose gravel, and

other road imperfections can cause a motorcycle to lose stability and traction, leading

to a potential accident. Poor Lighting inadequate street lighting or visibility during

nighttime or low-light conditions can make it difficult for riders to see and be seen by

other vehicles, increasing the risk of collisions.

Vehicle Design and Maintenance

Mechanical Issues faulty or poorly maintained motorcycle components, such

as brakes, tires, or suspension, can compromise the bike's handling and performance,

leading to potential accidents. Design Limitations the inherent design characteristics

of motorcycles, such as their smaller size and lack of protective structures, can make

them more vulnerable to accidents and injuries in collisions. Lighting and Visibility

inadequate or malfunctioning lighting on a motorcycle can impair the rider's visibility

and make the bike less conspicuous to other drivers, increasing the risk of accidents.

Helmet Use and Protective Gear

Head Protection properly fitted and certified motorcycle helmets can

significantly reduce the risk of fatal head injuries in the event of a crash. Body
Protection wearing protective clothing, such as leather jackets, pants, and gloves, can

help minimize the severity of injuries in the event of a collision. Visibility

Enhancements high-visibility gear, such as reflective strips or bright-colored clothing,

can make motorcyclists more conspicuous to other drivers, improving overall safety.

Impact of Distracted and Impaired Driving

Distracted Driving using a cell phone, adjusting the radio, or engaging in other

activities that divert a driver's attention from the road can lead to a failure to notice

and react to the presence of a motorcycle, resulting in collisions. Alcohol and

Substance Abuse impaired driving, whether from alcohol consumption or drug use,

can severely impair a driver's judgment, coordination, and reaction time, increasing

the risk of colliding with a motorcycle. Negligent Behavior failing to shoulder check,

not signaling lane changes, or not yielding the right of way to motorcyclists can lead

to catastrophic accidents, as motorcycles are more difficult to see and maneuver

around.

Strategies for Reducing Motorcycle Accidents

Education comprehensive rider training programs, public awareness

campaigns, and educational initiatives can help improve safety and reduce the

frequency of motorcycle accidents. Enforcement stricter enforcement of traffic laws,

including speeding, reckless driving, and impaired riding, can help deter these

dangerous behaviors and promote a safer riding environment. Technology

advancements in vehicle safety features, such as anti-lock brakes, traction control, and
collision avoidance systems, can enhance the overall safety of motorcycles and

protect riders in the event of an accident.

Numerous studies have been conducted on the factors contributing to

motorcycle accidents in various parts of the world. A review of the existing literature

reveals several common themes, including: Rider Behavior and Characteristics the

studies have consistently found that factors such as speeding, reckless riding, lack of

proper training, and alcohol or drug use are major contributors to motorcycle

accidents. Infrastructure and Environmental Factors the design and condition of roads,

as well as environmental factors like weather and poor visibility, can also play a

significant role in the occurrence of motorcycle accidents. Demographic Influences

are age, gender, and experience level of motorcycle riders have been shown to impact

accident rates, with younger and less experienced riders being more vulnerable.

While these broad trends provide a useful context, it is essential to conduct a

localized study in Ocampo, Camarines Sur, to understand the unique factors

contributing to motorcycle accidents in this specific community.

The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the root causes of motorcycle accidents in Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

The study will utilize a multi-faceted approach encompassing demographic factors,

environmental conditions, vehicle characteristics, human factors, and statistical

analysis. Findings will serve as a foundation for developing evidence-based

recommendations aimed at mitigating risks and enhancing road safety. This research

is intended to be a valuable resource for policymakers, transportation authorities, law

enforcement, and the community at large. It seeks to contribute to a safer and more

secure environment for motorcycle riders and other road users in Ocampo.

Motorcycles offer the thrill of open-road freedom, but they also come with

increased risks on the highway. This comprehensive study aims to uncover the key

factors that contribute to motorcycle accidents, providing critical insights to enhance

rider safety and prevent devastating collisions.

Factors that contribute to motorcycle accidents include:

Speeding A factor in 34% of fatal motorcycle

accident.

Visibility Poor visibility from precipitation, fog, or

high winds increases the risk of

accidents

Rider Fatigue Fatigue and drowsiness are major causes

of road accidents

Rider Inexperience Lack of licensing and experience can

contribute to accidents

Reckless Riding Reckless riding can increase the

probability of fatalities

Helmet Use Riding without a helmet increases the

risk of fatalities

Road Conditions Non-asphalted roads are associated with

 a higher incidence of accidents

Ambient Light Darkness can have a stronger

detrimental effect on motorcycle

accidents than daylight.

Rider Age Age category 20–29 and 30–39 years are

significantly associated with a higher

incidence of accidents

Rider Sex Being male is significantly associated

with a higher incidence of accidents

Other factors that can contribute to motorcycle accidents include:

Alcohol Head-on impact

Horizontal curves Violations

Underage riding Red-light running

Lenient policy enforcement

According to the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Motorcycles are

more prone to accidents as they expose the driver and passenger/s to twice as much

risk than in four-wheel vehicles although there have been laws implemented on traffic

laws regulations, specifically on motorcycles, accidents have been declared as one of

the leading causes of death in the Philippines.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative

and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the research problem in analyzing factors contributing to motorcycle

accidents in Ocampo Camarines Sur. Quantitative data will be collected from official

police accident reports over a five-year period (e.g., 2019-2023), encompassing

accident frequency, severity, location, time of day, and contributing factors.

Descriptive statistics will be utilized to summarize the data, while regression analysis

will examine the relationships between various factors (human, environmental,

vehicular) and accident occurrence and severity. Qualitative data will be gathered

through semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of motorcycle drivers,

accident victims (or their families), and law enforcement officials. Thematic analysis

will be used to identify recurring themes and patterns in the interview data, enriching

the quantitative findings and providing contextual understanding. Data triangulation

will be employed to ensure the validity and reliability of the results. Ethical

considerations, including informed consent and data confidentiality, will be strictly

followed.

Data Collection
 The study will conduct surveys, interviews, and analyze accident reports to

gather comprehensive data.

Statistical Analysis

The collected data will be analyzed using statistical methods to identify

patterns, trends, and correlations between different factors contributing to motorcycle

accidents. Qualitative data from interviews will be coded and analyzed to provide

deeper insights into the underlying causes and potential solutions.

Field Observations

The researcher will observed rider behavior and traffic conditions in Ocampo

to supplement the data.

Expert Consultation

The researcher will consulted with local authorities, transportation experts,

and safety organizations.

Research Locale

The study will conducted at the municipality of Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Specifically within the selected barangay at Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study consisted of one hundred (100) out of rider’s

motorcycle riders, local residents, law enforcement officers, and transportation

officials that are residence at selected Barangay in Ocampo, Camarines Sur. The

researcher choose these respondents through purposive sampling data because the

study focuses on analyzing factors contributing to motorcycle accidents in Ocampo,

aiming to identify key contributing factors and propose practical solutions for

accident prevention. Inform the development of targeted interventions and safety

measures that can effectively address the root causes of motorcycle accidents in the

Ocampo region. In addition, a comprehensive list of motorcyclists will be obtained

from the local authorities of selected Barangay in Ocampo, Camarines Sur.

Research Design of the Study

The study will employ the researcher made a survey questionnaire as a main

tools to gather an essential information data to the riders in the Ocampo region.

Demographic Information

Age and Gender

The study examines the age and gender distribution of motorcycle riders

involved in accidents. This data provides insights into the demographic profiles of the

affected population, which can inform targeted education and awareness campaigns.

Understanding the age and gender trends can also help identify any specific

vulnerabilities or risk factors associated with certain demographic groups.

Occupation and Income Level

The occupations and income levels of the riders are also analyzed to determine

if there are any socioeconomic factors that may contribute to the likelihood of

accidents. This information can be used to tailor interventions and support programs
to address the specific needs and challenges faced by different income and

occupational groups within the motorcycle riding community.

Rider Experience and Behavior

The study examines the level of experience of the riders, including the number

of years they have been riding motorcycles and the frequency of their usage. This data

can help identify whether lack of experience or overconfidence among inexperienced

riders may be a contributing factor to the accidents.

Riding Behaviors

The questionnaire also explores the riding behaviors of the participants, such

as adherence to traffic laws, use of protective gear, and engagement in risky

maneuvers. Understanding these behavioral patterns can highlight areas where rider

education and enforcement of safety regulations may be needed to promote

responsible riding practices.

Training and Licensing

The study also investigates the riders' training and licensing status to

determine whether proper safety education and legal compliance play a role in the

occurrence of accidents. This information can guide the development of mandatory

training programs and strengthened licensing requirements to ensure riders are

adequately prepared to operate motorcycles safely.

Alcohol and Substance Use

 The questionnaire also assesses the riders' history of alcohol or substance use,

as impaired judgment and reflexes can significantly increase the risk of accidents.

Addressing substance abuse and promoting sober riding through education and

enforcement measures can be critical in improving overall motorcycle safety.

Road Conditions

The study examines the road conditions at the accident sites, including factors

such as the presence of potholes, uneven surfaces, poor lighting, and signage. These

environmental elements can significantly impact the stability and control of

motorcycles, potentially leading to accidents. Identifying and addressing hazardous

road conditions can contribute to a safer riding environment.

Weather Conditions

The questionnaire also gathers information on the weather conditions at the

time of the accidents, such as rain, fog, or strong winds. Adverse weather can reduce

visibility, traction, and overall riding stability, making motorcycle operation more

challenging. Understanding the role of weather-related factors can inform the

development of safety advisories and rider preparedness initiatives.

Vehicle Condition and Maintenance

Motorcycle Age and Condition

The study examines the age and overall condition of the motorcycles involved

in the accidents. Older or poorly maintained vehicles may be more prone to

mechanical failures or handling issues, contributing to the risk of accidents.

Monitoring the vehicle condition can help identify the need for regular inspections,

maintenance, and the promotion of responsible ownership practices.

Tire Condition and Brakes

The questionnaire also investigates the condition of the tires and brakes, as

these critical components play a crucial role in the safe operation of motorcycles.

Worn or improperly inflated tires, as well as faulty brakes, can significantly impact

the rider's ability to control the vehicle, especially in emergency situations.

Lighting and Visibility

The study also examines the functionality of the motorcycle's lighting systems,

such as headlights, taillights, and turn signals. Proper lighting not only enhances the

rider's visibility but also makes the motorcycle more conspicuous to other road users,

reducing the risk of collisions, especially in low-light conditions.

Accident Reporting and Investigation

Accident Reporting

The study examines the process of accident reporting, including the timeliness

and completeness of the information provided to the authorities. Efficient and

comprehensive accident reporting is crucial for understanding the root causes and

informing effective interventions to prevent future incidents.

Police Investigation
 The questionnaire also explores the thoroughness of the police investigation

conducted at the accident sites. Detailed investigations that gather evidence, witness

statements, and analyze the contributing factors can provide valuable insights to guide

the development of targeted safety measures.

Data Collection and Analysis

The study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive data collection and

analysis to identify patterns, trends, and correlations among the various factors

contributing to motorcycle accidents. This data-driven approach can inform evidence-

based decision-making and the prioritization of interventions to address the most

pressing safety concerns.

Sampling Techniques

The researcher will employ a purposive sampling technique to select the

respondents for this study. Purposive sampling is used to intentionally choose a

specific group of individuals or units for analysis, based on predefined criteria

relevant to the research objectives. This method ensures that the selected respondents

are particularly suited to provide the necessary insights for the study.

Data gathering Procedures

This research outlines a comprehensive approach to gathering data on

motorcycle accidents in Ocampo, Camarines Sur, with the objective of identifying

key contributing factors and ultimately improving road safety in the region. It details

the crucial steps involved in data collection, including identifying reliable data

sources, developing standardized protocols, and collecting relevant information on

demographics, vehicle characteristics, environmental conditions, and human factors.

Preparation of Research Instruments

This study will utilize a researcher-made survey questionnaire to collect data

on the demographic profiles of motorcycle riders, the types of occupation and income

levels, riders experience and behaviors observed, and the environmental factors

influencing these behaviors. The questionnaire will be carefully crafted to align with

the objectives and purpose of the study.

Validation of the Research Instrument

A pre-test will be conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the survey

questionnaire. Furthermore, the instrument will undergo both technical and content

validation by field experts to ensure its effectiveness.

Securing a Permit to Conduct the Study

A formal request for permission to conduct the study will be submitted to the

Barangay captain of selected Barangay. Data collection will commence upon

receiving the necessary approval.

Administration of the Survey Tool

Once permission is granted, the researcher will explain the objectives and

purpose of the study to the respondents and will personally distribute the survey

questionnaires to the selected participants.

Processing of Gathered Data

 The collected data will be organized and tallied, presented in tables, and

subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The results will then be interpreted and

discussed in detail.

Writing of the Research Report

After organizing, analyzing, and interpreting the data, the researcher will

prepare the research report, which will undergo a series of revisions and

improvements. Finally, the report will be submitted for review to the panelists of the

Undergraduate School.

REFERENCES:

Girard Theodore Balmes II et al. Factors Influencing Motorcycle Accident

Severity in Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines.

Glaiza Marie T. Flores et al. Department of Industrial Engineering De La Salle

University, Manila, Philippines, Analysis Motorcycle Accidents Based on

Environmental and Personal Factors.

Ariel Barco Barreda, Partido State University-Lagonoy Campus San Vicente,

Lagonoy, Camarines Sur, Risk Factors in Road Crash Incidents(RF-RCI) in the

selected Municipality in Partido Area, Bikol Region, Philippines.