Group 5
Member name:
Aini Latifah (11220960000041)
Farah Syafira Adzania (11220960000061)
Flavonoids are one of the most widely found groups of secondary metabolite
compounds in plant tissues. Flavonoids are included in the class of phenolic
compounds with the chemical structure C6-C3-C6. The flavonoid skeleton consists
of one aromatic ring A, one aromatic ring B, and a heterocyclic middle ring
containing oxygen and the oxidized form of this ring is used as the basis for the
division of flavonoids into sub-groups. Various types of compounds, content and
antioxidative activity of flavonoids as a group of natural antioxidants found in cereals,
vegetables and fruits, have been widely published. Flavonoids act as antioxidants by
donating their hydrogen atoms or through their ability to chelate metals, being in the
form of glucosides (containing glucose side chains) or in free forms called aglycones.
Flavonoids have a broad spectrum of health-promoting effects and are
indispensable components in various nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and
cosmetic applications. This is because flavonoids possess diverse activities such as
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties
coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme functions. Flavonoids
are also known as potent inhibitors of several enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase
(XO), cyclo-oxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. There
are 26 types of flavonoids namely; abyssinones, apigenin, baikalin, biokanin A,
coumarin, curcuminoids, deidzein, epicatechin, eriodictyol, fisetin, flavon-3-ol,
genistein, hesperidin, hesperetin, kaempferol, quinone, lignan, luteolin,
macluraxanton, narigenin, naringin, quercetin, silimarin, stilbene, tangeritin and
tannin. These types of flavonoids have pharmacological activities as; steroid-genesis
modulators, neuroprotective activity, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory,
antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral, oestrogenic activity,
neurodegenerative diseases, AChE and BChE inhibitors, and hepatoprotective.
Several flavonoid extraction processes in plants include; decoction,
maceration, percolation, socletation, and sonification. The results of each extraction,
then filtered to take the filtrate and separated from the solvent by evaporation using a
rotary vacuum evaporator at a temperature of 40 ° C at a pressure of 175 mbar and
a rotation rate of 120 rpm to obtain a thick extract, then calculated the yield and total
flavonoid content. In 2023, research was conducted by Ningsih and friends on the
content of flavonoids in plants. These compounds are classified into various
subgroups such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and others, each of which has
specific roles, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal.
The antioxidant activity of flavonoids includes the ability to neutralize free radicals
through mechanisms such as slowing the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) and capturing free radicals, thus preventing cellular damage. In its
anti-inflammatory role, flavonoids inhibit COX and lipoxygenase enzymes that
produce inflammatory compounds such as prostaglandins. Its antibacterial activity
lies in the ability of flavonoids to inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting cell membranes
and bacterial metabolic processes. As antifungals, flavonoids damage microbial
membranes and inhibit fungal cell division. Thanks to this diversity of functions,
flavonoids have great potential to be developed as natural ingredients in the health
and agriculture industries.
