FREEHAND

SKETCHING
FREEHAND SKETCHING or SKETCHING is the way of mapping your entire
illustration with a series of lines and arcs.

It’s main purpose is to provide you the concept of what you want to
achieve.
Generally sketching has three steps:

First the sketch is planned by visualizing it in the mind including

the size of the sketch on the paper, the orientation of the
object, and the amount of detail to be included in the sketch.

Second the sketch is outlined using very light lines to establish

the orientation, proportion, and major features of the sketch.

Third sharpening and darkening object lines and adding details

develops the sketch.
References or inspirations.
Freehand sketch Outlining the elements Final outline
 PRACTICE EXCERCISE

In a ½ long bond paper, draw a

freehand sketch of a coffee
container as illustrated.
Follow the 3 general steps of
freehand sketching.

You are free to stylized the image

as long as it is still a coffee
container.
 ACTIVITY

ESSAY:
1. Do you find free hand sketching or drawing helpful
and benefits you in the future? What & why?

2. Why it is very important for the beginner to know

these techniques?
TECHNICAL LETTERING
 LETTERING (TECHNICAL LETTERING)

Technical lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and

other characters in technical drawing. It is used to describe, or
provide detailed specifications for, an object.

With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized

and lettering ability has little relationship to normal writing ability.
Technical Letterings use a Gothic sans-serif script, formed
by a series of short strokes.

Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of machines.

 GUIDELINES IN TECHNICAL LETTERING
• All figures and letters on a drawing should be UNIFORM,
NEAT & CAREFULLY made.
• There are two types of lettering techniques — VERTICAL
letters & INCLINED letters.
• (You will use VERTICAL – UPPERCASE letters for all your
paper & pencil drawings.)
• Never mix vertical and lowercase letters.
• Poor lettering detracts from a drawing.
• Ability to write good letters may be developed by
continual practice.
• SPELL words correctly.
• Make letters and figures proper SIZE. Don’t make letters
too prominent, yet make them readable.
• Letters should be between 1/8” – 1/4” high. Provide
sufficient space between words … equal to about the
width of a “W”.
• Keep your forearm on the table when lettering.
• Make the letters clean-cut and dark.
• Shift, or roll, the pencil frequently to prevent wearing
down in one place of the pencil.
• Draw parallel light “GUIDELINES” to help with lettering.
IN SHORT…
Technical lettering should always be in UPPERCASE, clean,
readable, uniform, and standardized.
 PRACTICAL EXERCISE

WRITE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH USING TECHNICAL

LETTERING. (STRICTLY NO ERASURES)
THE LETTERS TO BE DRAWN, THOUGH FREEHANDED, SHOULD BE STABLE AND
GRACEFUL. IN SOME CASES STABILITY IS IMPOSSIBLE; FOR EXAMPLE, P AND F
ARE UNAVOIDABLY TOP-HEAVY. IN OTHER CASES THE STABILITY AND GRACE
OF THE LETTERS MAY BE MAINTAINED EITHER BY DRAWING THE LOWER
PARTS OF THE LETTERS LIKE B,E ETC. WIDER THAN THE UPPER PARTS, OR BY
DRAWING THE HORIZONTAL LINE AT THE CENTER OF THESE LETTERS JUST
ABOVE THEIR GEOMETRIC AXIS. (EXCEPTION: IN CASE OF THE LETTER A, THE
HORIZONTAL MEMBER IS DRAWN BELOW THE GEOMETRIC CENTER, TO
MAINTAIN EQUALITY OF AREAS BELOW AND ABOVE THE CENTER LINE. IF A
HORIZONTAL LINE IS DRAWN EXACTLY AT THE CENTER, THEN THE DIFFERENCE
IN THE AREAS OF THE TRIANGLE ABOVE THE LINE AND THE TRAPEZIUM
BELOW THE LINE IS MUCH LARGER. THIS CREATES AN UNUSUAL EFFECT TO
OUR EYES.)
Free-hand Sketching Part III
Free-hand Drawing Instruments:

1. Soft Lead Pencil.

2. Eraser.
3. Sharpener.
4. Drawing Sheet.
5. Graph Sheet.
 7 Free-hand Sketching Principles:

1. The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its objectives
and concepts.
2. More detailed aspect is considered for selection of a view.
3. Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views.
4. Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased easily.
5. Scale and ruler are not used in drawing, although, ratio and proportion
of different parts of an object are considered.
6. Firstly, horizontal lines are drawn then vertical lines are drawn, and arcs
and circles are drawn lastly.
7. After completing the diagram, a clear scale is written in some suitable
manner.
 AXONOMETRIC VIEWS
In this chapter you will learn useful
techniques for freehand sketching to
create both two-dimensional
orthographic sketches and three-
dimensional pictorial sketches. You
will learn how to quickly make rough
sketches to convey a concept and
how to make more refined sketches
of objects that are more complex.
AXONOMETRIC VIEWS
Axonometric projection is a type of
orthographic projection used for
creating a pictorial drawing of an
object, where the lines of sight are
perpendicular to the plane of
projection, and the object is rotated
around one or more of its axes to
reveal multiple sides
 Three types of axonometric projection

Isometric Projection
Trimetric Projection

Dimetric Projection
 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Isometric Projection the most used form of axonometric projection

in engineering drawing, the direction of viewing is such that the
three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, and there is a
common angle of 120° between them.
Examples:
 DIMETRIC PROJECTION

Dimetric Projection the direction

of viewing is such that two of the
three axes of space appear
equally foreshortened, of which
the attendant scale and angles of
presentation are determined
according to the angle of viewing;
the scale of the third direction is
determined separately.
 Practical Exercise:

Illustrate the following polygons using isometric and dimetric

projection.
 Practical Exercise:

Illustrate the following polygons using dimetric, trimetric, and oblique

projection.
 TRIMETRIC PROJECTION

Trimetric Projection the direction of

viewing is such that all the three axes of
space appear unequally foreshortened.
The scale along each of the three axes and
the angles among them are determined
separately as dictated by the angle of
viewing. Dimensional approximations in
trimetric drawings are common, and
trimetric perspective is seldom used in
technical drawings.
Orthographic Sketching

In some cases it is necessary to sketch

orthographic projection views rather than
oblique or isometric pictorial views. Because
orthographic views are two-dimensional
representations, they are not as difficult to
sketch as pictorial views. But there are several
techniques that make freehand sketching of
orthographic views easier and more efficient.
 PRACTICAL EXERCISE

In your bond paper, sketch 5 objects using

Orthographic projections.
 QUESTION:

Will Freehand Sketching Ever Become Obsolete?

 PERSPECTIVE

To the eye, more distant objects appear smaller and parallel lines
that are not perpendicular to the line of sight appear to converge to a
vanishing point. A perspective sketch may give a realistic picture of
an object or scene, provided that the viewpoint is carefully chosen.
 LINEAR PERSPECTIVE TERMS

HORIZON- the horizon is the line for which the sky meets the land
or water below. The height of the horizon will affect the placement
of the vanishing point(s) as well as the scene’s eye level.

VANISHING POINT- is the place where parallel lines appear to come

together in the distance. In the picture, below, you can see how the
parallel lines of the road recede and visually merge to create a single
vanishing point on the horizon. A scene can have a limitless number
of vanishing points.
GROUND PLANE- is the horizontal surface below the horizon. It
could be land or water. In the image below, the ground plane is
level. If it were sloped or hilly, the vanishing point–created by the
path’s parallel lines–may not rest on the horizon and may appear
as if it’s on an inclined plane.

ORTHOGONAL LINES- are lines which are directed to a vanishing

point; the parallel lines of railroad tracks, for example. The word
“orthogonal” actually means right angle. It refers to right angles
formed by lines such as the corner of a cube shown in perspective.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. What the eye sees without distortion is within a 60-degree cone of vision. Bear
this in mind when deciding on the position of your viewpoint relative to what is to
appear as the foreground of your sketch.

2. In front view perspective, there is one vanishing point. In angular perspective,

there may be two or more vanishing points.

3. A vanishing point often needs to be beyond the border of the sketch for a view
that does not appear distorted. Sketch in ‘by eye’ guidelines that converge to a 9
common vanishing point outside the drawing area - the exact location of remote
vanishing points is not necessary.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES

4. A perspective grid can be used as an aid to draw objects at the correct relative
distance and size to one another.

5. Simple line shading can be used to indicate shape and form, with the amount
of detail shown reducing with distance.
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE

Linear perspective with

just one vanishing point
is one-point
perspective. The
vanishing point will
typically appear in the
center part of the
scene
 Try doing this in a scratch paper.

Sketch the following shape using

one-point perspective.
 ACTIVITY:

Draw your first name using

one-point perspective
 TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE

Linear perspective that uses two vanishing points

Scenes in two-point perspective typically have the

vanishing points placed at the far left and far right.
How Two Point Perspective Works in a Nutshell

Two point perspective starts by

defining the horizon line. This
line theoretically represents the
line that divides the sky from
the ground. However, with
many perspective drawings, this
line is implied and instead
represents the eye-line or "line
of sight" of the viewer.
How Two Point Perspective Works in a Nutshell

The next step is to draw the

corner of the object. Most
commonly, two point
perspective is used for drawing
buildings or interiors, so this
line could be the corner of a
building. This line is drawn in
between the two vanishing
points and can cross over the
horizon line.
How Two Point Perspective Works in a Nutshell

Receding lines are next drawn

from each end of the corner to
each one of the vanishing
points. These lines are called
orthogonal lines. Any set of
parallel lines that recede away
from the viewer will follow
along these lines to one of the
vanishing points.
How Two Point Perspective Works in a Nutshell

Parallel, vertical lines are drawn

to indicate where the building
or form ends. The closer that
these lines are placed in space
to the vanishing points on
either side, the longer the form
appears.
Simple Breakdown of a Form Placed on the Horizon Line

Step One: Define the horizon line and the vanishing points.

Step Two: Draw the corner of the object in between the vanishing points.

Step Three: Draw lines from each end of the corner to each of the vanishing
points.
Step Four: Draw parallel, vertical lines to indicate where the object ends.
Step Five: Erase the lines you no longer need to reveal your 3D form.
ACTIVITY

Draw the following

illustrations and apply
the steps of creating a
two-point perspective.
THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE

Three Point Perspective is the most

complex form of perspective
drawing. Three point perspective
uses three sets of orthogonal
lines and three vanishing points to
draw each object.
Three Point Perspective is
most commonly used when
drawing buildings viewed from
a low or high eye-level. The
low eye level in our illustration
creates the illusion that the
box shape is towering above
us and that we are looking up.
It naturally suggests the scale
of a tall building.
Three Point Perspective is
most commonly used when
drawing buildings viewed from
a low or high eye-level. The
low eye level in our illustration
creates the illusion that the
box shape is towering above
us and that we are looking up.
It naturally suggests the scale
of a tall building.