UNIT 1 Ex:

REVISITING LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR

1) Jessy walks on the street. He walks on the
FOR COMMUNICATION street.
2) Joyce and Marco are taking the test. They are
I. PART OF SPEECH AN OVERVIEW taking the test.
, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word es, t
Part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for Subcategories of pronouns:
one of the nine main categories into which words are
classified according to their functions in sentences, 1) Reflexive pronouns- These pronouns are
such as nouns or verbs. objects that are used to refer to the subject of
the sentence. (e.g., I made myself a sandwich.)
Open Classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and 2) Intensive Pronouns- These are used to
adverbs) can be altered and added to as language emphasize another noun or pronoun. They do
develops, as contrasted with Closed Classes not need to refer to the subject. (e.g., I made a
(pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, sandwich for the president himself.)
articles/determiners, and interjections), which 3) Indefinite pronouns- They do not refer to a
cannot. definite or specific person or thing. (e.g., each,
everything, one, everyone, someone, both)
A. NOUNS 4) Possessive pronouns- Pronouns that indicate
possession. (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, my,
Noun is a name of a person, place, thing, event, and its, our, their)
idea. 5) Relative pronouns- These are the words that
introduce adjective clauses. (e.g., who, whom
Ex: Many students come from Global University. They whose, that, which)
develop competence and confidence in speaking 6) Demonstrative pronouns- They show the
through various activities offered by the school. distance or location of an object/s relative to the
speaker. (e.g., this, those, that)
Subcategories of nouns:
PERSON
1) Common nouns- They name people, places, 1st I me my, mine
things or ideas that are generic/general. (e.g., we us our, ours
woman, city, dog) 2nd you you your, yours
2) Proper nouns- These are nouns that name specific 3rd he him his. his
people, places, things, or ideas. (e.g., Sheena, she her her, hers
Manila, Brownie) it it Its, its
3) Collective nouns- These refer to groups of people, they them their, their
animals, or things. (e.g., class, audience,
committee. Jay brought biscuits for the team.)
4) Possessive nouns- These are nouns that show
ownership. (e.g., student’s books, building’s C. VERBS
doorbell.)
5) Predicate nouns- These come after linking verbs. Verb is a word that denotes an action or links the
(e.g., Sheena is a lawyer. Mark will be the subject to the rest of the sentence.
president of the class. Julie was a youtuber.)
6) Concrete nouns- These can be perceived by our Ex:
senses, can be touched, seen, felt, smelled, or
tasted. (e.g., The clock tells time.) 1) Julian writes a concept paper every day.
7) Abstract nouns- concepts and feelings that cannot 2) I was in the office last night.
be touched physically. (e.g., The clock tells time.) 3) Dave and Michelle are performing on stage right
8) Countable- These refer to the things that can be now.
counted as an individual unit. (e.g., The ball is
buried in the sand.) Categories of verbs:
9) Uncountable- mass nouns (e.g., The ball is buried
in the sand.) 1) Action verbs- These are verbs that show
10) Compound nouns- These are two or more words action.
joined together to form a noun. (e.g., The goldfish is a. Intransitive Complete- Verbs that
in the water tank.) don’t transfer their action to anyone or
anything. (e.g., The boy laughed. My
B. PRONOUNS sister sneezed. The dog barked.)
b. Transitive Active verbs- Verbs that
Pronouns serve or function as a noun substitute. transfer their action to something or

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 someone. (e.g., Mark kicked the ball. had worked hard.)
The dog scratched its back. The wind 2) Adverbs of Place- It explains where an action
rustled the leaves.) happens. (e.g., They traveled down the
c. Transitive Passive- Also transfer their mountainside. Jane is moving far away. Ianah
action to someone or something, but is sitting close to me. Television programs
the subject is the one receiving the produced in the Country are seen worldwide.
action. (e.g., The ball was kicked. The Leave the car in the driveway.)
dog’s back was scratched. The leaves 3) Adverbs of Frequency- Used to express time
were rustled.) or how often something occurs. (e.g., The
2) Linking verb- It tells us about the state or adverb is usually placed before the main verb.
condition of the sentence’s subject. (e.g., I will always love you. I usually shop for
Sheena feels happy. Sheena is a lawyer.) . groceries on Saturday mornings. He is often
late for work.)
D. ADEJECTIVES 4) Adverbs of time- Tells us when something
happens. (e.g., I have to go now. We first met
Adjective describes or limits a noun or pronoun. Julie last year.)

Ex: F. PREPOSITION

1) The winners in the contest are eloquent. Preposition is a word that expresses how other words
2) His new notebook is blue. are related in time, space, or direction. It shows the
3) We need to buy four apples. relationship between a noun/pronoun and some other
4) The caring father rocked the baby. word in the rest of the sentence. Prepositions always be
5) The wise owl had orange eyes. accompanied by a noun. The preposition plus its noun
is called a prepositional phrase.
E. ADVERBS
Prepositional Phrase are a group of words beginning
Adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. with a preposition and ending with an object of the
Adverbs are similar to adjectives in that they both preposition.
modify things.
Ex:
Ex:
1) The cat stayed on the table.
Adverbs and Verbs 2) All materials are placed inside the cabinet.
3) Opportunities are found within the place.
1) Ronald delivers his talk fast. 4) He found it difficult to concentrate in class.
2) Huan sings loudly in the shower. 5) I walked to the park.
3) My cat waits impatiently for his food. 6) The cake with nuts fell onto the floor.
4) I will seriously consider your suggestion. 7) How many people are working at Krusty Crab?
5) I go there often.
6) He goes to school daily. Prepositions of Place

Adverbs and Adjectives In- to talk about locations within a larger area.

1) Mark is too clumsy to hold his bag. On- to refer position on any surface.
2) The extremely cute koala hugged its mom very
tightly. At- event. to refer to a position or location which we see
3) The lake is quite beautiful. as a point, to talk about locations at companies,
4) This book is more interesting than the last one. workplaces when we see them as a place of activity.
5) Is my voice too loud?
with nuts= prepositional phrase acting as adjective
Adverbs and Other Adverbs (modifying cake)

1) She ran extremely fast. with= preposition

2) He spoke quite softly.
3) He sings surprisingly well. nuts= object of the preposition (noun)
Types of adverbs: onto the floor= prepositional phrase acting as an
adverb (modifying fell)
1) Adverbs of Manner- It explains how an action
is carried out. (e.g., She passed the onto= preposition
exam easily. They walk quickly to catch the
train. The dinner party went badly. The boys

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 floor= object of the preposition (noun) the game!
5) Amaze: Wow! I like your design.
the= adjective modifying floor 6) Hurt: Ouch! The surface is hot.

G. CONJUCTIONS What makes interjections unique?

Conjunction joins words, clauses, and sentences. They’re words that show emotion, and they’re not
grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence.
Ex: Unlike all the other parts of speech, interjections don’t
interact with any other words in the sentence.
1) People around the world need unity and
respect. • They don’t modify anything like adjectives and
2) I feel tired because I finished all my tasks. adverbs do.
3) Carla was not sure of her answers; so, she • They can’t be modified by anything like nouns,
reviewed the questions again. pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs can.
• They don’t connect any elements together like
Subcategories of conjunctions: conjunctions and prepositions do.

1) Coordinating conjunctions- Connect words

or phrases that serve the same grammatical
purpose in a sentence.
FANBOYS
For: The teachers were frustrated, for the
school had cut funding for all enrichment
programs.
And: I like to ride bikes and swim.
Nor: The students did not complete their
homework, nor did they pass the test.
But: I wanted to go shopping, but my friend
wants to go to a movie.
Or: At the end of the class, the students can
choose to write an essay or take a test.
Yet: The patient complained of chronic
pain, yet she refused treatment.
So: I have only been a nurse for one year, so I
have little experience with paper charting.
2) Subordinating Conjunctions- Join a
dependent clause with independent clauses.
(e.g., The teacher administered the test after
giving instructions. The author must avoid bias
if she wants to maintain a scholarly tone. I will
turn in this assignment at midnight whether or
not I complete it.)
3) Correlative Conjunctions- These are a kind of
tag-team conjunctions. They come in pairs
where they are used in different places. (e.g., I
either want a chocolate cake or pastry. She
neither likes tea nor coffee.)

H. INTERJECTIONS

Interjection is a word used to express surprise or

strong emotion.

Ex:

1) Happiness: Yippee! I found the car keys!

Hooray! I got the highest grade.
2) Nostalgia: Aw, this old photo is so sweet.
3) Surprise: Oh no! One of the lenses in my
glasses was just flushed down the toilet!
4) Excitement: Holy cow! I can’t believe we won

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