Chapter 3

Particle Dynamics:
Energy and Momentum Methods
Part II. Momentum Methods
G. Principle of Impulse and Momentum
H. Impact
I. Direct Central Impact
J. Oblique Central Impact
K. Problems Involving Constraints
L. Problems Involving Energy and Momentum
G. Principle of Impulse and Momentum
 d 
F = (mv )
dt The final momentum of a
  particle can be obtained by
Fdt = d(mv )
adding vectorially its initial
t2   
∫ F dt = mv2 − mv1
t1
momentum and the impulse of
the force during the time
 t2  
mv1 + ∫ F dt = mv2 interval.
t1

 
mv1 + Imp1→2 = mv2

Chapter 3, Page 25
Impulsive Forces

Force acting on a particle during a very short

time interval that is large enough to cause a
significant change in momentum is called an
impulsive force.
  
mv1 + ∑ FΔt = mv2
Nonimpulsive forces are forces for which is
small and therefore, may be neglected.

Chapter 3, Page 26
Problem 3.10 (Sample Problem 13.10, Page 810)

An automobile weighing 1800 kg is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed
of 100 km/h when the brakes are
applied, causing a constant total
braking force of 7000 N. Determine
the time required for the automobile
to come to a stop.

mv1 + ∑ FΔt = mv2

100 × 1000
1800 − (7000)Δt + (1800g sin5 )Δt = 0
3600
Δt = 9.16 s

Chapter 3, Page 27
Problem 3.11 (Sample Problem 13.11, Page 810)

A 120-g baseball is pitched with a

velocity of 24 m/s. After the ball is
hit by the bat, it has a velocity of 36
m/s in the direction shown. If the bat y
and ball are in contact for 0.015 s,
determine the average impulsive x
force exerted on the ball during the
  
impact. mv1 + F Δt = mv2

⎧⎪−0.12(24) + Fx (0.015) = 0.12(36cos 40 )

⎨
⎪⎩0 + Fy (0.015) = 0.12(36sin 40 )


⎧⎪ Fx = 412.6 N
⎨
⎪⎩ Fy = 185.1 N

F = 452 N (  24.2 )
Note that we've neglected the gravitational force.

Chapter 3, Page 28
Problem 3.12 (Sample Problem 13.12, Page 811)

A 10-kg package drops from a chute into

a 25-kg cart with a velocity of 3 m/s.
Knowing that the cart is initially at rest
and can roll freely, determine
(a) the final velocity of the cart, Position 1: right before the impact.
(b) the impulse exerted by the cart on the Position 2: right after the impact.
package, and (a) The package-cart system
(c) the fraction of the initial energy lost 10(3cos30 ) = 35v2
in the impact.
v2 = 0.742 m/s

Chapter 3, Page 29
Problem 3.12 (Continued)

(b) The package (c) Energy loss

⎧⎪10(3cos30 ) + Fx Δt = 10(0.742) 1
T1 = (10)32 = 45 J
⎨ 2
⎪⎩−10(3sin 30 ) + Fy Δt = 0


1
⎧⎪ Fx Δt = −18.56 N ⋅ s T2 = (10 + 25)0.7422 = 9.63 J
2
⎨
⎪⎩ Fy Δt = 15 N ⋅ s T1 − T2 45 − 9.63
 = = 78.6%
FΔt = 23.9 N ⋅ s (  38.9 ) T1 45

Chapter 3, Page 30
Problem 3.13 (Problem 13.145, Page 817)

72 km/h = 20 m/s
(a) Average impulse force
100 × 20
= 18.2 kN
0.110
(b) Maximum impulse force
Fm × 0.110
= 100 × 20
2
Fm = 36.4 kN

Chapter 3, Page 31
Problem 3.14 (Problem 13.154, Page 820)

0.15
t= = 0.0167 s
9
140(1000)
v= = 38.9 m/s
3600
mv 0.14(38.9)
F= = = 326 N
t 0.0167

Chapter 3, Page 32
H. Impact

Impact: Collision between two bodies which occurs during a small time interval and
during which the bodies exert large forces on each other.
Line of Impact: Line passing through the contact point and normal to the tangent surface.
Central Impact: Impact for which the mass centers of the two bodies lie on the line of
impact; otherwise, it is an eccentric impact. No rotation occurs in a central impact.
Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of the two bodies are directed along the line
of impact.
Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of the bodies move along a line other than
the line of impact.

Chapter 3, Page 33
I. Direct Central Impact SIMULATION

Bodies moving in the same straight line.

Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of
which, they are in contact and moving at
a common velocity.
A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed.
The total momentum of the two body
system is preserved,
mAv A + mB v B = mAv ′A + mB v ′B
A second relation is required.

Chapter 3, Page 34
Coefficient of Restitution

Ball A:
Period of deformation
mAv A − ∫ P dt = mAu

Period of restitution
mAu − ∫ R dt = mAv ′A
Define the coefficient of restitution

e=
∫ R dt = u − v′
A

∫ P dt v − u
A

Chapter 3, Page 35
Coefficient of Restitution
Ball B: Impact force
Period of deformation
mB v B + ∫ P dt = mBu
P R
Period of restitution
mBu + ∫ R dt = mB v ′B
t
The coefficient of restitution

e=
∫ R dt = v′ − u
B

∫ P dt u − v
∫ R dt = v′ − v′
B

e= B A
, 0 ≤ e ≤1
∫ P dt v − v
A B

(u − v ′A ) + ( v ′B − u) v ′B − v ′A Perfectly plastic impact: e = 0, v ′A = v ′B = v ′

e= =
(v A − u) + (u − v B ) v A − v B Perfectly elastic impact: e = 1, v ′B − v ′A = v A − v B

Chapter 3, Page 36
Problem 3.15 (Sample Problem 13.13, Page 829)

A 20-Mg railroad car moving at a

Conservation of momentum
speed of 0.5 m/s ro the right collides
20(0.5) = 20v ′A + 35(0.3)
with a 35-Mg car which is at rest. If
after the collision the 35-Mg car is v ′A = −0.025 m/s
observed to move to the right at a
Coefficient of restitution
speed of 0.3 m/s, determine the
coefficient of restitution between the v ′ − v ′A 0.3 − (−0.025)
e= B = = 0.65
two cars. v A − vB 0.5 − 0

Chapter 3, Page 37
J. Oblique Central Impact SIMULATION

No tangential impulse component;

tangential component of momentum for
each particle is conserved.
(v A )t = ( v ′A )t

(v B )t = ( v ′B )t
Normal component of total momentum of
the two particles is conserved.
mA (v A ) n + mB (v B ) n = mA ( v ′A ) n + mB ( v ′B ) n
Normal components of relative velocities
before and after impact are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
( v ′ ) − ( v ′A ) n
e= B n
(v A ) n − (v B ) n

Chapter 3, Page 38
Problem 3.16 (Sample Problem 13.15, Page 830)

In tangential direction, no forces act on each ball,

The magnitude and direction of (v A )t = 9sin 30 = 4.5 m/s
the velocities of two identical
frictionless balls before they strike (v B )t = 12sin 60 = 10.39 m/s
each other are as shown. Assuming In normal direction, total momentum is conserved.
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude 9cos30 − 12cos60 = ( v ′A ) n + ( v ′B ) n
and direction of the velocity of
each ball after the impact. ( v ′A ) n + ( v ′B ) n = 1.79 m/s (1)
In normal direction, velocities are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
( v ′B ) n − ( v ′A ) n = 0.9 ⎡⎣9cos30 − (−12cos60 ) ⎤⎦

( v ′B ) n − ( v ′A ) n = 12.41 m/s (2)

Solve (1), (2)
( v ′A ) n = −5.31 m/s , ( v ′B ) n = 7.1 m/s
The velocities in vector form are
 
v ′A = 6.96 m/s (  40.3 ) , v ′B = 12.58 m/s (  55.6 )

Chapter 3, Page 39
Problem 3.17 (Problem 13.168, Page 837)

From the geometry

250
θ = tan −1 = 70.2
150 − 60
Momentum in normal direction:
v A cosθ = ( v ′A ) n + v ′B (1)
Energy equation:
v ′B − ( v ′A ) n = 0.9v A cosθ (2)

where v A = 1 m/s , θ = 70.2

Solving (1) and (2),
v ′B = 0.322 m/s

Chapter 3, Page 40
Problem 3.18 (Sample Problem 13.14, Page 829)

A ball is thrown against a frictionless, vertical wall. Immediately before the ball strikes the
wall, its velocity has a magnitude v and forms angle of 30o with the horizontal. Knowing
that e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the ball as it rebounds
from the wall.

In tangential direction, no forces act on the ball

vt′ = v sin 30 = 0.5v
In normal direction, velocities are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
0 − vn′ = 0.9(v cos30 − 0)
vn′ = −0.779v
The velocity in vector form is

v ′ = 0.926v (  32.7 )

Chapter 3, Page 41
K. Problems Involving Constraints
Example
Block constrained to move along
horizontal surface.
Impulses from forces along the n axis
and force exerted by horizontal
surface.
Final ball velocity unknown in
Tangential momentum of the ball is
direction and magnitude and final
conserved.
block velocity unknown in magnitude.
(v B )t = ( v ′B )t
Three equations required.
Total horizontal momentum conserved.
mA (v A ) x + mB (v B ) x = mA ( v ′A ) x + mB ( v ′B ) x
Normal components of velocities are
related by the coefficient of restitution.
( v ′B ) n − ( v ′A ) n = e ⎡⎣(v A ) n − (v B ) n ⎤⎦

Chapter 3, Page 42
Problem 3.19 (Problem 13.189, 8th Edition)

Solution:

v ′A = 1.274 m/s (  50 )

v ′B = 1.130 m/s ( → )
Energy loss = 10.55 J

Momentum in tangential direction:

( v ′A )t = 0 , therefore v ′A = ( v ′A ) n ( 50 )
Momentum in x-direction:
2(4cos50 ) = 2(− v ′A cos50 ) + 6v ′B (1)
Normal components of velocities are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
v ′B cos50 + v ′A = 0.5(4 − 0) (2)
Solve (1) and (2) for v ′A and v ′B

Chapter 3, Page 43
Problem 3.20 (Sample Problem 13.16, Page 831)

Ball B is hanging from an inextensible cord. An identical ball A is released from rest when it

is just touching the cord and acquires a velocity v0 before striking ball B. Assuming
perfectly elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction, determine the velocity of each ball
immediately after impact.

x Unknowns: ( v ′A )t ,( v ′A ) n , v ′B
Tangential momentum of ball A is
y conserved.
( v ′A )t = v0 sin 30
t
n Total horizontal momentum conserved.
 0 = ( v ′A )t cos30 − ( v ′A ) n sin 30 − v ′B
v ′B
Normal components of velocities are
Solution: related by the coefficient of restitution.
( v ′A )t = 0.5v0 , ( v ′A ) n = −0.520v0 v ′B sin 30 − ( v ′A ) n = v0 cos30 − 0
 
v ′A = 0.721v0 (  16.1 ) v ′B = 0.693v0 ( ← )

Chapter 3, Page 44
L. Problems Involving Energy and Momentum

Chapter 3, Page 45
Problem 3.21 (Sample Problem 13.17, Page 832)

A 30 kg block is dropped from a height

Right before impact
of 2 m onto the the 10 kg pan of a
spring scale. Assuming the impact to v2 = 2gh = 6.26 m/s
be perfectly plastic, determine the Right after impact
maximum deflection of the pan. The 30 × 6.26
constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m. v3 = = 4.70 m/s
30 + 10
Conservation of Energy
T3 + V3 = T4 + V4

Solution: 225 mm

Chapter 3, Page 46