Dr.Jayesh M.

Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020

UNIT-1
Introduction to Mathematical Modeling

Introduction:

In real world we are often interested in predicting the value of the variable and parameters like
population’s predictions, no infected persons by diseases, speed of moving object, concentration
of the substance in compartment etc. Mathematical modeling having ability to predict variables
and parameters from the past as well as real time data of the system, which can help us to
understand a behavior better or aid us in planning for the future. Mathematical model can reflect
or mimic the behavior of a real life situation and we can get a better understanding of the system
through proper analysis of the model using appropriate mathematical tools. The mathematical
modeling has a great importance in physics, chemistry, biology, Engineering, economics and
even industry. For example, if we consider mathematical modeling in the manufacturing
industry, many aspects of manufacture, from mining to distribution, are susceptible to
mathematical modeling. In fact, manufacturing companies have participated in several
mathematics-industry workshops, where they discussed various problems and obtained solution
through mathematical modeling. To describe the real world problem and investigating question
arise from it mathematical modeling is a very important tolls of mathematics. Using these tools a
real world problem of the system is translated first in logical structure of the system and then
converted in appropriate mathematical structures which represent the real world problem. After
converting the real world problem in form of mathematics a solutions to the mathematical model
is obtained by various solutions methods, which is interpreted in the language of real world
problem to make the predictions or to understand the situation for taking right decisions for the
system. Mathematical Modeling deal with problem of from biology, chemistry, engineering,
Ecology, environment, physics, social sciences, statistics, wildlife management etc. and help
biologist, chemist, ecologist, economist to analyze the problem of the system. Mathematical
modeling helps them to undertake experiments on the mathematical representation of a real-
world problem, instead of undertaking experiments in the real world.

Mathematical models can be used to help with all kinds of systems decisions. In today’s complex
and fast-moving environment, firms may have a wide variety of strategic and operational
choices. A Mathematical model helps system persons to explore complex choices, using sets of
assumptions to represent alternative future operating environments. It also helps to develop a
clearer understanding of the inherent pattern of relationships between the variables and the likely
outcomes. In the end, it is the judgment of the decision-makers that is crucial, but a well-
designed model can make the exercise of that judgment easier. A model can help with all three
stages of decision-making: analysis, choice and implementation. To understand the real potential
of a opportunity a model should be constructed in a way that will allow the impact of alternative
assumptions and scenarios to be explored. Through the flexing of assumptions and the
methodical examination of alternatives the range of potential outcomes is revealed. Identifying
the extent of this range of outcomes enables the model user to understand the Potential risk and
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
reward of the whole opportunity. It also took time for the importance of mathematical modeling
to be completely understood. Physics and its application to nature and natural phenomena is a
major force in mathematical modeling and its further development. Later economics became
another area of study where mathematical modeling began to play a major role. If the model has
been built with sufficient detail, such that it shows each of the variables and parameters of the
system accurately then such mathematical model will always provide early warnings of
unforeseen problems to run the system properly which helps to improve the decision-making
process in the future.

Now day we have different kind of branches of mathematics like Graph theory, Discrete
Mathematics, calculus, operation research, computing, Fractional calculus etc., so people can
developed mathematical model by using any one the field like to design computer lab they can
utilized graph theory based model. To predict the populations or bacterial growth they utilized
calculus or Interpolation or computational technique. To find pollutant in river they utilized
statistical models or compartment modeling. To understand the effects of drugs on body calculus
based compartment model is utilized. To find the velocity of the moving object again calculus
based model is utilized. To find maximum profit or to complete the work in minimum time,
minimum risk and maximum quality of service the operations research based model is utilized.
The origin of mathematical modeling is in the year 2000 BC where the three ancient civilizations
of Babylon, Egypt and India had a good knowledge of mathematics and used mathematical
models in various spheres of life. In the field of astronomy, Ptolemy, influenced by Pythagoras’
idea of describing celestial mechanics by circles, developed a mathematical model of the solar
system using circles to predict the movement of the sun, the moon, and the planets. The model
was so accurate that it was used until the early seventeenth century when Johannes Kepler
discovered a much more simple and superior model for planetary motion in 1619. This model,
with later refinements done by Newton and Einstein, is in use even today. In the Western world,
it was only in the sixteenth century that mathematics and mathematical models developed. The
greatest mathematician in the Western world after the decline of the Greek civilization was
Fibonacci, Leonardo da Pisa. The son of a merchant, Fibonacci made many journeys to the
Orient, and familiarized himself with mathematics as it had been practiced in the Eastern world.
He used algebraic methods to improve his trade as a merchant. He first realized the great
practical advantage of using the Indian numbers over the Roman numbers which were still in use
in Europe at that time.

Now a day’s the developments of Mathematical models are also noticed in the field of biology
specifically in cell geometry and process of cell, in the field of engineering like the study of
variation of shielding gas in GTA welding, in the field of agriculture for prediction of aging
behavior for Al-Cu-Mg/Bagasse Ash particular composites and to predict sunflower oil
expression, in the field of social sciences for public health decision making and estimations, in
other field too like for developing of cerebral cortical folding patterns which have fascinated
scientists with their beauty and complexity for centuries, in the development of a new three
dimensional mathematical ionosphere model at the European Space Agency/European Space
Operators Centre, in battery modeling or mathematical description of batteries, which plays an
important role in the design and use of batteries, estimation of battery processes and battery
design
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020

Mathematical Modeling:
This section defines mathematical modeling with its process diagram. Different People define
mathematical model in different way out of them few of them are as follows:

“Mathematical Model is an abstract, simplified, mathematical construct related to a part of

reality and created for a particular purpose”

“Mathematical modeling is the mathematical tools that translated to the real-world problem in
mathematical problem find a solution to the mathematical problem and interpreted the solutions
in the language of real-world problem to make predictions about the real world”

“Mathematical Modeling is an extremely powerful tool, a framework for research, debate and
planning, which provides a valuable source of information for decision-making”

“Modeling is a learning environment where students are invited to inquire and/or investigate, by
means of mathematics, situations arising in other areas of knowledge”

So people define mathematical modeling in different way but don’t take these definitions
seriously rather, think of it as a crude starting point around which to build your own
understanding of mathematical modeling. The two main objective of mathematical modeling are
(1) To provide a deeper understanding of a system or process and (2) to use this understanding of
a system for predictions and decision making. Out of this two in first case the mathematical
modelings is very successful and provide very good insight of the system but in which way
decision makers utilized this knowledge for predictions and decision making that depends on the
decision makers. In mathematical modeling with combination of the qualitative and the
quantitative, recognition of the complexity of systems and the true nature of models, we might
aim to capture more than just the physics of the system. If we are willing to recognize and
acknowledge the complexities and limitations involved, cooperative and informed modeling has
a truly enormous potential.

The basic process of Mathematical model is, it translating the real world problems in the
mathematical problem, solving the mathematical problems and verify the achieved solution is
consistent or not, if it is consistent then convert the solution in problem language and provide a
deeper understanding of a system or process. Alternatively we can say we soar high in to the
mathematical atmosphere along with the real world problems, fly there for some time and come
down to earth with the solutions.

Generally it is very difficult to convert any real world problems in the form of mathematics. If
you having very good knowledge of real world system for which you are going to solve the
problem then you can convert this real world system problem in mathematical form but this
process is very difficult that required experience and understanding of the situations as well as
strong idealizations and approximations. This mathematical form may be in form of graph
theory, may in form of discrete mathematics, may be in form algebraic system, may be in form
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
of calculus etc. Once mathematical form of the real world problems is achieved then we find its
solutions by appropriate mathematical technique and achieve a solution and mathematically
verify the solution is correct or not. If it is mathematically correct then we check the consistency
of this solution with real world again that is also some time called as model validation. If the
model is accurate and represents the real world system then the model is accepted for otherwise
it is rejected. When developed model is rejected that means the model output not matched with
the real word. This failure is possible because of some parameters or variables are missing during
the constructions of mathematical model or there are some problems in our solution technique
which we applied to solve the model. So in this situation again we have to think about real world
problems and properly identified parameters and variables of the system and find its solutions
with proper solutions technique. By repeating this process at the end you will get exact or
approximate solution of the real world problems by mathematical modeling. The process of
mathematical model can be represented diagrammatically as follows:

Figure-1.1 Mathematical Modeling

Process of mathematical Modeling

As noted earlier Mathematical modeling is a process to solve real world problems by using
mathematics. This process can be representing in step by step as follows:

Step-1: You are very much clear about real world situation which you are going to investigate. If
you having deeper knowledge of the real world situation then you can easily identified important
aspects which are relevant to the situations and those aspects whose relevance is minimum. So in
this first step we decide the aspects which are closely related with problems and those aspects
which are not. Accept the aspects which are closely related to the problem and ignore the others.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
E.g: If you are going to investigate optimum cropping pattern for the farmer farm and if you
having no knowledge of agriculture then it is very difficult for you to construct optimum
cropping pattern for farmer. In this case you cannot find the aspects that will give you optimum
cropping pattern and the aspects having less importance.

Step-2: In this step we think about all possible laws that may be relevant to the situations. At
here we are looking for the economical, social, biological, physical, chemical, etc. laws for the
situations. If standard laws are not involved with the situation in this case some time collect the
data and analyze it to collect some initial insight into this situation.

Eg. If we are interested to know the relationship between water and particular crop growth under
specific situation in read soli and if there is some law is exist like in red soli the crop growth is
linearly dependent on water amount with specific time then utilized this law to investigate the
situations or if such relationship is not exist then collect the past data of water amount and crop
growth with proper crop management schedule and investigate the relationship between water
amount and crop growth.

Step-3: In this steps we are going to formulate problem in to the problem language that is
problem is converted in logical language. At this stage we are very much clear about logical
relationship of relevant aspects of the problem. Sometime this can be represented by
diagrammatically.

E.g. In agricultural system we know that production of the farm depends on water, fertilizer and
other parameters. If we are interested in optimum production from the farm then it depends on
water, fertilizers, pesticides, crop management schedule etc. So at this stage we are very much
clear about how optimum production from the farm depends on these parameters that we can put
in problem language.

Step-4: In this step we identified all the variables and parameters involved in the problems and
named them like x1 , x2 ,......, xn and a1 , a2 ,......, an respectively. At this stage we also classify them
in to known and unknown form. At this stage we can also establish the relations steps between
independents variables.

E.g. In agricultural optimum cropping pattern problem, we identified the variable as xi is the
number of acre of land, z is a cropping pattern for framers, wi is the water parameter, Fi is the
fertilizer parameter of the farmer which are generally known whereas production function of the
farm which depends on water and fertilizer i.e P(Wi , Fi ) and pi that is price of the commodity,
water , fertilizers, pesticides are unknown.

Step-5: In this step we developed suitable mathematical from of the problem. When we write the
model in mathematical form at that time we can utilized any kind of suitable mathematics to
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
form a model, like Calculus, Graph theory, Discrete Mathematics, Operations research, Linear
algebras etc.

E.g. To develop this agricultural optimum cropping pattern model most of the people can utilized
operations research based linear programming or non liner programming. To develop population
growth model most of the people utilized ordinary differential equation or partial differential
equations. To develop City transportation model people can utilized graph theory based network
model or Operations research based modeling.

Step-6: In this step we have to think about all possible way of solutions of the model. First try to
find analytical solutions of the model. If analytical solutions is not possible then established
numerical or simulation based solutions with minimum error.

E.g. To find the solution of differential equations based populations growth model we apply
analytical technique like variable separations, exact differential equation, Interpreting factor
based method, IF it is in higher order then Complementary function and Particular Integral
based method, method of variations of parameters etc. But if this differential equation based
model is highly non linear or it is in system of differential equations form then analytical
solutions is not possible in this case we find its approximate analytical solutions by series
solutions technique differential equation, Differential transform method, Adomain
decomposition method, Homotopy perturbation method etc. or we find its numerical solutions by
Euler method, R-K methods, finite difference method, finite element method etc. Some time
computation based simulations also provide very good approximate solutions.

Step-7: Suppose in step-5 we are not getting analytical solutions then in this step we try to
reasonable change in the assumptions that make the model in such form so that its analytical
solutions is possible that possibility we try investigate here.

E.g: If in population growth model if birth rate or death rates are polynomial functions then
differential equations are highly non liner whose analytical solution is not possible. Rather than
this if we take it is as a linear then we can easily achieve a analytical solutions but this change
can to effect the objective of the study that we have to keep in our mind.

Step-8: In this step we make an error analysis of the solutions method that we utilized to solve
the mathematical from of the problem. If solution method error is higher or not within our
acceptable range than we change the method of the solutions and find new method to solve
model. For gaining physical insight, analytical techniques are used. However, to deal with more
complex problems, numerical approaches are quite handy. It is always advisable and useful to
formulate a complex system with a simple model whose equation yields an analytical solution.
Then the model can be modified to a more realistic one that can be solved numerically. Together
with the analytical results for simpler models and the numerical solution from more realistic
models, one can gain maximum insight into the problem.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
E.g: Suppose we have a differential equation highly non linear population growth model whose
analytical solution is not possible and suppose we find its numerical solution by Euler method or
power series method which will give us error which is not in our acceptable rang then we apply
another numerical method like R-K method or finite element method to establish a solutions with
minimum error which is under our acceptable range.

Step-9: In this step the mathematical solution of the model obtained in step-8 is converted in the
real world problem language and make its interpretations as per the real field. This is very
crucial step because some times we have find the accurate solution by the mathematical form but
we cannot interpret it properly in the real filed that leads to question mark on mathematical
models.

E.g: Suppose we have a bacterial population growth model and we are interested in doubling
log e 2
period of bacterial growth then output in the form of logarithm is where r is a growth
r
log10 2
rate but if someone interpret it as then this will give you some different numbers and it is
r
not match with the actual growth of bacteria.

Step-10: This step compares the mathematical model based predictions with available
observations or data. If this agreement is good and acceptable under over range then accept the
model. If this agreement is not good then again it is necessary for us to examine the assumptions
and approximation that we made for when we established the mathematical model and change
them in the light of the discrepancies observed and repeat the steps 3 to 9.

E.g: In population growth model, if model depends on constant birth rate and death rate only
then model solutions have sometimes not a good agreement with actual data but if we change our
assumptions that birth rate and death rate are function of populations and if we repeat the steps 3
to 9 and we compare the data with actual observation then we will get good agreement.

Step-11: In this step we continue the process of modeling (Step-3 to 10) till a satisfactory model
is achieved which satisfied earlier data as well as real time data.

E.g: If we consider optimum cropping pattern model for agriculture. If we find the optimum
cropping pattern for the farm then check this pattern is optimum or not from the past data as well
as real time data If model data is not matched with real observations then repeat the step3-10 till
satisfactory optimum cropping pattern is achieved.

Step-12: In this step we deduce the conclusion from the model and test this conclusion against
earlier data and additional data that may be collected and see if the agreement still continues to
be good.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
E.g: If we established rainfall prediction model in 2015 then at this stage we test this model with
past data as well as the year after establishment of the model ( that is for the year 2016 and
onwards) and check the agreement of the model still continues to be good.

Classifications of Mathematical Modeling

Mathematical model is characterized by the origin of the problems that it engages: they all come
from real world and may borrow from a variety of mathematical disciplines such as ordinary and
partial differential equations, probability, statistics, and discrete mathematics. The common aim
is to gain better understanding of the real world processes through mathematical ideas and
numerical simulations. The mathematical model generally can be classified according to subject
matter of the model, according to the mathematical techniques used in solving them, according to
purpose and according to their nature.

Mathematical
Model

Mathematical
Subject Purpose Nature
technique

Figure1.1: Classification of Mathematical Model

(I) Subject: Some time mathematical model can be classified according to subject matter
of the models. When we developed mathematical model in biology subject then it is
called as Biological model or mathematical model in biology (For example
populations growth of bacteria is biological model). Similarly when we developed
mathematical model in physics then the model is called as mathematical model in
physics, Mathematical model in Chemistry, Mathematical model in Psychology,
mathematical Model in sociology, Mathematical model in Economics, Mathematical
model in Engineering, Mathematical model in Medicine, Mathematical model in
psychology, Mathematical model in Transportation, Mathematical model of
Environment, Mathematical Model of Blood flow, Mathematical Model of water
resources, Mathematical model of resource management, Mathematical model of land
distribution, and so on.
(II) Mathematical Technique: Mathematical models also classify according to the
Mathematical technique used to solve them. If Ordinary differential equation
techniques are utilized to solve the problems then it is called as Ordinary differential
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
equation based model, If Linear programming technique is utilized to solve the
problem then it is called as Linear programming based model, If Numerical
Technique is utilized to solve the problem then it is called as Numerical model. If
analytical technique is utilized to solve the problem then it is called as analytical
model. If computational technique is utilized to solve the problem then it is called as
computational model. If algebraic structure is utilized to solve the problem then it is
called as algebraic model. Similarly we can say Mathematical model integro
differential equations, Mathematical Model through graph, mathematical Model
through Mathematical Programming, Mathematical model Through partial
differential equations, Mathematical modeling through calculus of variations,
Mathematical modeling through functional equations, etc.
(III) Purpose: Mathematical model are classified according to purpose (Objective). Some
time our purpose to predict something and that’s why develop mathematical model
such model is called as predictions model. If our purposes to optimize some quantity
from real world and for that purpose we developed mathematical model is called as
optimization model. Similarly we can say mathematical model for descriptions,
Mathematical model for control, Mathematical model for insight, Mathematical
model for analysis etc.
(IV) Nature: Mathematical models are also classified according to their nature. Hence,
Mathematical model are liner or non-linear (that depends on the equations involved in
mathematical model are line or non linear), Mathematical model may be statistic or
dynamic (If time variable in mathematical models are involved then it is called as
dynamic otherwise it is called as static), Mathematical model may be deterministic or
stochastic (that depends on the chance factor are taken or not in the model).
Mathematical model may be discrete or continuous (That depends on the variables
involved in the models are discrete are discrete or continuous).

Characteristics of Mathematical Modeling

Modeling is an extremely powerful tool, a framework for research, debate and planning,
which provides a valuable source of information for decision-making. However, while
models aim to incorporate the main mechanisms of a process and have the capacity not
only to describe and explain but to predict as well, they are not infallible and should not
be considered in isolation, particularly in light of the above remarks. Decision makers
need to be aware of the modeling process and its context-specific strengths and
limitations in order to make best use of the interpretations. Some of the characteristics of
mathematical models are noted in this section.

(1) Mathematical modeling = Mathematics + Discipline: Making of mathematical model

is possible if you know both mathematics and discipline in which problem situation
Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
arise. If mathematical model is developed for the situation without deeply
understanding the situations concerned may leads to infructous model.
(2) Mathematical model can lead to new experiment, new concept and news
mathematics: With mathematical model we can develop a new mathematical concept.
If we develop a new mathematical structure for the situations and known
mathematical technique are adequate to deduce results from mathematical model that
leads to develop a new mathematical techniques for the solutions of this newly
developed mathematical structures.

(3) Mathematical Models may lead to expected or unexpected predictions: Mathematical

model is utilized to predict something from the real world. When we predict by
mathematical modeling then this prediction may be some time as per our expectations
or some time it different (Unexpected) because the model predictions are more
quantitative in nature. When we find unexpected mathematical model then they may
lead to break through or deep thinking about assumptions.
(4) Transferability of mathematical model: If we developed a mathematical model for
one field then this model is equally valid for another field with slight modifications.
When a model is transfer for another field then it is not necessary that this model is
valid for another field too. In this case it is necessary to verify the model again. For
example Bacterial population growth model can be utilized for human growth
population model with necessary medication but again after this modification it is
necessary to check the validity of the model.
(5) Estimation of Parameters: In Mathematical models several parameters are involved
and during the process of modeling we are going to estimate these parameters by
experiments, observations, by the method of calculation of these observations and the
method of calculation of these parameters.
(6) New models to simply existing complicated models: Development of mathematical
model start with the simple modeling but to make mathematical model more realistic
we add more variables, parameters and functions so the model becomes more
complicated in this case we should again be able to simplify the complex models.
(7) Realism of Models: The mathematical model we developed in such a way so that it is
more realistic and represent the real world as closely as possible.
(8) Partial modeling for subsystems: When study region of the problem is complex then
it is very difficult to developed mathematical model. In this case it may be convenient
to make partial models of the system, test their validity and then integrate these
partial models in to complete models.
(9) Sticking to one model may prevent insight: A mathematical model helps to think on
system of study but it can also a direct thinking in one specific narrow channel only
which helps to design new models with new concepts.
(10) Validation of the model by Independent Data: Mathematical model is generated
from the past data and tested with same past data which is esthetically not correct or
illegal. Mathematical model always use independent data to validate the model.
Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
(11) Relative precision of models: for one problem we may develop different kind of
mathematical model with the same purpose or objective. These different models have
different accuracy and agreement with the actual observations.
(12) Hierarchy of models: The mathematical modeling is a process and the mathematical
models are constantly improved to make them more realistic. Thus for every situation
we get a sequence of models each more realistic than the preceding and their
agreement with the observations.
(13) Constraints of additively and normality: Mathematical models involved several
equality or inequality constraints, probability distributions etc. which make them
more realistic.
(14) Models for strategies and tactical thinking: Mathematical models provides strategies
and tactical thinking for better management because Models may be constructed for
determining guidelines for particular situations or they may be for determining an
overall strategy applicable to a variety of situations.
(15) Prediction –Validation- iteration cycle: A mathematical model is a process to predict
the variables and parameters from the past observation and validate them with real
data which may lead to some discrepancy. To remove this discrepancy, it is
necessary for us to improve the model, again predict and again try to validate, this
iteration is repeated till a satisfactory model is obtained.
(16) Mathematical modeling is a heart of the applied mathematics.
(17) Mathematical modeling is neither a good nor a bad, It does or does not fit: Develop
mathematical model is acceptable then provide a good results and if it provide a bad
results then it is not acceptable. Some time model fit to past data or some time it
cannot fit to past data. Some time a model fit for one situation may be fit to another
situation too.
(18) Mathematical Model force us to think clearly: Once we decide to solve the problem
of real world then this forces us to think about the situations.
(19) Inadequate model is also useful: Suppose a mathematical model we develop for a
real world problem and it is fail then this failure lead us to search for a aspects which
may have been neglected first time. Failure leads to success if we find valid reasons
of failure.
(20) Model having always ability to improve with experimental and observed data.
(21) No model is perfect and every model can improved. However each such
improvement may take cost time and money. The improvement in the model must
justify the investment in the investment made in this process.
(22) When the number of different situation represented by the same mathematical
model, it reveals the certain identity of the structures of these situations. It can lead to
a certain economy of efforts and it can reveal a certain underlying unity between
different disciplines.
(23) Selections of state variables and identifications of relation between them in
mathematical model are very important. If we select proper variable and identified
proper relations between them that leads to development of good mathematical
model.
(24) Every model contains some parameters and it is necessary to estimate this
parameters from the past data without this the model is incomplete.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
(25) Mathematical model required experience, insight and understanding. It is one kind
of art.
(26) Some mathematical models can apply to a wide variety of situations where as some
are applied for a specific situations.

Application of mathematical modeling

This section discussed some applications of mathematical modeling with details but there are an
almost endless number of other areas with interesting mathematical problems. Due to the
development of calculus and differential equations mathematical model becomes easy to apply in
different discipline like Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Anthropology, Archeology, Architecture,
artificial intelligence, Arts, Astronomy, Chemical Engineering, Computer sciences, Economics,
neurosciences, Medical, pharmacology, Transportation science etc.

(1) Biology: Mathematical modeling is widely used in Biology for the problem related to
protein folding, human genome project, population dynamics, morphogenesis,
evolutionary pedigrees, spreading of infectious diseases, animal and plant breeding, cell
geometry and cell mechanism, Hemo-dialysis, Detections of diabetic etc.
(2) Artificial intelligence and computer sciences: Several applications of Mathematical
models are available in computer science and artificial intelligence. It is useful in
development of new computer vision, to interpret the image and their analysis, in
robotics, in speech and voce recognitions, in character recognition, in reasoning and
uncertainty, in image processing, in realistic computer graphics, in optimal web search, in
Image mining, in knowledge management, in optimal routing, in cryptography based
security management, in face recognition, in finger print recognitions, in voce
recognitions, automatics translation of languages, voice to speech and speech to voice
translation etc.
(3) Engineering: Engineers always deal with solutions of real word problem and for find the
solutions of real world problem they utilized mathematical model. The electrical and
electronics engineers applied mathematical model to check the stability of electric
circuits, for Microchip analysis, for Power supply network optimization, in image
analysis, to make a embedded system etc. The mechanical and civil engineers applied
mathematical model to check the stability of structures (high rise buildings, bridges, air
planes), for structural optimization, in Crash simulation, in fluid dynamics, in total
quality management, In manufacturing of the product, in optimization of environmental
pollutions, in constructions, in analysis of wind channel, Turbulence etc. The chemical
engineers utilized mathematical model in chemical equilibrium, in planning of production
units, to understand the mechanism of chemical reactions etc. Transportation engineering
utilized mathematical model for air traffic scheduling, train scheduling, city
transportation management, traffic management, parking management etc.
(4) Physics: Mathematical model is widely utilized by this branch in elementary particle
tracking, Quantum field theory predictions (baryon spectrum), Laser dynamics, in the
development of the new material, detection of planetary systems, Correcting the Hubble
telescope, to understand the origin of the universe, to study the planets, to identify the
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
characteristics of new material, to develop new neno material, to understand the
dynamical movement of real world, etc.
(5) Chemistry: Mathematical is also useful in branch of chemistry. The utilized the
mathematical model to understand the chemical reactions dynamics, to develop
Molecular modeling, to calculate electronics structure, to calculate the concentration of
chemical, to predict the properties of chemical etc.
(6) Medical Science: The medical science also utilized mathematical modeling in their
practice and productions of drugs. It is utilized in radiation therapy planning, computer
added tomography, Blood circulation models, Compartment based heart modeling, in
hemodyalysis, in detection of different diseases in body, In analysis of medical image, in
tumor growth analysis, Screening of new compounds of drugs, in docking of molecules
to proteins., to analyze neural networks of the system. To analyze signal transmission in
nerves etc.
(7) Agricultural sciences: Agricultural science utilized mathematical model for crop
management, to find the profit wise optimum cropping pattern from the farm, to provide
optimum irrigation schedule, to develop new technology for agricultural field, to
developed information communication technology based system for crop management, to
develop new technique of crop cultivations, to develop a system for crop marketing, to
predict the food grain requirement of the country etc.
(8) Material sciences. The material science utilized mathematical model for microchip
production, for development of microstructures, in semiconductor modeling etc.
(9) Economics: The mathematical model utilized in economics for predictions of demand
and supply, labor data analysis, risk analysis, value estimations of options, market
analysis, GDP analysis etc.
(10) Geosciences: In geosciences the mathematical model is utilized for prediction of oils or
deposits, development of city, Map productions, earthquake, temperature of earth,
Natural calamities survey and their predictions etc.
(11) Metrology: The mathematical model also used by Metrology for weather predictions,
effect of global warming on earth, rain predictions etc.
(12) Space science: Space science utilized mathematical model for flight simulation,
trajectory planning, shuttle reentry, satellite management, management of space lab etc.

Similarly other applications of mathematical modeling we can find in Anthropology for

Modeling, classifying and reconstructing skulls etc., in Archeology for Reconstruction of
objects from preserved fragments, Classifying ancient artifices etc, in Architecture for Virtual
reality, in arts for Computer animation, in Music for Analysis and synthesis of sounds, Political
Sciences for strategy development of election campaign, analysis of elections, predictions of
elections etc., in Psychology Formalizing diaries of therapy sessions. Mathematical models are
being developed in the field of cloud computing to facilitate the infrastructure of computing
resources in which large pools of systems are linked together via the internet to provide IT
services. Development of mathematical models are also noticed in the study of variation of
shielding gas in GTA welding, for prediction of aging behavior for Al-Cu-Mg/Bagasse Ash
particular composites, for public health decision making and estimations, for developing of
cerebral cortical folding patterns which have fascinated scientists with their beauty and
complexity for centuries, in the development of a new three dimensional mathematical
ionosphere model at the European Space Agency/European Space Operators Centre, in battery
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
modeling or mathematical description of batteries, which plays an important role in the design
and use of batteries, estimation of battery processes and battery design.

These are some areas where mathematical modeling plays an important role. However, there are
many more areas of application. With a combination of the qualitative and the quantitative
recognition of the complexity of systems and the true nature of models, we might aim to capture
more than just the physics of the system. If we are willing to recognize and acknowledge the
complexities and limitations involved, cooperative and informed modeling has a truly enormous
potential and it is highly benefited to society.

Advantageous of mathematical model

This section describe general advantage of mathematical models, several advantage of
mathematical model listed in the literature out of them few are as follows:

(1) Model can help decision maker to take decisions accurately. For example in economical
model decision maker can determine the important factors to revenue and expenses such
as sales, returns, selling expenses, transportation cost etc and with this they can easily
take the decisions for the future.
(2) Model can give us insight and information of the real world system. For example
optimum cropping pattern model which crops are able to maximum in farmers farm not
only production wise but profit wise too.
(3) Models can save time and money in decision making and problem solving. It usually
takes less time, effort, and expense to analyze a real world situation.
(4) If model is properly formulated then the model can accurately represents the reality.
(5) Model can simplify complex real world situation easily.
(6) Accurate model can predict accurate future
(7) Mathematical model can help us to improve our understanding of the real world as
certain variables can readily be changed
(8) Models act as communicators to others by providing information and impact in changing
conditions.
(9) Model having ability to solve Large and complex problems.
(10) Model provides analysis of the problem that help to understand the real world situations
accurately.
(11) Model can help to provide control on real world situations which are investigated.
(12) Mathematical model is an abstraction or simplification that allows us to summarize
(describe) a system. Once you have a mathematical model you have a list of inputs and a
list of outputs and some sort of definite algorithm that tells you what the outputs will be
given the inputs.
(13) Mathematical modeling having ability to predict system behavior.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
(14) Mathematical model forces us to investigate new methods for finding the solutions of
the problem.
(15) Mathematical Model can offer convenience and cost advantages over other means of
obtaining the required information on reality.

Limitations of Mathematical Modeling

This section describe Limitations of mathematical models, several limitations of mathematical
models are listed in the literature out of them few are as follows.

(1) Sometimes although the mathematical model used is well adapted to the situation at hand,
it may give unexpected results or simply fail.
(2) Models are abstractions of reality so they are in complete. Real-world systems are
complex and composed of many interrelated components. A "good" model must attempt
to capture all the critical elements of the real-world system. This is something that is
virtually impossible to do in modeling social systems. Thus, an important inherent
limitation of a model is created by what is left out. The limitation may not be significant
if the omitted elements are not of great importance. Difficulty will arise, however, if key
aspects of the real-world system are left out or inadequately treated in a model.
(3) Several mathematical models which have been successfully developed and applied to get
insight in to tens of number of situations but still large number of situations which have
not yet been mathematically modeled either because the situations are sufficiently
complex or the mathematical models formed are mathematically intractable.
(4) In mathematical modeling, more assumptions must be made, as information about real-
world systems become less precise or harder to measure. Modeling becomes a less
precise endeavor as it moves away from physical systems towards social systems.
(5) Models predict the future from past data or information’s. If there are significant changes
in the real-world system then the quality of the model suffers. If the changes that occur
are not reflected in the relationships that exist in the model then model can not represents
the reality.
(6) Most models are developed for specific purposes and reflect the performance or behavior
of particular systems. Correct use of a model requires knowing and understanding the
purposes of the model. Failure to do this can lead to unsuccessful or improper application
of a model or misinterpretation of its results. Models are adaptable to uses other than the
ones they were originally designed for. This adaptability is one of the great attractions of
models. The adaptation of a model usually involves adding to it or restructuring parts of
it. This is a task that requires considerable care and technical expertise. The extra cost of
adapting a model is usually not large compared to the original cost of building it.
However, when an adapted model is used, the user needs to know what the model was
originally intended to do, what its new purpose is, what changes have been made, and
whether these have been done correctly.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
(7) The Operational Status of a Model may be Unclear One of the major problems facing
potential users is determining the model's status. Models take months and sometimes
years to build, and many model builders frequently revise their models. At any one time,
several versions of a model may exist. Frequently, full documentation does not exist
because of the dynamic nature of model development. Thus, a user is faced with the need
to determine the exact characteristics of the version of the model being used before the
results can be understood. While this seems obvious, it is not always simple to do, and
thus it is not always done.
(8) Reasonably accurate model can be developed to fit any data by choosing numbers of
parameters to be five or six, if real world situations contains more than this, then situation
are complex and it is difficult to developed accurate model.
(9) Real world situations wise parameters and variables are different. There are no proper
guidelines in mathematical model to choose variables and parameters from the real world
situation to be investigated.
(10) Mathematical model of large scale system is very difficult to develop.
(11) Input Data may be Uncertain Problems with data used in building models. Another type
of data problem stems from exogenous input to the model. Uncertainty surrounding the
values of the exogenous input variables compounds the difficulty of determining the
accuracy of model output. Future-year values of these variables are forecasts, often from
other models, and the accuracy of these values is uncertain.
(12) The Operational Status of a Model may be Unclear One of the major problems facing
potential users is determining the model's status. Models take months and sometimes
years to build, and many model builders frequently revise their models. At any one time,
several versions of a model may exist. Frequently, full documentation does not exist
because of the dynamic nature of model development. Thus, a user is faced with the need
to determine the exact characteristics of the version of the model being used before the
results can be understood. While this seems obvious, it is not always simple to do, and
thus it is not always done.
(13) Mathematical models are dependent on data, which are used as input to the models and
also data used in building the models. The data used in building a socioeconomic model
may be incomplete.
(14) A model should not be applied unless one understands the simplifying assumptions on
which it is based and can test their applicability.
(15) The model is not the reality and one should not distort reality to fit the model.
(16) A discredited model should not be retained and one should not limit himself to a single
model, as more than one model may be useful for understanding different aspects of the
same phenomenon

It is imperative to be aware of the limitations inherent in models. There is no best model, only
better models. However, despite all these limitations and pitfalls, a good model can be
formulated, if a modeler asks himself/herself the following questions about the model:
1. Does the structure of the model resemble the system being modeled?
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
2. Why is the selected model appropriate to use in a given application?
3. How well does the model perform?
4. Has the model been analyzed by someone other than the model authors?
5. Is adequate documentation of the model available for all who wish to study it?
6. What assumptions and data were used in producing model output for the specific
application?
7. What is the accuracy of the model output?

Tutorail-1
Question-1: Write variables and parameters involved in the situation given below. In each case
indicate the data you would require

(1) Estimating the populations of deer in forest.

(2) Estimating the persons of employed in state.
(3) Building a play ground of cricket in minimum cost.
(4) Find optimum time of replacement of machine in a industry.
(5) Estimating the GDP of the country.
(6) Predicting the number of scientist required in next five years.
(7) Predicting the food grains requirement for the country in next coming year.
(8) Estimating the minimum transportation cost to send the items from origin to destinations.
(9) Determining the average life of a human in India.
(10) Determining the inventory of various items in shop.
(11) Determining the cost of building constructions.
(12) Estimating the optimum cropping pattern for the farmer farm.
(13) Estimating the pollutions in river.
(14) Estimating the amount of Blood in human body.
(15) Estimating the spread of corona disease.
(16) Predicting the rainfall in your state.
(17) Determining the atmospheric parameter in summer season.
(18) Determining the optimal path in city to reach from one place to another place.
(19) Determining the optimal schedule to complete the project.
(20) Estimating facial expression from the face.
(21) Estimating Satellite launched at proper place.

Question-2: Give three – three examples of wise, technique wise, purpose wise and nature wise
classification of the mathematical model.
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020

Tutorail-2

Question-3: Wite five examples in which mathematical models are fails to predict the future.

Question-4: Explain five characteristics of mathematical model with proper example and
justifications.

Question-5: Explain five limitations of mathematical model with proper example and
justifications.

Question-6: Which are the questions modelers asks himself / herself to built build a good
model?

Question-7: Write ten applications of mathematical models to solve real worlds problems.

Question-8:Clasiify the mathematical model given below subject wise, technique wise, purpose
wise and nature wise.

(1) S  2 p  9 , D  9 p  2 , Where S and D are demand and supply.

(2) S  3 p 2  8 p  2 , D  15 p 2  9 p  8 , Where S and D are demand and supply.
(3) P(t )  3e0.2t , Where P indicate populations of bacterial growth and t t indicate time.
(4) p(t )  9t 2  2t  6 , Where p indicate price of commodity and t indicate time.
dc
(5)  0.2C  0.15c , where c(t ) is a concentration of a substance at any time t and C be
dt
the concentration added in the volume continuously.
dP
(6)  0.2 P , where P(t ) indicate populations of bacteria at any time t.
dt
d 2i R di 1
(7)   i  E0 sin wt , Where L, C, R are inductance, capacitance and resistance
dt 2 L dt LC
respectively, i (t ) indicate current in the circuit, t indicate time.
dX dy
(8)  aX  bXY ,  cX  eXY , Where X(t) denote the number of prey per unit area and
dt dt
Y (t) the number of predators.
dpn
(9)  apn1 (t )  bpn1 (t )  (a  b) pn (t ) , Where pn (t ) is the probability of n persons at any
dt
time t.
(10) Max Z 2 x1  3x2
 Dr.Jayesh M. Dhodiya, Associate Professor, SVNIT 2020
Subject to the constraints
x1  x2  2,
3x1  5 x2  5,
Where x1 , x2 number of items is produce by a company and Z is a profit.
(11) Min Z 3x 211  2 x12  5x21  3x22
Subject to the constraints
x11  x12  2,
x21  x22  5,
x11  x21  4,
x12  x22  3,
Where x11 , x12 , x21 , x22 indicates the number of items sent from origin to destinations and
Z indicate the total cost of transportation.
(12) Min Z 6 x11  8 x12  5 x21  2 x22
Subject to the constraints
x11  x12  1,
x21  x22  1,
x11  x21  1,
x12  x22  1,
Where x11 , x12 , x21 , x22 indicates the worker assign work Z indicate the total cost of
assignment.