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Important_OS_Topics

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Important_OS_Topics

Uploaded by

sujalbpatil76
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Important Topics in Operating Systems

1. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

- Definition: A real-time system has well-defined fixed time constraints. RTOS processes data

within strict time limits.

- Types: Hard and Soft RTOS.

- Applications: Flight control systems, industrial automation, and military applications.

2. Operating System Services

- Key Services: User interface, program execution, I/O operations, file manipulation, interprocess

communication, and error detection.

3. Process Management

- Process States: New, Ready, Running, Waiting, and Terminated.

- Process Control Block (PCB): Contains information like process state, process ID, CPU registers,

etc.

- CPU and I/O Burst Cycles: CPU burst refers to computation periods, and I/O burst refers to

input/output wait periods.

4. Scheduling Algorithms

- Round Robin: Allocates a fixed time slice to each process.

- Shortest Job First (SJF): Executes the shortest process first.

- First Come First Serve (FCFS): Processes are executed in arrival order.

5. Memory Management

- Virtual Memory: Allows execution of processes that may not be completely in memory.
- Paging vs. Segmentation: Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks, while segmentation

uses variable-sized blocks.

- Partitioning: Fixed (static) and variable (dynamic) partitions.

6. File Management

- File Attributes: Name, type, location, size, protection, etc.

- File Operations: Create, read, write, delete, append, and rename.

- File Allocation Methods: Contiguous allocation, linked allocation, and indexed allocation.

7. Deadlocks

- Necessary Conditions: Mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, circular wait.

- Prevention Techniques: Avoid at least one of the necessary conditions.

8. Interprocess Communication (IPC)

- Shared Memory: Processes share a memory segment for communication.

- Message Passing: Communication through message exchange.

9. Page Replacement Algorithms

- Least Recently Used (LRU): Replaces the page that has not been used for the longest time.

- Calculation of page faults using reference strings.

10. System Calls and Commands

- Examples: `kill` (terminate processes), `sleep` (pause execution), `mkdir` (create directories).

11. Multithreading Models

- Models: Many-to-One, One-to-One, Many-to-Many.

- Benefits: Improved concurrency and resource utilization.

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