Solution

WT NOVEMBER 12TH Class 12 - Biology

Section A
1.
(c) ADA deficiency
Explanation:
A four-year-old girl became the first gene therapy patient on September 14, 1990, at the NIH Clinical Center. She has
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a genetic disease that leaves her defenseless against infections. White blood cells were
taken from her, and the normal genes for making adenosine deaminase were inserted into them.
The corrected cells were reinjected into her. Dr. W. French Anderson helped develop this landmark clinical trial when he
worked at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

2.
(b) Zymase
Explanation:
Zymase

3.
(b) Protein
Explanation:
The milk produced by transgenic cow contain a protein called alpha lactaalbumin. The milk containing this protein is more
suitable for babies as compare to normal cow’s milk.

4.
(d) Protease
Explanation:
Protease

5.
(d) Introduction of portion of DNA which code for particular product.
Explanation:
Some transgenic animals are produced for specific economic traits. Transgenic animals can be used to produce useful products
by the Introduction of a portion of DNA that code for a particular product.
For example, transgenic cattle were created to produce milk containing particular human proteins, which may help in the
treatment of human emphysema.

6.
(c) Complementary sequence of DNA
Explanation:
A probe is a complementary sequence of DNA having radioactive particles. It is used in ELISA and other biotechnological
investigations.

7.
(c) Serious ethical questions
Explanation:
The current interest in the manipulation of microbes, plants, and animals has raised serious ethical questions due to the
involvement of multinational companies and other organizations in exploiting bio-resources of other countries.

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 8. (a) Transposons
Explanation:
Mobile genetic elements that replicate an RNA intermediate are called transposons. It is a small piece of DNA that inserts itself
into another place in the genome.
9.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Maize is the tallest cereal which come from new world but is now extensively grown in old world. Maize grain is very
nutritious but lacks two amino acids, tryptophan and lysine. As a result excessive intake of corn causes pellagra - like
deficiency disease.

10.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
The drugs derived from opium alongwith their synthetic relatives are called opiates or opioids. Marijuana is obtained from the
dried flowers and top leaves of the female plants of Cannabis sativa. It is smoked in cigarette. A typical marijuana cigarette
contains 0.5 to 1 g of plant material.

11.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Fungicides are chemicals which are specifically effective against fungal pathogens. Fungicides are divided into two major
types, inorganic and organic. Most inorganic fungicides are harmful to other living beings as well.

Section B
12. a. Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra or foreign gene or desirable foreign gene.
b. Mice
c. To study the effect of gene on normal physiology and development.
To study how gene contribute the development of disease.
To obtain useful biological products.
13. Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of
vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage
of dietary vitamin A.
Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes. The rice plant can naturally
produce beta-carotene in its leaves, where it is involved in photosynthesis.
Section C
14. Oil is a lipid synthesized by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acids.
Thus, the oil from the seeds can be removed by preventing the synthesis of either glycerol or the enzyme lipase which catalyses
the synthesis of oil.
It can be achieved by knocking out the genes coding for the enzyme lipase or the enzyme required for the synthesis of glycerol.
15. a. The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year-old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This
enzyme is crucial for the immune system to function. The disorder is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine
deaminase. In some children ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation; in others it can be treated by
enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. But the problem with both of these
approaches that they are not completely curative. As a first step towards gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the
patient are grown in a culture outside the body. A functional ADA and rDNA (using a retroviral vector) are then introduced
into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient. However, as these cells are not immortal, the patient
requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. However, if the gene isolate from marrow cells
producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages, it could be a permanent cure.
b. Because DNA molecules are hydrophilic, they cannot cross cell membranes.
Recombinant DNA must be injected into the cell in order for it to be integrated into the vector or host genome. Making the
host cells capable of receiving the rDNA is crucial.

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 Section D
16. i. When monkeys are treated with saline solution, serum cholesterol level increases from 24 hours to 264 hours.
When monkeys are treated with 2.5mg/kg SiRNAs, level of serum cholesterol decreases from 24 hours to 264 hours.
ii. Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode specific genes are introduced into the host plant, introduced DNA forms both sense
and anti-sense RNA in the host cell, these two RNAs being complementary to each other, form a double stranded RNA, that
initiates RNAi and thus silencing the specific mRNA of the nematode, nematode is unable to survive in the transgenic plant.
iii. RNAi treatment has a notable impact in comparison to saline treatment. The Cynomolgus monkeys displayed nearly 60% of
relative serum cholesterol throughout the first 24 hours. However, when treated with 2.5mg/Kg siRNAs, this level of serum
cholesterol dramatically dropped by 40% after 144 hours. This indicates that the amount of A po B protein produced is
decreased as the mRNA.
OR
The roots of tobacco plants are infected by the nematode Meloidegyne incognitia, which significantly reduces production.
This infestation is stopped using an RNA interference (RNAi) technique. In all eukaryotic organisms, RNAi is used as a
cellular defence mechanism. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) controls the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA throughout
this process. Due to a complementary dsRNA molecule, it suppresses (silencing) the translation of a certain mRNA. The steps
of RNA interference are as follows:
i. The source of this complementary RNA could be from infection by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile genetic
elements (transposons) that replicate via an RNA intermediate.
ii. Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant.
iii. The introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense and antisense RNA in the host cells.
iv. These two RNAs being complementary to each other formed a doublestranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus,
silenced the specific mRNA of the nematode.
v. The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA.
Section E
17. i. Both C-Peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale.
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the
pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.
ii. Recombinant DNA technology
iii. The two polypeptides of functional insulin chemically held together by disulphide bond.

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