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Chapter 2 Diff. Equations

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9 views22 pages

Chapter 2 Diff. Equations

Uploaded by

Althea hannah marie A. Azarraga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER TWO

SOLUTIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL


EQUATIONS

2.1 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES


In this method, we begin our lesson by studying the equation in the
form
Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N maybe functions of both x and y.
Some equations of this type are simple that they can be put in the
form of
A(x)dx + B(y)dy =0 that is, by manipulating the equations, the variables
can be
Separated.

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EXERCISES 2.1: SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS

2.2 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

1.Definition
If the function f (x,y) remains unchanged after replacing x by x and y
by  y , where  is a constant term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous
function. The function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of degree k in
x and y if, and only if, f(x, y) = k f (x, y).

Example 1

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Determine whether or not the function 4x2 – 3xy + y2 is homogeneous.
If it is homogeneous, state the degree of the function.

By evaluating the equation, we have a common variable, the 2. Factored


out 2, then f(x, y) = k (4x2 – 3xy + y2).

Since the equation remains unchanged, therefore the given equation is


homogeneous with 2nd degree. Answer!

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EXERCISES 2.2: SOLVING PROBLEMS

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2.3 EQUATIONS WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

1.Definition
If the coefficients M and N in an equation of order one M(x, y)dx
+ N(x, y)dy=0 are both homogeneous functions and are of the same
degree in x and y, then solve the equation by considering y = vx and
dy = vdx + xdv or x = vy and dx = vdy + ydv. The substitution will
lead to separation of variables differential equations.

Example 1
Obtain a family of solutions of (x – 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0.

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Therefore; by evaluating the equation, it is homogeneous
and of second degree.

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EXERCISES 2.3: SOLVING PROBLEMS

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2.4 EXACT EQUATIONS

Definition
A differential equation that is in the form of M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy =
M N
0 is an exact equation if and only if = and its general solution is
y x
given by F(x,y) = 0 where c is an arbitrary constant.

Example 1.

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Example Problem 2.

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Example Problem #3:
Test the equation for exactness and solve the equation (xy 2 + x – 2y
+ 3)dx + x2ydy = 2(x + y)dy, when x =1 and y =1.

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EXERCISES 2.4: SOLVING PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

Rainville, E. D. & Bedient, P. E. (1989). Elementary Differential


Equations (7th Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company, a division of
Macmillan, Inc

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