Title:
"To Study the Enthalpy Change During Interaction Between Following Pairs of Liquids and Identify
the Deviation Shown by Them: (a) Acetone-Chloroform, (b) Water-H2SO4, (c) Acetic Acid-Water"
Table of Contents:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
o Chemical Interactions and Enthalpy
o Concept of Enthalpy of Mixing
o Factors Affecting Enthalpy Change
3. Objective of the Project
4. Materials Required
5. Theory
o Enthalpy Change of Mixing
o Heat of Mixing
o Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
o Types of Deviations
6. Experimental Procedure
o Method for Acetone-Chloroform Mixture
o Method for Water-H2SO4 Mixture
o Method for Acetic Acid-Water Mixture
7. Observations and Data
8. Results and Calculations
o Enthalpy Change Calculation for Each Pair
9. Discussion
o Analysis of Enthalpy Change in Each Pair
o Identification of Ideal and Non-Ideal Behaviors
o Explanation of Deviation
10. Conclusion
11. Bibliography
1. Abstract:
The aim of this project is to study the enthalpy change during the interaction between different pairs
of liquids: acetone-chloroform, water-H2SO4, and acetic acid-water. The study involves investigating
the heat absorbed or released during mixing, which will help to identify whether the mixtures
behave ideally or show deviations due to intermolecular forces between the components. This
project covers the experimental procedure, calculations, and results for all three mixtures.
2. Introduction:
Chemical Interactions and Enthalpy
Chemical interactions between molecules in a solution are influenced by the types of bonds and
forces present between the molecules. When two liquids are mixed, there is either an absorption or
release of heat, which is termed as the enthalpy change. Understanding this enthalpy change helps
in determining the nature of the solution, whether it behaves ideally or non-ideally.
Concept of Enthalpy of Mixing
Enthalpy of mixing refers to the heat change when two liquids are mixed at constant pressure. This
value can be positive or negative depending on the intermolecular interactions between the
components of the solution.
Factors Affecting Enthalpy Change
Intermolecular Forces: The strength of interactions between molecules determines whether
the mixing is exothermic (negative enthalpy change) or endothermic (positive enthalpy
change).
Temperature: Higher temperatures can affect the nature of molecular interactions.
Concentration: The concentration of the components can influence the enthalpy change.
3. Objective of the Project:
To study the enthalpy change during the interaction between the following pairs of liquids:
Acetone and chloroform
Water and sulfuric acid
Acetic acid and water To observe and analyze any deviations from ideal behavior during their
interaction.
4. Materials Required:
Acetone
Chloroform
Water
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Acetic Acid
Thermometer
Calorimeter or calorimetry setup
Beakers
Stirring rod
Balance for measuring liquids
5. Theory:
Enthalpy Change of Mixing:
When two liquids are mixed, the enthalpy change is associated with the energy required to break
existing intermolecular bonds and form new ones. If the forces between different molecules are
stronger than those within the individual liquids, the mixing will be exothermic, and vice versa.
Heat of Mixing:
The heat of mixing can be exothermic or endothermic:
Exothermic Mixing: Negative enthalpy change, implying the mixture releases heat.
Endothermic Mixing: Positive enthalpy change, implying the mixture absorbs heat.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions:
Ideal Solutions: Solutions that obey Raoult’s Law, where the enthalpy of mixing is zero.
Non-Ideal Solutions: Solutions that do not follow Raoult’s Law and show deviations due to
molecular interactions.
6. Experimental Procedure:
Method for Acetone-Chloroform Mixture:
1. Measure 50 mL of acetone and 50 mL of chloroform.
2. Place the liquids in a calorimeter.
3. Stir the mixture thoroughly and measure the initial temperature.
4. After the temperature stabilizes, record the final temperature.
5. Calculate the enthalpy change based on the heat absorbed or released.
Method for Water-H2SO4 Mixture:
1. Measure 50 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and 50 mL of water.
2. Mix the two carefully in a calorimeter.
3. Measure the initial and final temperatures after mixing.
4. Calculate the enthalpy change.
Method for Acetic Acid-Water Mixture:
1. Measure 50 mL of acetic acid and 50 mL of water.
2. Mix the liquids in a calorimeter.
3. Record the initial and final temperatures.
4. Compute the heat change and determine the nature of the interaction.
7. Observations and Data:
For each pair of liquids, record the following:
Volume of liquids used
Initial temperature before mixing
Final temperature after mixing
Heat absorbed or released
Specific heat capacities of the liquids (if required)
8. Results and Calculations:
The enthalpy change can be calculated using the formula:
ΔH=m⋅C⋅ΔT\Delta H = m \cdot C \cdot \Delta TΔH=m⋅C⋅ΔT
Where:
ΔH\Delta HΔH = Enthalpy change (J)
mmm = mass of the solution (g)
CCC = specific heat capacity of the solution (J/g°C)
ΔT\Delta TΔT = change in temperature (°C)
9. Discussion:
Acetone-Chloroform: This mixture exhibits non-ideal behavior due to the specific
interactions between acetone and chloroform molecules.
Water-H2SO4: The exothermic reaction between sulfuric acid and water results in a large
enthalpy change, showing a highly exothermic interaction.
Acetic Acid-Water: This pair shows a mild exothermic interaction, with deviations based on
the hydrogen bonding between water and acetic acid molecules.
10. Conclusion:
The study successfully demonstrates the enthalpy changes during the interaction of acetone-
chloroform, water-H2SO4, and acetic acid-water. Deviations from ideal behavior are observed due to
the intermolecular interactions between the liquid pairs.
11. Bibliography:
P. W. Atkins, "Physical Chemistry," Oxford University Press, 9th edition.
J. D. Lee, "Concise Inorganic Chemistry," 5th Edition, Wiley.
K. L. Kapoor, "Physical Chemistry," 3rd Edition, Macmillan.
