Engineering Probability and

Statistics (ENCE 0511)

Agenda:
Descriptive Statistics: Summary Numbers
Date: 12/04/2023

Kabul University Engineering Faculty Civil Eng Dep Lecturer: Naqibullah Sediqi
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Descriptive Statistics: Summary Numbers
Chapter 3

 The purpose of descriptive statistics is to present a mass of data in a more

understandable form.

We may summarize the data in numbers as

(a) some form of average, (b) some measure of variability or spread, and

(c) quantities such as quartiles or percentiles

Furthermore, we may choose

• to describe the data by various graphical displays or by the bar graphs called histograms,
charts (bar charts), plots (dot plots, box plots etc.)
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3.1 Central Location or Central Tendency

 Various “averages” are used to indicate a central value of a set of data. Some of these
are referred to as means.
(a) Arithmetic Mean

If some results occur more than once, for our convenient we can use equation 3.2

Center of mass

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Example: suppose we toss two coins 15 times. The possible number of heads
on each toss is 0, 1, or 2. Suppose we find no heads 3 times, one head 7 times, and
two heads 5 times. Then the mean number of heads per trial using equation 3.2 is

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Example: suppose we toss two coins 15 times. The possible number of heads
on each toss is 0, 1, or 2. Suppose we find no heads 3 times, one head 7 times, and
two heads 5 times. Then the mean number of heads per trial using equation 3.2 is

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(b) Other Means

The geometric mean,

logarithmic mean,
and harmonic mean

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(c) Median

If all the items with which we are concerned are sorted in order of increasing
magnitude (size), from the smallest to the largest, then the median is the middle item.

Example: find the median of below data sets.

12, 13, 21, 27, 31 then 21 is the median
12, 13, 21, 27, 31, 33 then the median is the average of (21+27)/2= 24

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(d) Mode

The most frequent number- that is, the number that occurs the highest number of
times.
Example: the mode of {4, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2}?
The mode of the above set is 2 because it occurs three times, which is more than any
other number in the set.

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3.2 Variability or Spread of the Data

The following groups all have the same mean, 4.25:
It is clear that Group B is more variable
(shows a larger spread in the numbers) than
Group A, and Group C is more variable than
Group B. But we need a quantitative measure
of this variability.

Note: variability describes how far apart data points lie from each other

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it appears that the variability within the nitrogen

sample is larger than that of the no-nitrogen
sample.

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(a) Sample Range

One simple measure of variability is the sample range, the difference between
the smallest item and the largest item in each sample. For Group A the sample
range is 6, for Group B it is 9, and for Group C it is 11.

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(b) Interquartile Range

The interquartile range is the difference between the upper quartile and the

lower quartile.

• It is used fairly frequently as a measure of variability, particularly in the Box

Plot, which will be described later. It’s usage is so less than some

alternatives it is not related to any of the important theoretical distributions.

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(c) Mean Deviation from the Mean

The mean deviation from the mean, defined as

(d) Mean Absolute Deviation from the Mean

Mean Deviation f

Example:

6 5 30 8.36 -2.36 2.36

5 7 35 8.36 -3.36 3.36
-0.0576 0.4
2.5
9 4 36 8.36 0.64 0.64
12 9 108 8.36 3.64 3.64
25 -1.44 10

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 Class Activity (in pair, you have just 10mins to do this
activity as fast as you can)

Make a table in Excel and find Mean deviation and mean absolute
deviation for the given below table data set.
2 6 7 9 10 12 11 15 14
0 2 4 3 6 1 0 2 0

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(e) Variance

 The variance is one of the most important descriptions of variability for engineers.
mean of the population.
 The variance is always positive.
 In words it is the mean of the squares of the deviations
Variance isofdefined
each measurement
as from the

μ mean of the population

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(f) Standard Deviation

 The standard deviation is extremely important. It is defined as the square root of the
variance:
 Root-mean-square quantities are also important in describing the alternating current of
electricity

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(g) Estimation of Variance and Standard Deviation from a Sample

 The definitions of equations 3.6 and 3.7 can be applied directly if we have data for the
complete population.
 But usually we have data for only a sample taken from the population.

3.8

Sample standard deviation formula

considering frequency form

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(h) Coefficient of Variation

Example:
Considering the four sample numbers 11, 13, 10 and 14 find the square deviation and
variance, when the mean of the population come 13 and the mean of the sample of the
population is 12.

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 Thanks!

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