CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS

Question 67.
(a) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic
pressure of a solution a colligative property? Explain.
(b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of
NaCl to 250.0 g of water.
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1, Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g) (Delhi
2011)
Answer:
Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the
solvent to the solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more
concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane is called
osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be
applied on the solution to prevent the entry of the solvent into the
solution through the semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic
pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities
instead of molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.

(b) Since NaCl is an ionic compound so undergoes complete dissociation.

Question 68.
(a) State the following :
(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
(b) A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0
mL of water has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C. Assuming the
gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, determine its molar mass. (All India
2011)
Answer:
(a) (i) Henry’s law : “The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular
temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in
equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.”
Applications of Henry’s law :
• In the production of carbonated beverages which are prepared under
high pressure.
• Deep sea divers depend upon compressed air for their oxygen supply.

(ii) Raoult’s law : For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour
pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its
mole fraction present in solution.
P = P°x
Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s
law.
Positive deviation from Raoult’s law : The total vapour pressure for
any solution is greater than the corresponding ideal solution of same
composition. Such behaviour is called positive deviation.
Example : Mixtures of ethanol + cyclohexane
Mixture of acetone + carbon disulphide
Negative deviation from Raoult’s law: When the total vapour
pressure will be less than corresponding vapour pressure, then it is
termed as negative deviation.
Example : Chloroform + Benzene Chloroform + Diethylether

(b) Given : w2 = 8.95 mg = 8.95 × 10-3 g

V = 35 mLπ = 0.335 torr
T = 25°C = 298 K M2 = ?
Substituting all the values in the given formula
π = CRT

∴ Molar mass, M2 = 1.42 × 104 g mol-1

Question 69.
(a) Differentiate between molarity and molality in a solution. What is the
effect of temperature change on molarity and molality in a solution?
(b) What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of it dissolved
in 24.0 g of chloroform form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04°C.
The boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.7°C and the boiling point
elevation constant, Kb for chloroform is 3.63°C/m. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
(a) Distinction between molarity and molality.
Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution.
It is temperature dependent.
M = ω×1000 mol.mass ×V
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the
solvent.
m = ω×1000M2×W
The relationship between molarity and molality is
m = Md−MM21000
When molality = molarity, we get,

∴ d = 1+MM21000
1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1

Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.

For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in
comparison to 1.
Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.
Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of
temperature because volume depends on temperature and mass does
not.
(b) Given : w2 = 6.21 g, w1 = 24 g
ΔTb = Tb – T°b = 68.04 – 61.7 °C
= 6.34 °C
Kb = 3.63 °C/m, M2 = ?
Substituting all these values in formula given below

∴ Molar mass of the compound, M = 148.14 g mol -1

Question 70.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction (ii) Ideal solution
(b) 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of
water. The resulting solution freezes at – 0.34°C. What is the molar mass
of the material?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1) (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) (i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of
one component to the total number of moles in a mixture.
XA = nAnA+nB, XB = nBnA+nB
(ii) Ideal solution : The solution which obeys Raoult’s law under all
conditions is known as an ideal solution.
(b) ΔTf = Kf m

Question 71.
(a) Explain the following :
(i) Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid
(ii) Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent
(b) A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving
some glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of
100.42°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution?
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1) (All India 2011)
Answer:
(a) (i) Henry’s law : The law states “that at a constant temperature, the
solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the
gas.”
(ii) Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent or molal elevation
constant may be defined as the elevation in the boiling point when the
molality of the solution is unity.

(b) ΔTb = (100.42 – 100)°C = 0.42°C or 0.42 K

ΔTb = Kb m
0.42 = 0.512 × W292×1000500
W2 = 0.42×92×5000.512×1000=4.830.128 = 37.7 g
where W2 is the weight of the solute.
Question 72.
(a) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How
does Raoult’s law become a special case of Henry’s law?
(b) 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered
the freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the
solute. (Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1) (All India 2013)
Answer:
Raoult’s law: For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure
of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction present in solution.
P = P°x
Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s
law.
(i) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law : The total vapour pressure
for any solution is greater than the corresponding ideal solution of same
composition. Such behaviour is called positive deviation.
Example : Mixtures of ethanol + cyclohexane Mixture of acetone + carbon
disulphide
(ii) Negative deviation from Raoult’s law : When the total vapour
pressure will be less than corresponding vapour pressure, then it is
termed as negative deviation.
Example : Chloroform + Benzene
Chloroform + Diethvlether
According to Raoult’s law PA = PA° × xA
According to Henry’s law PA = KH × xA
Thus both laws are identical and differ by their proportionality constants.

(b) We know that M2 = 1000Kfw2w1DTf

Given : w2 = 1.0 g, w1 = 50 g, ΔTf = 0.40

∴ M2 = 1000gkg−1×5.12kgmol−1×1.0g50g×0.40K
Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1

= 256 g mol-1
Question 73.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution (ii) Azeotrope
(iii) Osmotic pressure
(b) A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight.
What would be the molality of the solution?
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1) (All India 2013)
Answer:
(a) (i) Ideal solution : An ideal solution is that which obeys Raoult’s law
and in which the intermolecular interactions between the different
components are of same magnitude as that is found in pure components.
(ii) Azeotrope : It is a type of liquid mixture having a definite
composition and boiling like a pure liquid, (distills without change in
compositions)
(iii) Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be
applied on the solution to prevent the entry of the solvent into the
solution through semi- permeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.

∴ Mass of solute = 10 g
(b) 10% of glucose means 10 g of solute in 100 g of solvent

Mass of solvent = 100 – 10 = 90 g

= 901000 kg
Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1

∴ Molarity = No. of moles of solute mass of solvent in kg

No. of moles of 10100=118 mole

= 118×100090=100162
= 0.67 mol kg-1 = 0.6 m
Question 74.
(a) The vapour pressures of benzene and toluene at 293 K are 75 mm Hg
and 22 mm Hg respectively. 23.4 g of benzene and 64.4 g of toluene are
mixed. If the two form an ideal solution, calculate the mole fraction of
benzene in the vapour phase assuming that the vapour pressures are in
equilibrium with the liquid mixture at this temperature.
(b) What is meant by +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s law and how is
the sign of AH solution related to +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s
law?
(Comptt. All India 2013)
Answer:
(a) Given : Mass of benzene = 23.4 g
Molar mass of benzene = C6H6
= 12 × 6 + 6 = 78g mol-1
Mass of toluene = 64.4 g
Molar mass of toluene = C6H5CH3
= 12 × 7 + 8 = 92g mol-1
Moles of Benzene = 23.478 = 0.3 mole
Moles of toluene = 64.492 = 0.7 mole
Vapour pressure of benzene, PB = xB × P
= 0.3 × 75 = 22.5 mm
Vapour pressure of toluene, PT = xT × P
= 0.7 × 22 = 15.4 mm
Total vapour pressure = 22.5 + 15.4

∴ Mole fraction of benzene = 22.537.9 = 0.59

= 37.9 mm

(b) +ve and -ve deviations :

Raoult’s law: For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure
of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction present in solution.
P = P°x
Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s
law.
(i) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law : The total vapour pressure
for any solution is greater than the corresponding ideal solution of same
composition. Such behaviour is called positive deviation.
Example : Mixtures of ethanol + cyclohexane Mixture of acetone + carbon
disulphide
(ii) Negative deviation from Raoult’s law : When the total vapour
pressure will be less than corresponding vapour pressure, then it is
termed as negative deviation.
Example : Chloroform + Benzene
Chloroform + Diethvlether
According to Raoult’s law PA = PA° × xA
According to Henry’s law PA = KH × xA
Thus both laws are identical and differ by their proportionality constants.
If it is higher, the solution exhibits positive deviation and if it is low, it
exhibits negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
For positive deviation ΔmixH = +ve
For negative devation ΔmixH = -ve

Question 75.
(a) A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of
271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in
water if the freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Molecular masses : Glucose C6H12O6 : 180 amu; Cane-sugar C12H22C11 : 342
amu]
State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications. (Comptt.
All India 2013)
Answer:
Molality of sugar solution

(b) Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that, “The solubility of a gas in a
liquid at a particular temperature is directly proportional to the pressure
of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.”
Solubility of gas decreases with increase of temperature at the same
pressure.

Question 76.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Molarity
(ii) Molal elevation constant (Kb)
(b) A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol -1) per litre of
solution in water has the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of
glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water. Calculate the mass of
glucose present in one litre of its solution. (All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) (i) Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of
solution.
(ii) Molal elevation constant may be defined as the elevation in boiling
point when the molality of solution is unity i.e. 1 mole of solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.

(b) For urea, concentration = 1560 moles/lt.

∵ Solutions are isotonic

For glucose, concentration = w180 moles/lt.

∴ w180=1560 ∴ w = 15×18060 = 45 g
Question 77.
(a) What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone?
Give reason.
(b) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol -1) in water is labelled as
10% (by mass). What would be the molality and molarity of the solution?
(Density of solution = 1.2 g mL-1) (All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) Since acetone is nearly non-polar in nature and ethanol is polar in
nature therefore, no interaction occurs between acetone and ethanol, the
number of molecules increases, which shows positive deviation.

(b) 10% glucose means 10 g in 100 g solution or, 90 g of water = 0.090 kg

of water

Question 78.
(a) What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can it have if in forming
the solution, the solute molecules undergo
(i) Dissociation? (ii) Association?
(b) How many mL of a 0.1 M HCl solution are required to react completely
with 1 g of a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts
of both?
(Molar mass : Na2CO3 = 106 g, NaHCO3 = 84 g) (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) (i) Van’t Hoff factor : It is defined as the ratio of the experimental
value of the colligative property to the calculated value of the colligative
property .
i = Experimental value Calculated value
If there is dissociation of the solute in the solution, the Van’t Hoff factor T’
will be greater than one i.e. i > 1.
It means observed colligative property will be greater than calculated
value.
(ii) Association : If there is association of solute in the solution, the Van’t
Hoff factor ‘f’ will be less than one i.e. i < 1. Thus, observed colligative
property will be less than the calculated value.
(b) Calculation of no. of moles of the components in the mixture

∴ NaHCO3 in the mixture = (1 – x) g

Suppose Na2CO3 in the mixture = x g

Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol-1

∴ Moles of Na2CO3 = x106

Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 84 g mol-1

and Moles of NaHCO3 = 1−x84

As the mixture contains equimolar amounts of both

No. of moles of HCl required

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

∴ 0.00526 mole of Na2CO3 requires HCl

1 mole of Na2CO3 requires HC1 = 2 moles

= 0.00526 × 2 = 0.01052 mole

Similarly, 0.00526 mole of NaHCO3 requires

∴ Total HCl required = 0.01052 + 0.00526 = 0.01578 moles

HCl = 0.00526

∴ 0.01578 mole of HCl present in 1000 mL

Thus 0.1 mole of HCl is present in 1000 mL of HCl

= 10000.1 × 0.01578 = 157.8 mL

Question 79.
(a) Define
(i) Mole fraction (Hi) Raoult’s law
(b) Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point
of a solution prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt, Na 2SO4.10H2O
in 0.100 kg of water. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Atomic masses : Na =
23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1) (Comptt. All India 2014)
Answer:
(a) (i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of
one component to the total number of moles in a mixture.
(ii) Molality of a solution : Molality of a solution is defined as the
number of moles of the solute dissolved in 1000 grams (1 kg) of the
solvent. It is denoted by’m’.
m = w×1000M×W
Where
‘w = Weight of solute in grams
M = Molecular mass of solute
W = Weight of solvent in grams
(ii) Raoult’s law : For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour
pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its
mole fraction present in solution.
P = P°x
Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s
law.
Positive deviation from Raoult’s law : The total vapour pressure for
any solution is greater than the corresponding ideal solution of same
composition. Such behaviour is called positive deviation.
Example : Mixtures of ethanol + cyclohexane
Mixture of acetone + carbon disulphide
Negative deviation from Raoult’s law: When the total vapour
pressure will be less than corresponding vapour pressure, then it is
termed as negative deviation.
Example : Chloroform + Benzene Chloroform + Diethylether

(b) Since Na2SO4.10H2O is an ionic compound, so undergoes complete

dissociation.

Question 80.
Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MgCl 2 (M = 95 g mol-
1
) was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl 2 undergoes complete
ionization.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
(b) (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling
point and why?
(ii) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than
the osmotic pressure of solution? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Since MgCl2 is an ionic compound, so it undergoes complete
dissociation.

(b)
(i) 2M glucose will have a higher boiling point than 1M glucose because
elevation in boiling point is a colligative property which depends upon the
number of particles in the solution which is more in the case of 2M
glucose solution.
(ii) When the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic
pressure of the solution, then the solvent will flow from the solution into
the pure solvent through the semi-permeable membrane. The process is
called reverse osmosis (RO).

Question 81.
(a) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS 2, the freezing
point lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (S x).
(Kf for CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 g mol-1)
(b) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What
happens if we place blood cells in a solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?(Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Given: wb = 2.56 g wa = 100 g = 0.1 kg
ΔTf = 0.383 K Kf= 3.83 K kg mol-1
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1
Mb = ?
Using formula,
∴ Mb = 256 g mol-1

∴ the formula is S8.

Hence the no. of atoms present in one molecule of sulphur = 25632 = 8

(b) (i) If RBCs are placed in contact with 1.2% NaCl solution, then the
osmotic pressure of 1.2% NaCl becomes higher than that of RBCs due to
which water present inside the cells moves into the NaCl solution which
results in shrinkage of RBCs.
(ii) Reverse process will take place if RBCs are kept in contact with 0.4%
NaCl solution which has less osmotic pressure ’ due to which water moves
into RBCs and they will swell.

Question 82.
(a) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of
269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water if the
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose =
180 g mol-1)
(b) Define the following terms:
(i) Molality (m)
(ii) Abnormal molar mass (All India 2017)
Answer:
(a) Molality (m) = w×100W×M
Given:
Molar mass of sucrose
= C12H22O11 = 12 × 12 + 22 + 11 × 16 = 342
10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water means 10 g of sucrose is
present in (100 – 10)
= 90 g of water
10% solution of sucrose means, w = 10 g
Mass of water, W = 90 g

∴ ΔTf for glucose = 12.33 × 0.6166 = 7.60 K (approx.)

∴ Freezing point of 10% glucose solution
= (273.15 – 7.60) K = 265.55 K
(b) (i) Molality (m): Number of moles of solute dissolved per kg of the
solvent.
(ii) Abnormal molar mass: If the molar mass calculated by using any of
the colligative properties comes to be different than theoretically
expected molar mass.

Question 83.
(a) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol-1) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate
the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure
water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg.
(b) Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions.
(All India 2017)
Answer:
(a) Given:
Urea (W) = 30 g; H2O (W) = 846 g

(b)

Ideal Solution Non- Ideal solution

(i) They obey Raoult’s law over the enitre (i) They do no obey Raoult’s law over th

range of concentration. entire range of concentration

(ii) Neither the heat is evolved or absorbed (ii) Heat is evolved or absorbed during

during dissolution dissolution

 (iii) Δmix H = 0 (iii) Δmix H is not equal to 0.

Δmix V = 0 ΔmixV is not equal to 0.

Question 84.
(a) Explain why on addition of 1 mol glucose to 1 litre water the boiling
point of water increases.
(b) Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108 Pa at 298 K.
Calculate the number of moles of CO2 in 500 ml of soda water when
packed under 2.53 × 105 Pa at the same temperature. (Comptt. All India
2017)
Answer:
(a) Glucose is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of glucose to water
lowers the vapour pressure of water as a result of which boiling point of
water increases.

i.e. nH2O = 27.78 mol

No. of moles of CO2
nCO227.78 = 1.515 × 10-3
i.e. nCO2 = 42.08 × 10-3 moles = 0.042 mol
Question 85.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution (ii) Osmotic pressure
(b) Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding
10 g CaCl2 to 200 g of water, assuming that CaCl2 is completely
dissociated.
(Kb) for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1; Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol-1)
(Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer:
(a) (i) Ideal solution : The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the
entire range of concentration are known as ideal solutions.
(ii) The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution
to prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the
semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure.