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MTH165

Lecture-25

Homogeneous Functions
Unit 4: Multivariate Functions

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics By Jain and Iyengar, Chapter-2)

Learning Outcomes:

1. To know about Homogeneous functions.

2. To verify Euler’s Theorem using homogeneous functions.


Homogeneous Functions
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be Homogeneous of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦, if
it can be written in any one of the following forms:

1. 𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) [Most suitable way]

𝑛 𝑦
2. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑔
𝑥

𝑛 𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑔
𝑦
Check if the following functions are Homogeneous:

Problem 1. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦

Solution. Here 𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = (𝑡𝑥)2 + 𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦

= 𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑡 2 (𝑥𝑦)

= 𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦

= 𝑡 2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

So, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is a Homogeneous function of degree 2.


𝑦
Problem 2. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥

𝑡𝑦
Solution. Here 𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑡𝑥

𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥

𝑦
= 𝑡 0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥

= 𝑡 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

So, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is a Homogeneous function of degree 0.


𝑥𝑦𝑧
Problem 3. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 =
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 +𝑧 4

(𝑡𝑥)(𝑡𝑦)(𝑡𝑧)
Solution. Here 𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑡𝑧 =
(𝑡𝑥)4 +(𝑡𝑦)4 +(𝑡𝑧)4

𝑡 3 𝑥𝑦𝑧
=
𝑡 4 𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 +𝑧 4

𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑡 −1
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 +𝑧 4

= 𝑡 −1 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

So, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is a Homogeneous function of degree −1.


Polling Quiz
𝑥
What is the degree of the Homogeneous function: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

(A) 1
(B) 0
1
(C)
2
1
(D) −
2
Euler’s Theorem
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be Homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦
and has continuous first and second order partial derivatives, then:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2. 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Using Euler’s theorem, Establish the following results:
2 2
−1 𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Problem 1. If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , then show: 𝑥 +𝑦 = tan 𝑢.
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2 2
−1 𝑥 +𝑦
Solution. Here 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥+𝑦

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
⟹ sin 𝑢 =
𝑥+𝑦

Here, sin 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 1.


So, By Euler’s theorem:
𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 (sin 𝑢) +𝑦 (sin 𝑢) = 𝑛(sin 𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
⟹ 𝑥 (sin 𝑢) + 𝑦 (sin 𝑢) = 𝑛(sin 𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑥(cos 𝑢) + 𝑦(cos 𝑢) = 1(sin 𝑢)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ (cos 𝑢) 𝑥 +𝑦 = sin 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 sin 𝑢
⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 cos 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 = tan 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence proved.
Using Euler’s theorem, Establish the following results:

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Problem 2. If 𝑢 = log , then show: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution. Here 𝑢 = log
𝑥

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑒𝑢 =
𝑥

Here, 𝑒 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 0.


So, By Euler’s theorem:
𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 (𝑒 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑛(𝑒 𝑢 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
⟹ 𝑥 (𝑒 ) + 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑢 )
𝑢
= 𝑛(𝑒 𝑢 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 ) + 𝑦(𝑒 ) = 0(𝑒 𝑢 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ (𝑒 𝑢 ) 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence proved.
Polling Quiz
2 −1 𝑦 2 −1 𝑥
The function: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 is a:
𝑥 𝑦

(A) Homogeneous function of degree 0.


(B) Homogeneous function of degree 1.
(C) Homogeneous function of degree 2.
(D) Not a Homogeneous function.
Using Euler’s theorem, Establish the following results:
𝑦 3 −𝑥 3
Problem 3. If 𝑢 = 2 2 , then show:
𝑦 +𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
2. 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑦 3 −𝑥 3
Solution. Here 𝑢 =
𝑦 2 +𝑥 2

Here, u is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 1.


So, By Euler’s theorem:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑢2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢2
Also 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑢2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢2
⟹ 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =1 1−1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑢2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢2
⟹ 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Hence proved.

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