DLD
Ring counter:-
A ring counter is a type of synchronous counter where the output of the last flip-flop is connected back
to the input of the first flip-flop. It works in a circular loop, hence the name "ring counter."
It typically starts with a single '1' in one flip-flop, with all others set to '0'
Generates a predefined sequence of states and repeat it again and again.
No. of states in Ring counter = No. of flip-flop used
States of ring counter
Digital circuit of ring counter
Twisted ring counter / jhonson counter:-
A twisted ring counter (also called a Johnson counter) is a modified ring counter where the inverted
output of the last flip-flop is fed back to the input of the first flip-flop.
Produces twice as many states as a ring counter with the same number of flip-flops
( 4-bit Johnson counter generates 8 unique states).
number of used states=2n
number of unused states=2 n – 2*n
states of jhonson counter
Digital circuit of jhonson counter
Decade counter / (BCD) counter
A decade counter is a type of digital counter designed to count up to 10 unique states (from 0
to 9) before resetting to 0. These counters are commonly used in timekeeping, frequency
division, and other digital systems that require counting in decimal form.
Flip-Flops: Typically 4 flip-flops are used (since 2⁴ = 16, but the counter is designed to reset at
10).
Additional logic gates are used to detect the count of 1010 (10 in binary) and automatically
reset the counter to 0000.
States of decade counter
Digital circuit of decade counter
Heart Rate Monitors: Counting heartbeats per minute.
A microwave timer counts down from a set time to alert you when your food is ready.
A radio tuner uses a counter to measure signal frequency and tune to the right station.
In a digital clock, counters divide a high-speed oscillation into a 1-second interval to keep accurate time.
In mobile phones, counters divide signals for timing in communication systems.
A calculator uses a counter to access each memory location where numbers are stored.
In a washing machine, a counter tracks stages (e.g., washing, rinsing, spinning) to automate cycles.
In traffic lights, counters change the light state (red, yellow, green) after a set time.
Electricity meters count kilowatt-hours to calculate your power consumption.
